Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 Virtualization Getting Started Guide 1
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
Virtualization Getting Started Guide
Virtualization Documentation
Edition 0.2
Red Hat Engineering Content Services
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Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 Virtualization Getting Started Guide 3
Abstract
The Red Hat Enterprise Linux Virtualization Getting Started Guide describes the basics of virtualization
and the virtualization products and technologies that are available with Red Hat Enterprise Linux.
4 Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Preface
1. Document Conventions
1.1. Typographic Conventions
1.2. Pull-quote Conventions
1.3. Notes and Warnings
2. Getting Help and Giving Feedback
2.1. Do You Need Help?
2.2. We Need Feedback!
1. Introduction
1.1. Who should read this guide?
1.2. Red Hat Enterprise Virtualization (RHEV)
2. What is virtualization and migration?
2.1. What is virtualization?
2.2. Migration
2.2.1. Benefits of migrating virtual machines
2.3. Virtualized to virtualized migration (V2V)
3. Advantages and misconceptions of virtualization
3.1. Virtualization costs
3.2. Virtualization learning curve
3.3. Performance
3.4. Disaster recovery
3.5. Security
3.5.1. Virtualization security features
3.6. Virtualization for servers and individuals
4. Introduction to Red Hat virtualization products
4.1. KVM and virtualization in Red Hat Enterprise Linux
4.2. libvirt and libvirt tools
4.3. Virtualized hardware devices
4.3.1. Virtualized and emulated devices
4.3.2. Para-virtualized devices
4.3.3. Physical host devices
4.3.4. Guest CPU models
4.4. Storage
4.4.1. Storage pools
5. Virtualization Tools
5.1. virsh
5.2. virt-manager
5.3. virt-install
5.4. guestfish
5.5. Other useful tools
A. Revision History
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 Virtualization Getting Started Guide 5
Preface
1. Document Conventions
This manual uses several conventions to highlight certain words and phrases and draw attention to
specific pieces of information.
In PDF and paper editions, this manual uses typefaces drawn from the Liberation Fonts set. The
Liberation Fonts set is also used in HTML editions if the set is installed on your system. If not, alternative
but equivalent typefaces are displayed. Note: Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5 and later includes the
Liberation Fonts set by default.
1.1. Typographic Conventions
Four typographic conventions are used to call attention to specific words and phrases. These
conventions, and the circumstances they apply to, are as follows.
Mono-spaced Bold
Used to highlight system input, including shell commands, file names and paths. Also used to highlight
keycaps and key combinations. For example:
To see the contents of the file my_next_bestselling_novel in your current working
directory, enter the cat my_next_bestselling_novel command at the shell prompt
and press Enter to execute the command.
The above includes a file name, a shell command and a keycap, all presented in mono-spaced bold and
all distinguishable thanks to context.
Key combinations can be distinguished from keycaps by the plus sign that connects each part of a key
combination. For example:
Press Enter to execute the command.
Press Ctrl+Alt+F2 to switch to a virtual terminal.
The first paragraph highlights the particular keycap to press. The second highlights two key
combinations (each a set of three keycaps with each set pressed simultaneously).
If source code is discussed, class names, methods, functions, variable names and returned values
mentioned within a paragraph will be presented as above, in mono-spaced bold. For example:
File-related classes include filesystem for file systems, file for files, and dir for
directories. Each class has its own associated set of permissions.
Proportional Bold
This denotes words or phrases encountered on a system, including application names; dialog box text;
labeled buttons; check-box and radio button labels; menu titles and sub-menu titles. For example:
Choose System Preferences Mouse from the main menu bar to launch Mouse
Preferences. In the Buttons tab, click the Left-handed mouse check box and click
Close to switch the primary mouse button from the left to the right (making the mouse
suitable for use in the left hand).
To insert a special character into a gedit file, choose Applications Accessories
Character Map from the main menu bar. Next, choose Search Find& from the
6 Preface
Character Map menu bar, type the name of the character in the Search field and click
Next. The character you sought will be highlighted in the Character Table. Double-click
this highlighted character to place it in the Text to copy field and then click the Copy
button. Now switch back to your document and choose Edit Paste from the gedit menu
bar.
The above text includes application names; system-wide menu names and items; application-specific
menu names; and buttons and text found within a GUI interface, all presented in proportional bold and all
distinguishable by context.
Mono-spaced Bold Italic or Proportional Bold Italic
Whether mono-spaced bold or proportional bold, the addition of italics indicates replaceable or variable
text. Italics denotes text you do not input literally or displayed text that changes depending on
circumstance. For example:
To connect to a remote machine using ssh, type ssh username@domain.name at a shell
prompt. If the remote machine is example.com and your username on that machine is
john, type ssh john@example.com.
The mount -o remount file-system command remounts the named file system. For
example, to remount the /home file system, the command is mount -o remount /home.
To see the version of a currently installed package, use the rpm -q package command. It
will return a result as follows: package-version-release.
Note the words in bold italics above username, domain.name, file-system, package, version and
release. Each word is a placeholder, either for text you enter when issuing a command or for text
displayed by the system.
Aside from standard usage for presenting the title of a work, italics denotes the first use of a new and
important term. For example:
Publican is a DocBook publishing system.
1.2. Pull-quote Conventions
Terminal output and source code listings are set off visually from the surrounding text.
Output sent to a terminal is set in mono-spaced roman and presented thus:
books Desktop documentation drafts mss photos stuff svn
books_tests Desktop1 downloads images notes scripts svgs
Source-code listings are also set in mono-spaced roman but add syntax highlighting as follows:
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 Virtualization Getting Started Guide 7
package org.jboss.book.jca.ex1;
import javax.naming.InitialContext;
public class ExClient
{
public static void main(String args[])
throws Exception
{
InitialContext iniCtx = new InitialContext();
Object ref = iniCtx.lookup("EchoBean");
EchoHome home = (EchoHome) ref;
Echo echo = home.create();
System.out.println("Created Echo");
System.out.println("Echo.echo('Hello') = " + echo.echo("Hello"));
}
}
1.3. Notes and Warnings
Finally, we use three visual styles to draw attention to information that might otherwise be overlooked.
