Appendix C -- A Review of HTML
Appendix C
A Review of HTML
CONTENTS
The basic structure of a Web page
Uniform Resource Locators
Colors
Alignment
Clear
Netscape-supported HTML elements
ADDRESS
APPLET
AREA
B (Boldface)
BASE
BASEFONT
BIG
BLINK
BLOCKQUOTE
BODY
BR (Line Break)
CAPTION
CENTER
CITE
CODE
DD (Definition Description)
DIR (Directory)
DIV (Division)
DL (Definition List)
DT (Definition Term)
EM (Emphasis)
FONT
FORM
FRAME
FRAMESET
H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, and H6 (Headings)
HEAD
HR (Horizontal Rule)
HTML
I (Italic)
IMG (Image)
INPUT
ISINDEX (Is Indexed)
KBD (Keyboard)
LI (List Item)
LINK
MAP
MENU
META (Document Meta-Information)
NOBR (No Break)
NOFRAME
OL (Ordered List)
OPTION
P (Paragraph)
PARAM (Applet Parameter)
PRE (Preformatted Text)
SAMP (Literal Characters)
SCRIPT
SELECT
SMALL
STRIKE
STRONG (Strong Emphasis)
SUB (Subscript)
SUP (Superscript)
TABLE
TD (Table Data) and TH (Table Header)
TEXTAREA
TITLE
TR (Table Row)
TT (Teletype)
UL (Unordered List)
VAR (Variable)
WBR (Word Break)
Bore you can use JavaScript in a Web page, you need to know how
to write a Web page. This appendix reviews the basic HTML you
need to know to put together Web pages. It also reviews the structure
of a good Web page.
The basic structure of a Web page
Web pages are composed of HTML tags, content, and comments. The
content-the plain text of the page-should be contained within
HTML tags. Most browsers will display content that is not contained
within HTML tags, but HTML standards don't require them to display
uncontained content.
The content, not the tags, should contain comments, if for no
better reason than that it makes the page more readable and easier
to maintain. Comments begin with <!-- and end with -->.
It's a good practice never to place a double dash (--) or a right
angle bracket (>) within a comment. Some browsers may prematurely
terminate the comment when they read these character sequences.
It's important to remember this when writing JavaScript code,
which you usually place inside comments to keep JavaScript-ignorant
browsers from displaying the code on the screen.
HTML tags are special keywords enclosed within angle brackets
(< and >). They may have attributes that refine the behavior
of the tag; attributes are typically of the form name=value.
When a tag has attributes, some of them are mandatory and the
others are optional. Certain browsers may let you get away with
omitting mandatory attributes, but you shouldn't expect all browsers
to do so. The attribute values may be numeric or text, and may
be enclosed within quotes. Some tools you can use to verify the
syntax of your pages have trouble with attribute values; enclosing
the values within quotes usually helps.
Tag and attribute names are case-insensitive. Attribute values
are almost always case-sensitive. Because most content is lowercase
(uppercase text is perceived as shouting), I prefer to write tag
and attribute names in uppercase. It makes them stand out from
the content.
Most tags have corresponding end tags. The end tag contains the
same keyword as the first tag, or start tag, but with a leading
slash (/) character. Like the start tag, it is enclosed within
angle brackets. Unlike start tags, end tags do not have attributes.
Some tags contain text, and these tags have end tags. In certain
specialized circumstances, the end tag is implied; for example,
within a table row, a table cell that starts with a <TD>
tag is implicitly ended by another <TD> tag. It is a good
practice, however, always to use end tags. It makes your code
easier to read and maintain.
An HTML element consists of either a tag that contains no text,
such as an <IMG> tag, or a tag and its end tag and the text
between them, such as
<B>Some bold text</B>
In the first case, the element is called an empty element. In
the second case, the element is called a container element.
Certain rules dictate which HTML elements can exist within which
other HTML elements. You can nest HTML elements, but their start
and end tags cannot overlap. For example, you may wish to render
text in a bold italic font. You can do so by enclosing the text
within <B> and </B>, and within <I> and </I>.
<B><I>text</I></B> will work. <I><B>text</B></I>
will work. <B><I>text</B></I> will not
work.
Some tags have attributes in common with each other. These common
attributes take common values, and these values may not be very
obvious as to what they do. Uniform Resource Locators, colors,
the ALIGN attribute, and the CLEAR attribute are not well understood.
Uniform Resource Locators
Uniform Resource Locators, or URLs, specify the location of documents
on the Internet, and the protocol that is used to retrieve them.