Note
Notes are tips, shortcuts or alternative approaches to the task at hand. Ignoring a note should
have no negative consequences, but you might miss out on a trick that makes your life easier.
Important
Important boxes detail things that are easily missed: configuration changes that only apply to the
current session, or services that need restarting before an update will apply. Ignoring a box
labeled 'Important' will not cause data loss but may cause irritation and frustration.
Warning
Warnings should not be ignored. Ignoring warnings will most likely cause data loss.
2. Getting Help and Giving Feedback
2.1. Do You Need Help?
If you experience difficulty with a procedure described in this documentation, visit the Red Hat Customer
Portal at http://access.redhat.com. Through the customer portal, you can:
search or browse through a knowledgebase of technical support articles about Red Hat products.
submit a support case to Red Hat Global Support Services (GSS).
access other product documentation.
Red Hat also hosts a large number of electronic mailing lists for discussion of Red Hat software and
8 Preface
technology. You can find a list of publicly available mailing lists at https://www.redhat.com/mailman/listinfo.
Click on the name of any mailing list to subscribe to that list or to access the list archives.
2.2. We Need Feedback!
If you find a typographical error in this manual, or if you have thought of a way to make this manual
better, we would love to hear from you! Please submit a report in Bugzilla: http://bugzilla.redhat.com/
against the product Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6.
When submitting a bug report, be sure to mention the manual's identifier: doc-
Virtualization_Getting_Started_Guide
If you have a suggestion for improving the documentation, try to be as specific as possible when
describing it. If you have found an error, please include the section number and some of the surrounding
text so we can find it easily.
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 Virtualization Getting Started Guide 9
Chapter 1. Introduction
The Virtualization Getting Started Guide introduces the basics of virtualization and assists with the
navigation of other virtualization documentation and products that Red Hat provides.
This guide also explains the advantages of virtualization and dispels some common myths that exist
regarding virtualization.
1.1. Who should read this guide?
This guide is designed for anyone wishing to understand the basics of virtualization, but may be of
particular interest to:
Those who are new to virtualization and seeking knowledge about the benefits offered.
Those considering deployment of virtualized machines in their environment.
Those looking for an overview of the virtualization technologies that Red Hat produces and supports.
1.2. Red Hat Enterprise Virtualization (RHEV)
Red Hat Enterprise Virtualization for Servers is an end-to-end virtualization solution that is designed to
enable pervasive datacenter virtualization and significantly enhance capital and operational efficiency.
Red Hat Enterprise Virtualization 3.0 introduces several new features, including desktop virtualization
with the Red Hat Enterprise Virtualization for Desktop add-on subscription.
With Red Hat Enterprise Virtualization for Desktops, complete desktop environments are hosted as
virtual desktops on servers located in a centralized datacenter.
Information on both these products can be found at http://www.redhat.com/products/virtualization/.
The full collection of Red Hat Enterprise Virtualization (RHEV) documentation can be found at
http://docs.redhat.com/.
In addition to the documentation for Red Hat Enterprise Virtualization products and this guide, the
following titles cover virtualization with Red Hat Enterprise Linux:
Virtualization Host Configuration and Guest Installation Guide: This guide provides information on
system requirements and restrictions, package details, host configuration and detailed instructions
for installing different types of guests.
Virtualization Administration Guide: This guide provides information on best server practices,
security, KVM, remote management of guests, KSM, administration tasks, storage, volumes, virt-
manager, guest disk access with offline tools, virtual networking, and troubleshooting.
10 Chapter 2. What is virtualization and migration?
Chapter 2. What is virtualization and migration?
In this chapter, terms related to virtualization and migration will be discussed.
2.1. What is virtualization?
Virtualization is a broad computing term used for running software, usually multiple operating systems,
concurrently and in isolation from other programs on a single system. Most existing implementations of
virtualization use a hypervisor, a software layer or subsystem that controls hardware and provides guest
operating systems with access to underlying hardware. The hypervisor allows multiple operating
systems, called guests, to run on the same physical system by offering virtualized hardware to the guest
operating system. There are various methods for virtualizing operating systems:
Full virtualization
Full virtualization uses the hardware features of the processor to provide guests with total
abstraction of the underlying physical system. This creates a new virtual system, called a virtual
machine, that allows guest operating systems to run without modifications. The guest operating
system and any applications on the guest are unaware of their virtualized environment and run
normally. Hardware-assisted virtualization is the technique used for full virtualization with KVM
(Kernel-based Virtual Machine) in Red Hat Enterprise Linux.
Para-virtualization
Para-virtualization employs a collection of software and data structures that are presented to
the virtualized guest, requiring software modifications in the guest to use the para-virtualized
environment. Para-virtualization can encompass the entire kernel, as is the case for Xen para-
virtualized guests, or drivers that virtualize I/O devices.
Software virtualization (or emulation)
Software virtualization uses slower binary translation and other emulation techniques to run
unmodified operating systems. Software virtualization is unsupported by Red Hat Enterprise
Linux.
For more information and detailed instructions on guest installation, refer to the Red Hat Enterprise
Linux 6 Virtualization Host Configuration and Guest Installation Guide.
2.2. Migration
Migration describes the process of moving a virtual machine from one host to another. This is possible
because guests are running in a virtualized environment instead of directly on the hardware. There are
two ways to migrate a virtual machine: live and offline.
Migration Types
Offline migration
An offline migration suspends the guest, and then moves an image of the guest's memory to
the destination host. The guest is then resumed on the destination host and the memory used
by the guest on the source host is freed.
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 Virtualization Getting Started Guide 11
Live migration
Live migration is the process of migrating an active guest from one physical host to another.
2.2.1. Benefits of migrating virtual machines
Migration is useful for:
Load balancing
When a host machine is overloaded, one or many of its virtual machines could be migrated to
other hosts.
Upgrading or making changes to the host
When the need arises to upgrade, add, or remove hardware devices on one host, virtual
machines can be safely relocated to other hosts. This means that guests do not experience
any downtime due to changes that are made to any of the hosts.
Energy saving
Virtual machines can be redistributed to other hosts and the unloaded host systems can be
powered off to save energy and cut costs in low usage periods.
Geographic migration
Virtual machines can be moved to another physical location for lower latency or for other special
circumstances.
It is important to understand that the migration process moves the virtual machine's memory, and from
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6.3, the disk volume associated with the virtual machine is also migrated. This
process is done using Live Block Migration information about this can be found in the Red Hat
Enterprise Linux 6 Virtualization Administration Guide.
Shared, networked storage must be used for storing guest images to be migrated. Without shared
storage, migration is not possible. It is recommended to use libvirt-managed storage pools for shared
storage.
For more information on migration refer to the Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 Virtualization Administration
Guide.
2.3. Virtualized to virtualized migration (V2V)
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 provides tools for converting virtual machines from other types of
hypervisors to KVM. The virt-v2v tool converts and imports virtual machines from Xen, other versions
of KVM, and VMware ESX.
For more information on V2V, refer to the Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 V2V Guide.
12 Chapter 3. Advantages and misconceptions of virtualization
Chapter 3. Advantages and misconceptions of virtualization
There are many advantages to virtualization and perhaps an equal amount of misconceptions
surrounding it. This chapter will explore these points.
3.1. Virtualization costs
A common misconception is that virtualization is too expensive to justify the change. Virtualization can be
expensive to introduce but often it saves money in the long term. It is important to perform a Return on
Investment (ROI) analysis to determine the best use of virtualization in your environment. Consider the
following benefits:
Less power
Using virtualization negates much of the need for multiple physical platforms. This equates to
less power being drawn for machine operation and cooling, resulting in reduced energy costs.
The initial cost of purchasing multiple physical platforms, combined with the machines' power
consumption and required cooling, is drastically cut by using virtualization.
Less maintenance
Provided adequate planning is performed before migrating physical systems to virtualized ones,
less time is spent maintaining them. This means less money being spent on parts and labor.
Extended life for installed software
Older versions of software may not run on newer, bare metal machines directly. However, by
running the older software virtually on a larger, faster system, the life of the software may be
extended while taking advantage of the performance from the newer system.
Predictable costs
A Red Hat Enterprise Linux subscription provides support for virtualization at the normal fixed
rate, making it easy to predict costs.
Less space
Consolidating servers onto fewer machines means less physical space is required. This means
the space normally occupied by server hardware can be used for other purposes.
3.2. Virtualization learning curve
A misconception exists that virtualization is difficult to learn. In truth, virtualization is no more difficult or
easy to learn than any new process. The skills required for managing and supporting a physical
environment are easily transferable to a virtual one. Virtual environments function similarly to their
physical counterparts, ensuring the learning curve remains a slight one.
3.3. Performance
On older virtualization versions that supported only a single CPU, virtual machines experienced
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 Virtualization Getting Started Guide 13
noticeable performance limitations. This created a long-lasting misconception that virtualization solutions
are slow. This is no longer the case; advances in technology allow virtual machines to run at much faster
speeds than previously.
3.4. Disaster recovery
Disaster recovery is quicker and easier when the systems are virtualized. On a physical system, if
something serious goes wrong, a complete re-install of the operating system is usually required,
resulting in hours of recovery time. However, if the systems are virtualized this is much faster due to
migration ability. If the requirements for live migration are followed, virtual machines can be restarted on
another host, and the longest possible delay would be in restoring guest data. Also, because each of the
virtualized systems are completely separate to each other, one system's downtime will not affect any
others.
3.5. Security
A virtual machine uses SELinux and sVirt to improve security in virtualization. This section includes an
overview of the security options available.
3.5.1. Virtualization security features
SELinux
SELinux was developed by the US National Security Agency and others to provide Mandatory Access
Control (MAC) for Linux. Under control of SELinux, all processes and files are given what is known as a
type, and access is limited by fine-grained controls. SELinux limits the abilities of an attacker and works
to prevent many common security exploits such as buffer overflow attacks and privilege escalation.
SELinux strengthens the security model of Red Hat Enterprise Linux hosts and virtualized Red Hat
Enterprise Linux guests. SELinux is configured and tested to work, by default, with all virtualization tools
shipped with Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6.
Note
For more information on SELinux, refer to the SELinux documentation at
http://docs.redhat.com/docs/. For specific details on the relationship between SELinux and
virtualization, refer to the Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 Virtualization Administration Guide.
sVirt
sVirt is a technology included in Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 that integrates SELinux and virtualization. It
applies Mandatory Access Control (MAC) to improve security when using virtual machines, and improves
security and hardens the system against bugs in the hypervisor that might be used as an attack vector
for the host or to another virtual machine.
Note
For more information on sVirt, refer to the Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 Virtualization Administration
Guide.
14 Chapter 3. Advantages and misconceptions of virtualization
3.6. Virtualization for servers and individuals
Virtualization is not just for servers, it can be useful for individuals as well. Desktop virtualization offers
centralized management, an improved desktop solution, and better disaster recovery. Using connection
software it is possible to connect to a desktop remotely.
For servers, virtualization is not only for larger networks, but for any situation with two or more servers. It
provides live migration, high availability, fault tolerance, and streamlined backups.
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 Virtualization Getting Started Guide 15
Chapter 4. Introduction to Red Hat virtualization products
This chapter introduces the various virtualization products available in Red Hat Enterprise Linux.
4.1. KVM and virtualization in Red Hat Enterprise Linux
What is KVM?