The general format of a URL is
protocol hostname port pathname search hash
These are defined as follows:
protocolThe beginning of a URL, up to the first colon. Common protocols include javascript: (JavaScript code), about: (navigator information), http: (World Wide Web), file: (local file), ftp: (FTP), mailto:
(mail), news: (Usenet news), and gopher: (Gopher). The protocol may be separated from the rest of the URL by two slashes (http:, ftp:, news:), three slashes (file:), or no slashes (javascript:, about:, mailto:, gopher:).
hostnameThe host and domain name, or IP address, of a network host.
portThe number of the communications port used by the network host for communication. Many protocols define a "well-known" port number (21 for FTP, 70 for Gopher, 80 for the World Wide Web, 119 for
Usenet news, to name a few) for the protocol, and because most hosts use the well-known port numbers, the port component is rarely used.
pathnameThe path of the file, including the file name, on the network host.
searchQuery information, beginning with a question mark.
hashAn anchor name, beginning with a hash mark (#)
An absolute URL has a protocol, host name, and path name, and
may include a port, search, and hash field.
A relative URL has no protocol or host name, and the path name
is not usually a full path name.
Colors
Tags that take color attributes may specify the color values in
two different ways: by name or by hex triplet.
There are 140 defined color names, such as red, black, and turquoise.
For a complete list of these defined colors, check the code listings
for Chapter 6
Hex triplets consist of a pound sign followed by the hexadecimal
values of the red component, the green component, and the
blue component. Each component may have a value from 00 to FF,
and must have two digits.
Alignment
Some elements can float freely within a stream of text, and have
ALIGN attributes that permit you to dictate where the element
will appear on the screen. The most common values for the ALIGN
attribute are left, right, top, texttop, middle, absmiddle, baseline,
bottom, and absbottom.
Left and right alignment (ALIGN="left" and ALIGN="right")
place a free-floating element below the current line of text,
on either the left margin or the right margin. Text flows around
the element.
Top and texttop alignment (ALIGN="top" and ALIGN="texttop")
place a free-floating element on the screen so that the top of
the element is lined up with the top of the line up to that point.
In other words, alignment is with respect to text and elements
to the left of the current element. The difference between top
and texttop alignment is that top alignment takes text and elements
into account, and texttop alignment only considers text.
Middle and absmiddle alignment (ALIGN="middle" and ALIGN="absmiddle")
place a free-floating element on the screen so that the middle
of the element is lined up with either the baseline of the text
(ALIGN="middle") or with the middle of the text and
elements to the left (ALIGN="absmiddle"). When there
is nothing but text to the left, there is almost no difference
between the two.
Baseline, bottom, and absbottom alignment (ALIGN="baseline",
ALIGN="bottom", and ALIGN="absbottom") place
a free-floating element on the screen so that the bottom of the
element is lined up either with the baseline of the text (ALIGN="baseline"
and ALIGN="bottom"-they are synonymous) or with the
bottom of the lowest text or element to the left of the free-floating
element (ALIGN="absbottom").
Clear
CLEAR is a common attribute used by elements. This attribute specifies
that the browser should go farther down the screen until the specified
margin is clear before displaying the element's text. Typical
values are left, right, and all (both left and right margins must
be clear).
In Figures C.1 through C.4, a BR (line break) element, which can
take a CLEAR attribute, is inserted into the text following the
word "break." In Figure C.1, with CLEAR="left",
the text stops until the image on the left is cleared, and then
resumes. In Figure C.2, with CLEAR="right", the text
stops until the image on the right is cleared, and then resumes.
In Figure C.3, with CLEAR="all", the text stops until
both images are cleared, and then resumes. Finally, in Figure
C.4, there is no CLEAR attribute and text resumes on the next
line, between the two images.
Figure C.1 : <BR CLEAR="left">.
Figure C.2 : <BR CLEAR="right">.
Netscape-supported HTML elements
This section includes short descriptions of the HTML elements
currently supported by Netscape. These elements do not pertain
solely to JavaScript. Each element description mentions commonly
used attributes of the element, explains the function of the element,
includes special notes about the element, and tells what elements
may be contained within that element.
Figure C.3 : <BR CLEAR="all">.
Figure C.4 : <BR> with no CLEAR attribute.