KVM (Kernel-based Virtual Machine) is a full virtualization solution for Linux on AMD64 and Intel 64
hardware that is built into the standard Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 kernel. It can run multiple, unmodified
Windows and Linux guest operating systems. The KVM hypervisor in Red Hat Enterprise Linux is
managed with the libvirt API and tools built for libvirt (such as virt-manager and virsh). Virtual
machines are executed and run as multi-threaded Linux processes controlled by these tools.
Overcommitting
KVM hypervisor supports overcommitting of system resources. Overcommitting means allocating more
virtualized CPUs or memory than the available resources on the system. Memory overcommitting allows
hosts to utilize memory and virtual memory to increase guest densities.
Important
Overcommitting involves possible risks to system stability. For more information on
overcommitting with KVM, and the precautions that should be taken, refer to the Red Hat
Enterprise Linux 6 Virtualization Administration Guide.
Thin provisioning
Thin provisioning allows the allocation of flexible storage and optimizes the available space for every
guest. It gives the appearance that there is more physical storage on the guest than is actually available.
This is not the same as overcommitting as this only pertains to storage and not CPUs or memory
allocations. However, like overcommitting, the same warning applies.
Important
Thin provisioning involves possible risks to system stability. For more information on thin
provisioning with KVM, and the precautions that should be taken, refer to the Red Hat Enterprise
Linux 6 Virtualization Administration Guide.
KSM
Kernel SamePage Merging (KSM), used by the KVM hypervisor, allows KVM guests to share identical
memory pages. These shared pages are usually common libraries or other identical, high-use data. KSM
allows for greater guest density of identical or similar guest operating systems by avoiding memory
duplication.
For more information on KSM, refer to the Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 Virtualization Administration Guide.
KVM Guest VM Compatibility
16 Chapter 4. Introduction to Red Hat virtualization products
To verify whether your processor supports the virtualization extensions and for information on enabling
the virtualization extensions if they are disabled, refer to the Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 Virtualization
Administration Guide.
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 servers have certain support limits.
The following URLs explain the processor and memory amount limitations for Red Hat Enterprise Linux:
For host systems: http://www.redhat.com/products/enterprise-linux/server/compare.html
For hypervisors: http://www.redhat.com/resourcelibrary/articles/virtualization-limits-rhel-hypervisors
For a complete chart of supported operating systems and host and guest combinations refer to
http://www.redhat.com/resourcelibrary/articles/enterprise-linux-virtualization-support.
4.2. libvirt and libvirt tools
The libvirt package is a hypervisor-independent virtualization API that is able to interact with the
virtualization capabilities of a range of operating systems.
The libvirt package provides:
A common, generic, and stable layer to securely manage virtual machines on a host.
A common interface for managing local systems and networked hosts.
All of the APIs required to provision, create, modify, monitor, control, migrate, and stop virtual
machines, but only if the hypervisor supports these operations. Although multiple hosts may be
accessed with libvirt simultaneously, the APIs are limited to single node operations.
The libvirt package is designed as a building block for higher level management tools and applications,
for example, virt-manager and the virsh command line management tools. With the exception of
migration capabilities, libvirt focuses on managing single hosts and provides APIs to enumerate,
monitor and use the resources available on the managed node, including CPUs, memory, storage,
networking and Non-Uniform Memory Access (NUMA) partitions. The management tools can be located
on separate physical machines from the host using secure protocols.
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 supports libvirt and included libvirt-based tools as its default method for
virtualization management (as in Red Hat Enterprise Virtualization Management).
The libvirt package is available as free software under the GNU Lesser General Public License. The
libvirt project aims to provide a long term stable C API to virtualization management tools, running on top
of varying hypervisor technologies. The libvirt package supports Xen on Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5, and
it supports KVM on both Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5 and Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6.
virsh
The virsh command-line tool is built on the libvirt management API and operates as an alternative to
the graphical virt-manager application. The virsh command can be used in read-only mode by
unprivileged users or, with root access, full administration functionality. The virsh command is ideal for
scripting virtualization administration.
virt-manager
virt-manager is a graphical desktop tool for managing virtual machines. It allows access to graphical
guest consoles and can be used to perform virtualization administration, virtual machine creation,
migration, and configuration tasks. The ability to view virtual machines, host statistics, device information
and performance graphs is also provided. The local hypervisor and remote hypervisors can be managed
through a single interface.
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 Virtualization Getting Started Guide 17
through a single interface.
For more information on virt-manager, refer to the Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 Virtualization
Administration Guide.
4.3. Virtualized hardware devices
Virtualization on Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 presents three distinct types of system devices to virtual
machines. The three types include:
Emulated software devices
Para-virtualized devices
Physically shared devices
These hardware devices all appear as being physically attached to the virtual machine but the device
drivers work in different ways.
4 .3.1. Virtualized and emulated devices
KVM implements many core devices for virtual machines in software. These emulated hardware devices
are crucial for virtualizing operating systems.
Emulated devices are virtual devices which exist entirely in software.
Emulated drivers may use either a physical device or a virtual software device. Emulated drivers are a
translation layer between the virtual machine and the Linux kernel (which manages the source device).
The device level instructions are completely translated by the KVM hypervisor. Any device, of the same
type (storage, network, keyboard, and mouse) and recognized by the Linux kernel, may be used as the
backing source device for the emulated drivers.
Virtual CPUs (vCPUs)
A host system can have up to 160 virtual CPUs (vCPUs) that can be presented to guests for their use,
regardless of the number of host CPUs.
Emulated graphics devices
Two emulated graphics devices are provided. These devices can be connected to with the SPICE
(Simple Protocol for Independent Computing Environments) protocol or with VNC:
A Cirrus CLGD 5446 PCI VGA card (using the cirrus device)
A standard VGA graphics card with Bochs VESA extensions (hardware level, including all non-
standard modes)
Emulated system components
The following core system components are emulated to provide basic system functions:
Intel i440FX host PCI bridge
PIIX3 PCI to ISA bridge
PS/2 mouse and keyboard
EvTouch USB Graphics Tablet
PCI UHCI USB controller and a virtualized USB hub
Emulated serial ports
EHCI controller, virtualized USB storage and a USB mouse
18 Chapter 4. Introduction to Red Hat virtualization products
Emulated sound devices
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6.1 and above provides an emulated (Intel) HDA sound device, intel-hda.
This device is supported on the following guest operating systems:
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6, for i386 and x86_64 architectures
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5, for i386 and x86_64 architectures
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 4, for i386 and x86_64 architectures
Windows 7, for i386 and x86_64 architectures
Windows 2008 R2, for the x86_64 architecture
The following two emulated sound devices are also available, but are not recommended due to
compatibility issues with certain guest operating systems:
ac97, an emulated Intel 82801AA AC97 Audio compatible sound card
es1370, an emulated ENSONIQ AudioPCI ES1370 sound card
Emulated watchdog devices
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6.0 and above provides two emulated watchdog devices. A watchdog can be
used to automatically reboot a virtual machine when it becomes overloaded or unresponsive.
The watchdog package must be installed on the guest.
The two devices available are:
i6300esb, an emulated Intel 6300 ESB PCI watchdog device. It is supported in guest operating
system Red Hat Enterprise Linux versions 6.0 and above, and is the recommended device to use.
ib700, an emulated iBase 700 ISA watchdog device. The ib700 watchdog device is only supported
in guests using Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6.2 and above.
Both watchdog devices are supported in i386 and x86_64 architectures for guest operating systems
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6.2 and above.
Emulated network devices
There are two emulated network devices available:
The e1000 device emulates an Intel E1000 network adapter (Intel 82540EM, 82573L, 82544GC).
The rtl8139 device emulates a Realtek 8139 network adapter.
Emulated storage drivers
Storage devices and storage pools can use these emulated devices to attach storage devices to virtual
machines. The guest uses an emulated storage driver to access the storage pool
Note that like all virtual devices, the storage drivers are not storage devices. The drivers are used to
attach a backing storage device, file or storage pool volume to a virtual machine. The backing storage
device can be any supported type of storage device, file, or storage pool volume.
The emulated IDE driver
KVM provides two emulated PCI IDE interfaces. An emulated IDE driver can be used to attach
any combination of up to four virtualized IDE hard disks or virtualized IDE CD-ROM drives to
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 Virtualization Getting Started Guide 19
each virtual machine. Emulated IDE driver is also used for virtualized CD-ROM and DVD-ROM
drives.
The emulated floppy disk drive driver
The emulated floppy disk drive driver is used for creating virtualized floppy drives.
4 .3.2. Para-virtualized devices
Para-virtualized devices are drivers for virtual devices that increase the I/O performance of virtual
machines.
Para-virtualized devices decrease I/O latency and increase I/O throughput to near bare-metal levels. It is
recommended to use the para-virtualized drivers for virtual machines running I/O intensive applications.
The para-virtualized devices must be installed on the guest operating system. By default, the para-
virtualized drivers are included in Red Hat Enterprise Linux 4.7 and newer, Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.4
and newer and Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6.0 and newer. The para-virtualized drivers must be manually
installed on Windows guests.
For more information on using the para-virtualized drivers refer to the Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
Virtualization Host Configuration and Guest Installation Guide.
Para-virtualized network driver (virtio-net)
The para-virtualized network driver is a Red Hat branded virtual network device. It can be used as the
driver for existing network devices or new network devices for virtual machines.
Para-virtualized block driver (virtio-blk)
The para-virtualized block driver is a driver for all storage devices, is supported by the hypervisor, and
is attached to the virtual machine (except for floppy disk drives, which must be emulated).
The para-virtualized clock
Guests using the Time Stamp Counter (TSC) as a clock source may suffer timing issues. KVM works
around hosts that do not have a constant Time Stamp Counter by providing guests with a para-
virtualized clock.
The para-virtualized serial driver (virtio-serial)
The para-virtualized serial driver is a bytestream-oriented, character stream driver, and provides a
simple communication interface between the host's user space and the guest's user space.
The balloon driver (virtio-balloon)
The balloon driver can designate part of a virtual machine's RAM as not being used (a process known
as balloon inflation), so that the memory can be freed for the host (or for other virtual machines on that
host) to use. When the virtual machine needs the memory again, the balloon can be deflated and the
host can distribute the RAM back to the virtual machine.
4 .3.3. Physical host devices
Certain hardware platforms allow virtual machines to directly access various hardware devices and
20 Chapter 4. Introduction to Red Hat virtualization products
components. This process in virtualization is known as device assignment. Device assignment is also
known as passthrough.
PCI device assignment
The KVM hypervisor supports attaching PCI devices on the host system to virtual machines. PCI device
assignment allows guests to have exclusive access to PCI devices for a range of tasks. It allows PCI
devices to appear and behave as if they were physically attached to the guest operating system.
Device assignment is supported on PCI Express devices, with the exception of graphics cards. Parallel
PCI devices may be supported as assigned devices, but they have severe limitations due to security and
system configuration conflicts.
Note
For more information on device assignment, refer to the Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 Virtualization
Host Configuration and Guest Installation Guide.
USB passthrough
The KVM hypervisor supports attaching USB devices on the host system to virtual machines. USB
device assignment allows guests to have exclusive access to USB devices for a range of tasks. It allows
USB devices to appear and behave as if they were physically attached to the virtual machine.
Note
For more information on USB passthrough, refer to the Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 Virtualization
Administration Guide.
SR-IOV
SR-IOV (Single Root I/O Virtualization) is a PCI Express standard that extends a single physical PCI
function to share its PCI resources as separate, virtual functions (VFs). Each function is capable of
being used by a different virtual machine via PCI device assignment.
An SR-IOV capable PCI-e device, provides a Single Root Function (for example, a single Ethernet port)
and presents multiple, separate virtual devices as unique PCI device functions. Each virtual device may
have its own unique PCI configuration space, memory-mapped registers, and individual MSI-based
interrupts.
Note
For more information on SR-IOV, refer to the Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 Virtualization Host
Configuration and Guest Installation Guide.