The A element marks the beginning of a hypertext link if it uses
the HREF attribute or the destination of a hypertext link if it
uses the NAME attribute. In JavaScript, it's a link object if
it uses the HREF attribute and an anchor object if it contains
the NAME attribute. There are five attributes, but an A element
must have an HREF or NAME attribute. Both can be used in the same
element-an A element may be both a link object and an anchor object.
HREF=stringThe value specifies the target of a hypertext link.
NAME=stringThe value creates a destination for a hypertext link.
ONCLICK=stringThe value specifies a JavaScript expression to be executed when the user clicks on the element. This only applies to A elements that have an HREF attribute defined.
ONMOUSEOVER=
stringThe value specifies a JavaScript expression to be executed when the user moves the mouse pointer over the element. This only applies to A elements that have an HREF attribute defined.
TARGET=stringThe value specifies a window or frame into which the link will be loaded. This only applies to A elements that have an HREF attribute defined.
The A element is a container element that can contain content
text and B, BASEFONT, BIG, BLINK, BR, CITE, CODE, EM, FONT, H1,
H2, H3, H4, H5, H6, I, IMG, KBD, NOBR, SAMP, SMALL, STRIKE, SUB,
SUP, TT, VAR, and WBR elements. It may not contain another A element.
Its contents are usually highlighted by the browser when the HREF
attribute is used.
ADDRESS
The ADDRESS element indicates that its contents constitute an
address. Typical usage would include electronic signatures and
lists of authors. This element has no attributes, and it is a
container element that may contain content text and A, B, BASEFONT,
BIG, BLINK, BR, CITE, CODE, EM, FONT, I, IMG, KBD, NOBR, P, SAMP,
SMALL, STRIKE, STRONG, SUB, SUP, TT, VAR, and WBR elements.
APPLET
The APPLET element loads a Java applet and executes it. It has
eight attributes:
ALIGN=stringThe value specifies the applet's alignment on the page. Permitted values include left, right, top, texttop, middle, absmiddle, baseline, bottom, and absbottom.
CODE=stringThe value specifies the relative URL of the applet. This attribute is mandatory.
CODEBASE=stringThe value specifies a base URL for the CODE attribute's relative URL. In the absence of this attribute, the document URL becomes the base URL.
HEIGHT=numberThe value specifies the height, in pixels, of the applet. This attribute is mandatory.
HSPACE=numberThe value specifies the horizontal distance, in pixels, between the applet and surrounding text.
NAME=stringThe value creates a destination for a hypertext link.
VSPACE=numberThe value specifies the vertical distance, in pixels, between the applet and surrounding text.
WIDTH=numberThe value specifies the width, in pixels, of the applet. This attribute is mandatory.
The APPLET element is a container element that may contain content
text and A, B, BASEFONT, BIG, BLINK, BR, CITE, CODE, EM, FONT,
I, IMG, KBD, NOBR, PARAM, SAMP, SMALL, STRIKE, STRONG, SUB, SUP,
VAR, and WBR elements.
AREA
The AREA element defines a region within a MAP element that the
user may select. If the HREF attribute is used, the area acts
like the beginning of a hypertext link. If the NOHREF attribute
is used, the area acts like a "dead zone"; if the user
clicks in such an area, nothing happens. There can be multiple
AREA elements within a MAP element. In case of overlap, the first
AREA element that contains the coordinates the user selected will
be the active element. The coordinates start in the image's upper-left
corner.
There are four attributes:
COORDS=stringThe value specifies the coordinates that define the area.
If the area is a rectangle, there are four coordinates: left, top, right, and bottom. If the area is a circle, there are three coordinates: the center of the circle (horizontal coordinate and then vertical coordinate) followed by the radius. If the area is
a polygon, there are an arbitrary number of coordinate pairs. In this case, each pair describes a vertex of the polygon. The vertex's horizontal coordinate is first, followed by the vertical coordinate. The last pair does not need to match the first pair;
in that case, the browser will assume a line segment between the first vertex and the last vertex.
HREF=stringThe value identifies a hypertext link that will be the target if a point within this area's coordinates is selected.
NOHREFThis attribute means that this area describes a dead zone; nothing will happen if you select a point within this area's coordinates.
SHAPE=stringThe value specifies the shape of the area. Valid values include circle, rect (rectangle), and poly (polygon). The default shape is a rectangle.
The AREA element is an empty element.
B (Boldface)
The B element specifies that the browser should render the contents
in a bold font.
There are no attributes. The B element is a container element
that may contain content text and A, B, BASEFONT, BIG, BLINK,
BR, CITE, CODE, EM, FONT, I, IMG, KBD, NOBR, SAMP, SMALL, STRIKE,
STRONG, SUB, SUP, TT, VAR, and WBR elements.
BASE
The BASE element overrides the Web page's URL as the base for
relative URLs. It has one mandatory attribute, HREF=string, where
the value specifies the base for relative URLs.
The BASE element is empty.
BASEFONT
The BASEFONT element overrides the value of the base font size
(which by default is 3). The browser adds relative FONT element
values to the base font size. The BASEFONT element has one mandatory
attribute, SIZE=number, where the number value is the base
font size.
The BASEFONT element is a container element that may contain content
text and A, ADDRESS, APPLET, B, BASEFONT, BIG, BLINK, BLOCKQUOTE,
BR, CENTER, CITE, CODE, DIR, DIV, DL, EM, FONT, FORM, H1, H2,
H3, H4, H5, H6, HR, I, IMG, KBD, MAP, MENU, NOBR, OL, P, PRE,
SAMP, SMALL, STRIKE, STRONG, SUB, SUP, TABLE, TT, UL, VAR, and
WBR elements.
BIG
The BIG element specifies that the browser should render the contents
in a larger than normal font.
There are no attributes. The BIG element is a container element
that may contain content text and A, B, BASEFONT, BIG, BLINK,
BR, CITE, CODE, EM, FONT, I, IMG, KBD, NOBR, SAMP, SMALL, STRIKE,
STRONG, SUB, SUP, TT, VAR, and WBR elements.
BLINK
The BLINK element requests that contained elements be rendered
in a blinking font. The blinking effect is as alarming as a shout
of "Fire!" Just as most of us don't have a reason to
pull the fire alarm every day, there is hardly ever a good reason
to include blinking text in an ordinary document. Use of BLINK
is considered even more vulgar than writing text in all uppercase.
There are no attributes. The BLINK element is a container element
that may contain content text and A, B, BASEFONT, BIG, BLINK,
BR, CITE, CODE, EM, FONT, I, IMG, KBD, NOBR, SAMP, SMALL, STRIKE,
STRONG, SUB, SUP, TT, VAR, and WBR elements.
BLOCKQUOTE
The BLOCKQUOTE element indicates that its contents constitute
a quotation.
The BLOCKQUOTE element has no attributes. It is a container element
that may contain content text and A, ADDRESS, APPLET, B, BASEFONT,
BIG, BLINK, BLOCKQUOTE, BR, CENTER, CITE, CODE, DIR, DIV, DL,
EM, FONT, FORM, H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, H6, HR, I, IMG, KBD, MAP,
MENU, NOBR, OL, P, PRE, SAMP, SMALL, STRIKE, STRONG, SUB, SUP,
TABLE, TT, UL, VAR, and WBR elements.
BODY
The BODY element contains the visible contents of the document.
The BODY element has eight optional attributes:
ALINK=colorThe value specifies the color for the active link (the link currently selected by the user).
BACKGROUND=stringThe value specifies the URL of an image file that will be tiled to form the background.
BGCOLOR=colorThe value specifies the color for the background.
LINK=colorThe value specifies the color of unvisited links.
ONLOAD=stringThe value specifies a JavaScript expression to be executed when the Web page finishes loading.
ONUNLOAD=stringThe value specifies a JavaScript expression to be executed when the user leaves the Web page.
TEXT=colorThe value specifies the color of ordinary text.
VLINK=colorThe value specifies the color of visited links.
The BODY element is a container element that may contain content
text and A, ADDRESS, APPLET, B, BASEFONT, BIG, BLINK, BLOCKQUOTE,
BR, CENTER, CITE, CODE, DIR, DIV, DL, EM, FONT, FORM, H1, H2,
H3, H4, H5, H6, HR, I, IMG, KBD, MAP, MENU, NOBR, OL, P, PRE,
SAMP, SMALL, STRIKE, STRONG, SUB, SUP, TABLE, TT, UL, VAR, and
WBR elements.
BR (Line Break)
The BR element forces a line break. It has one optional attribute,
CLEAR=string, where the value indicates how far down the
browser should space until the indicated margin is clear of text
and images. Valid values include left, right, and all.
The BR element is an empty element.
CAPTION
The CAPTION element defines a table caption. It has two attributes:
ALIGN=stringThe value indicates how the caption should be horizontally aligned with its table. Valid values include top, bottom, left, and right.
ID=stringThe value defines a hypertext link target.