NPIV
N_Port ID Virtualization (NPIV) is a functionality available with some Fibre Channel devices. NPIV shares
a single physical N_Port as multiple N_Port IDs. NPIV provides similar functionality for Fibre Channel
Host Bus Adapters (HBAs) that SR-IOV provides for PCIe interfaces. With NPIV, virtual machines can be
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 Virtualization Getting Started Guide 21
provided with a virtual Fibre Channel initiator to Storage Area Networks (SANs).
NPIV can provide high density virtualized environments with enterprise-level storage solutions.
Note
For more information on NPIV, refer to the Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 Virtualization Administration
Guide.
4 .3.4 . Guest CPU models
Historically, CPU model definitions were hard-coded in qemu. This method of defining CPU models was
inflexible, and made it difficult to create virtual CPUs with feature sets that matched existing physical
CPUs. Typically, users modified a basic CPU model definition with feature flags in order to provide the
CPU characteristics required by a virtual machine. Unless these feature sets were carefully controlled,
safe migration which requires feature sets between current and prospective hosts to match was
difficult to support.
qemu-kvm has now replaced most hard-wired definitions with configuration file based CPU model
definitions. Definitions for a number of current processor models are now included by default, allowing
users to specify features more accurately and migrate more safely.
A list of supported CPU models can be viewed with the /usr/libexec/qem u-kvm -cpu ?model
command. This command outputs the name used to select the CPU model at the command line, and a
model identifier that corresponds to a commercial instance of that processor class. The CPU models
that Red Hat Enterprise Linux supports can be found in the qemu-kvm Whitelist chapter in the
Virtualization Administration Guide.
Configuration details for all of these CPU models can be output with the /usr/libexec/qemu-kvm -
cpu ?dump command, but they are also stored in the /usr/share/qemu-kvm/cpu-model/cpu-
x86_64.conf file by default. Each CPU model definition begins with [cpudef], as shown:
[cpudef]
name = "Nehalem"
level = "2"
vendor = "GenuineIntel"
family = "6"
model = "26"
stepping = "3"
feature_edx = "sse2 sse fxsr mmx clflush pse36 pat cmov mca \
pge mtrr sep apic cx8 mce pae msr tsc pse de fpu"
feature_ecx = "popcnt x2apic sse4.2 sse4.1 cx16 ssse3 sse3"
extfeature_edx = "i64 syscall xd"
extfeature_ecx = "lahf_lm"
xlevel = "0x8000000A"
model_id = "Intel Core i7 9xx (Nehalem Class Core i7)"
The four CPUID fields, feature_edx, feature_ecx, extfeature_edx and extfeature_ecx,
accept named flag values from the corresponding feature sets listed by the /usr/libexec/qemu-kvm
-cpu ?cpuid command, as shown:
22 Chapter 4. Introduction to Red Hat virtualization products
# /usr/libexec/qemu-kvm -cpu ?cpuid
Recognized CPUID flags:
f_edx: pbe ia64 tm ht ss sse2 sse fxsr mmx acpi ds clflush pn \
pse36 pat cmov mca pge mtrr sep apic cx8 mce pae msr tsc \
pse de vme fpu
f_ecx: hypervisor avx osxsave xsave aes popcnt movbe x2apic \
sse4.2|sse4_2 sse4.1|sse4_1 dca pdcm xtpr cx16 fma cid \
ssse3 tm2 est smx vmx ds_cpl monitor dtes64 pclmuldq \
pni|sse3
extf_edx: 3dnow 3dnowext lm rdtscp pdpe1gb fxsr_opt fxsr mmx \
mmxext nx pse36 pat cmov mca pge mtrr syscall apic cx8 \
mce pae msr tsc pse de vme fpu
extf_ecx: nodeid_msr cvt16 fma4 wdt skinit xop ibs osvw \
3dnowprefetch misalignsse sse4a abm cr8legacy extapic svm \
cmp_legacy lahf_lm
These feature sets are described in greater detail in the appropriate Intel and AMD specifications.
It is important to use the check flag to verify that all configured features are available.
# /usr/libexec/qemu-kvm -cpu Nehalem,check
warning: host cpuid 0000_0001 lacks requested flag 'sse4.2|sse4_2' [0x00100000]
warning: host cpuid 0000_0001 lacks requested flag 'popcnt' [0x00800000]
If a defined feature is not available, those features will fail silently by default.
4.4. Storage
Storage for virtual machines is abstracted from the physical storage used by the virtual machine. It is
attached to the virtual machine using the para-virtualized or emulated block device drivers.
4 .4 .1. Storage pools
A storage pool is a file, directory, or storage device managed by libvirt for the purpose of providing
storage to virtual machines. Storage pools are divided into storage volumes that store virtual machine
images or are attached to virtual machines as additional storage. Multiple guests can share the same
storage pool, allowing for better allocation of storage resources. Refer to the Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
Virtualization Administration Guide for more information.
Local storage pools
Local storage pools are directly attached to the host server. They include local directories,
directly attached disks, physical partitions, and LVM volume groups on local devices. Local
storage pools are useful for development, testing and small deployments that do not require
migration or large numbers of virtual machines. Local storage pools may not be suitable for
many production environments as they do not support live migration.
Networked (shared) storage pools
Networked storage pools include storage devices shared over a network using standard
protocols. Networked storage is required for migrating virtual machines between hosts.
Networked storage pools are managed by libvirt.
Storage Volumes
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 Virtualization Getting Started Guide 23
Storage pools are further divided into storage volumes. Storage volumes are an abstraction of physical
partitions, LVM logical volumes, file-based disk images and other storage types handled by libvirt.
Storage volumes are presented to virtualized guests as local storage devices regardless of the
underlying hardware.
Note
For more information on storage and virtualization refer to the Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
Virtualization Administration Guide.
24 Chapter 5. Virtualization Tools
Chapter 5. Virtualization Tools
Read this chapter for an introduction to the many tools available to assist with virtualization.
5.1. virsh
virsh is a command line interface (CLI) tool for managing guests and the hypervisor. The virsh
command-line tool is built on the libvirt management API and operates as an alternative to the qemu-
kvm command and the graphical virt-manager application. The virsh command can be used in read-
only mode by unprivileged users or, with root access, full administration functionality. The virsh
command is ideal for scripting virtualization administration. In addition the virsh tool is a main
management interface for virsh guest domains and can be used to create, pause, and shut down
domains, as well as list current domains. This tool is installed as part of the libvirt-client package.
Note
Refer to the Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 Virtualization Administration Guide for more information
about managing virtual machines with virsh.
5.2. virt-manager
A light-weight graphical tool for managing virtual machines. It provides the ability to control the life cycle
of existing machines, provision new machines, manage virtual networks, access the graphical console of
virtual machines, and view performance statistics. This tool ships in its own package called virt-manager.
Note
Refer to the Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 Virtualization Administration Guide for more information
about managing virtual machines with virt-manager.
5.3. virt-install
A command line tool to provision new virtual machines. It supports both text-based and graphical
installations, using serial console, SDL, SPICE, or VNC client/server pair graphics. Installation media can
be local, or exist remotely on an NFS, HTTP, or FTP server. The tool can also be configured to run
unattended and kickstart the guest when installation is complete, allowing for easy automation of
installation. This tool is installed as part of the python-virtinst package.
Note
Refer to the Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 Virtualization Host Configuration and Guest Installation
Guide for more information about virt-install.
5.4. guestfish
A command line tool for examining and modifying the file systems of the host. This tool uses libguestfs
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 Virtualization Getting Started Guide 25
and exposes all functionality provided by the guestfs API. This tool ships in its own package entitled
guestfish.
Refer to the Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 Virtualization Administration Guide for more information about
guestfish.
Warning
Using guestfish on running virtual machines can cause disk-image corruption. Use the
guestfish command with the --ro (read-only) option if the disk image is being used by a
running virtual machine.
5.5. Other useful tools
The following tools are used to access a virtual machine's disk via the host. The guest's disk is usually
accessed directly via the disk-im age file located on the host. However it is sometimes possible to gain
access via the libvirt domain. The commands that follow are part of the libvirt domain and are used to
gain access to the guest's disk image.
guestmount
A command line tool used to mount virtual machine file systems and disk images on the host
machine. This tool is installed as part of the libguestfs-mount package.
Warning
Using guestmount in --r/w read/write mode to access a disk that is currently being
used by a guest can cause the disk to become corrupted. Do not use guestmount in --
r/w read/write mode on live virtual machines. Use the guestmount command with the -
-ro (read-only) option if the disk image is being used.
virt-cat
A command line tool that can be used to quickly view the contents of one or more files in a
specified virtual machine's disk or disk image. This tool is installed as part of the libguestfs-
tools package
Warning
Using virt-cat on running virtual machines can cause disk corruption in the virtual
machine. Do not use virt-cat command on a running virtual machine.
virt-df
A command line tool used to show the actual physical disk usage of virtual machines. Similar to
the command line tool df. Note that this tool does not work across remote connections. It is
installed as part of the libguestfs-tools package.
26 Chapter 5. Virtualization Tools
virt-edit
A command line tool used to edit files that exist on a specified virtual machine. This tool is
installed as part of the libguestfs-tools package.
Warning
Using virt-edit on live virtual machines can cause disk corruption in the virtual
machine. Although the virt-edit command will try to prevent users from editing files
on live virtual machines, it is not guaranteed to catch all instances. Therefore, do not use
virt-edit on a live virtual machine.
virt-filesystems
A command line tool used to discover file systems, partitions, logical volumes and their sizes in
a disk image or virtual machine. One common use is in shell scripts, to iterate over all file
systems in a disk image. This tool is installed as part of the libguestfs-tools package.
This tool replaces virt-list-filesystems and virt-list-partitions.
virt-inspector
A command line tool that can examine a virtual machine or disk image to determine the version
of its operating system and other information. It can also produce XML output, which can be
piped into other programs. Note that virt-inspector can only inspect one domain at a time.
This tool is installed as part of the libguestfs-tools package.
virt-inspector2
An alternative tool to virt-inspector, written in C. This tool is installed as part of the
libguestfs-tools package.
virt-ls
A command line tool that lists files and directories inside a virtual machine. This tool is installed
as part of the libguestfs-tools package.
virt-make-fs
A command line tool for creating a file system based on a tar archive or files in a directory. It is
similar to tools like mkisofs and mksquashfs, but it can create common file system types
such as ext2, ext3 and NTFS, and the size of the file system created can be equal to or greater
than the size of the files it is based on. This tool is provided as part of the libguestfs-tools
package.
virt-rescue
A command line tool that provides a rescue shell and some simple recovery tools for
unbootable virtual machines and disk images. It can be run on any virtual machine known to
libvirt, or directly on disk images. This tool is installed as part of the libguestfs-tools package.
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 Virtualization Getting Started Guide 27
Warning
Using virt-rescue on running virtual machines can cause disk corruption in the virtual
machine. virt-rescue attempts to prevent its own use on running virtual machines, but
cannot catch all cases.
Using the command with the --ro (read-only) option will not cause disk corruption, but
may give strange or inconsistent results. It is better to avoid using virt-rescue on a
running virtual machine.
virt-resize
A command line tool to resize virtual machine disks, and resize or delete any partitions on a
virtual machine disk. It works by copying the guest image and leaving the original disk image
untouched. This tool is installed as part of the libguestfs-tools package.
Important
Using virt-resize on running virtual machines can give inconsistent results. It is best
to shut down virtual machines before attempting to resize them.
virt-tar
A command line archive tool for downloading and uploading parts of a virtual machine's file
system. This tool is commonly used for making backups, uploading data, reviewing guest
activity, and fixing or customizing guests. This tool is installed as part of the libguestfs-tools
package.
Warning
Using virt-tar with the -u (upload) option on running virtual machines can cause disk
corruption in the virtual machine. virt-tar attempts to prevent its own use on running
virtual machines, but cannot catch all cases.
Using virt-tar with the -x (extract) option on running virtual machines will not cause
disk corruption, but may give strange or inconsistent results. It is best to shut down
virtual machines before attempting to extract files from them.
virt-top
A command line utility similar to top, which shows stats related to virtualized domains. This tool
ships in its own package: virt-top.
virt-v2v
A graphical tool to convert virtual machines from Xen and VMware hypervisors to run on KVM.
This tool ships in its own package: virt-v2v.
virt-viewer
28 Chapter 5. Virtualization Tools
A minimal tool for displaying the graphical console of a virtual machine via the VNC and SPICE
protocols. This tool ships in its own package: virt-viewer.
virt-what
A shell script that detects whether a program is running in a virtual machine. This tool ships in
its own package: virt-what.
virt-who
The virt-who package is a Red Hat Enterprise Linux host agent that queries libvirt for guest
UUIDs. It then passes that data to the local entitlement server for the purposes of issuing
certificates. This tool ships in its own package: virt-who.
virt-win-reg
A command line tool to export and merge Windows Registry entries from a Windows guest, and
perform simple Registry operations. This tool is installed as part of the libguestfs-tools package.
Warning
Using virt-win-reg on running virtual machines will cause irreversible disk corruption
in the virtual machine. virt-win-reg attempts to prevent its own use on running virtual
machines, but cannot catch all cases.
Warning
Modifying the Windows Registry is an inherently risky operation, as the format is
deliberately obscure and undocumented. Changes to the registry can leave the system
unbootable, so ensure you have a reliable backup before you use the --merge option.
virt-xm l-validate
A command line tool to validate libvirt XML files for compliance with the published schema. This
tool is installed as part of the libvirt-client package.
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 Virtualization Getting Started Guide 29
Revision History
Revision 0.2-84 2012-07-18 Anthony Towns
Rebuild for Publican 3.0
Revision 0.2-83 Mon June 18 2012 Dayle Parker
Version for 6.3 GA release
Revision 0.2-82 Mon June 18 2012 Dayle Parker
Corrected "64 vCPUs" to "160 vCPUs" for BZ#832415.
Revision 0.2-80 Tues June 12 2012 Dayle Parker
Clarified emulated watchdog device section for BZ#827307.
Revision 0.2-78 Fri June 8 2012 Dayle Parker
Corrected typos and markup for BZ#827305.
General corrections made to Chapter 4 BZ#827307.
Revision 0.2-77 Thurs June 7 2012 Dayle Parker
General corrections made to Chapter 5 BZ#827310.
Wording correction for Chapter 5 BZ#829448.
General corrections made to Chapter 3 BZ#827306.
Revision 0.2-73 Mon 23 April 2012 Laura Novich
Corrections made to chapter 5 (BZ#798108).
Revision 0.2-72 Mon 23 April 2012 Laura Novich
Corrections made to chapter 4 (BZ#798106).
Revision 0.2-71 Thur 19 April 2012 Laura Novich
Corrections made to chapter 5 (BZ#798108).
Revision 0.2-69 Wed 18 April 2012 Laura Novich
Corrections made to chapter 4 (BZ#798106).
Revision 0.2-68 Tue 17 April 2012 Dayle Parker
Corrected terminology to "virtual machine" where needed (BZ#798063).
Revision 0.2-64 Mon 2 April 2012 Laura Novich
BZ#800401 Corrections to Chapter 2
Revision 0.2-61 Fri 30 March 2012 Dayle Parker
Made corrections in Chapter 3: Advantages (BZ#800409).
Adjusted terms to "virtual machine" and "virtualized guest" where appropriate; corrected outdated link in
4.1; corrected terms in Emulated network devices (from drivers) in (BZ#798063).
Revision 0.2-52 Wed 11 January 2012 Jacquelynn East
BZ#772859 clarified acronym.
Revision 0.2-51 Fri 04 November 2011 Jacquelynn East
BZ#750969 minor typos.
30 Revision History
Revision 0.2-4 7 Fri 14 October 2011 Jacquelynn East
BZ#744156 add paragraph about emulated watchdogs.
Revision 0.2-4 5 Sun 18 September 2011 Scott Radvan
Minor wording issues.
Revision 0.2-4 4 Fri 16 September 2011 Jacquelynn East
BZ#734614
Revision 0.2-4 3 Fri 16 September 2011 Jacquelynn East
BZ#734618 minor edit
Revision 0.2-37 Fri 2 September 2011 Jacquelynn East
BZ#734619, BZ#734614
Revision 0.2-34 Thu 1 September 2011 Jacquelynn East
BZ#734619, BZ#734511, BZ#734618, BZ#734616, BZ#715476, BZ#734613
Revision 0.2-33 Wed 31 August 2011 Jacquelynn East
BZ#734618, BZ#734613, BZ#734619
Revision 0.2-34 Thu 25 August 2011 Scott Radvan
6.2 development.
Revision 0.2-24 Fri July 29 2011 Jacquelynn East
Extensive edits, combine security section into advantages
Revision 0.2-22 Wed July 27 2011 Jacquelynn East
Advantages chapter completed BZ#715476
Revision 0.2-20 Tue July 26 2011 Jacquelynn East
More of the Advantages draft
Revision 0.2-17 Mon July 25 2011 Jacquelynn East
Minor edits for BZ#715473 and BZ#715474
Revision 0.2-15 Mon July 25 2011 Jacquelynn East
Chapter 4 draft BZ#715476
Revision 0.2-4 Thu June 23 2011 Jacquelynn East
Completed chapter 1
Revision 0.1-01 Wed May 4 2011 Scott Radvan
Arrange basic layout and book infrastructure. Import introductory text.
Revision 0.0-01 Wed May 4 2011 Scott Radvan
Initial creation of book by Publican.
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