The CAPTION element is a container element that may contain content
text and A, B, BASEFONT, BIG, BLINK, BR, CITE, CODE, EM, FONT,
I, IMG, KBD, NOBR, SAMP, SMALL, STRIKE, STRONG, SUB, SUP, TT,
VAR, and WBR elements.
CENTER
The CENTER element indicates that the browser should horizontally
center the contained text. It has no attributes. The CENTER element
is a container element that may contain content text and A, ADDRESS,
APPLET, B, BASEFONT, BIG, BLINK, BLOCKQUOTE, BR, CENTER, CITE,
CODE, DIR, DIV, DL, EM, FONT, FORM, H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, H6, HR,
I, IMG, KBD, MAP, MENU, NOBR, OL, P, PRE, SAMP, SMALL, STRIKE,
STRONG, SUB, SUP, TABLE, TT, UL, VAR, and WBR elements.
CITE
The CITE element indicates that the contained text is a citation.
There are no attributes. The CITE element is a container element
that may contain content text and A, B, BASEFONT, BIG, BLINK,
BR, CITE, CODE, EM, FONT, I, IMG, KBD, NOBR, SAMP, SMALL, STRIKE,
STRONG, SUB, SUP, TT, VAR, and WBR elements.
CODE
The CODE element indicates that the contained text is computer
code and should be rendered in a suitable font. This element is
recommended for short, single-line text; the PRE element is the
element of choice for longer text, especially multiline text.
There are no attributes. The CODE element is a container element
that may contain content text and A, B, BASEFONT, BIG, BLINK,
BR, CITE, CODE, EM, FONT, I, IMG, KBD, NOBR, SAMP, SMALL, STRIKE,
STRONG, SUB, SUP, TT, VAR, and WBR elements.
DD (Definition Description)
The DD element contains the definition portion of a definition
list item. It has no attributes, and is a container element that
may contain content text and A, APPLET, B, BASEFONT, BIG, BLINK,
BLOCKQUOTE, BR, CENTER, CITE, CODE, DIR, DL, EM, FONT, FORM, I,
IMG, KBD, MENU, NOBR, OL, P, PRE, SAMP, SMALL, STRIKE, STRONG,
SUB, SUP, TABLE, TT, UL, VAR, and WBR elements.
DIR (Directory)
The DIR element creates a list of short text items, such as file
names. It has no attributes, and is a container element that may
contain LI elements and their contents. A DIR element cannot contain
APPLET, BLOCKQUOTE, CENTER, DIR, DL, FORM, MENU, OL, P, PRE, TABLE,
or UL elements.
DIV (Division)
The DIV element breaks a document into major subdivisions. It
has five attributes:
ALIGN=stringThe value specifies the horizontal alignment of the division. Valid values include left, center, and right.
CLEAR=stringThe value indicates how far down the browser should space until the indicated margin is clear of text and images. Valid values include left, right, and all.
ID=stringThe value defines a hypertext link target.
NEEDS=numberThe value specifies the minimal width required for this element.
NOWRAPThis attribute disables line wrap.
The DIV element is a container element that may contain content
text and A, ADDRESS, APPLET, B, BASEFONT, BIG, BLINK, BLOCKQUOTE,
BR, CENTER, CITE, CODE, DIR, DIV, DL, EM, FONT, FORM, H1, H2,
H3, H4, H5, H6, HR, I, IMG, KBD, MAP, MENU, NOBR, OL, P, PRE,
SAMP, SMALL, STRIKE, STRONG, SUB, SUP, TABLE, TT, UL, VAR, and
WBR elements.
DL (Definition List)
The DL element contains a list of definitions. It has one attribute,
COMPACT, which suggests that the list be rendered in a more compact
form.
The DL element is a container element that may contain DD and
DT elements.
DT (Definition Term)
The DT element contains a term in a list of definitions. It has
no attributes, and is a container element that may contain content
text and A, B, BASEFONT, BIG, BLINK, BR, CITE, CODE, EM, FONT,
I, IMG, KBD, NOBR, SAMP, SMALL, STRIKE, STRONG, SUB, SUP, TT,
VAR, and WBR elements.
EM (Emphasis)
The EM element indicates that the browser should emphasize the
contents. Browsers typically render the contents in an italic
font.
There are no attributes. The EM element is a container element
that may contain content text and A, B, BASEFONT, BIG, BLINK,
BR, CITE, CODE, EM, FONT, I, IMG, KBD, NOBR, SAMP, SMALL, STRIKE,
STRONG, SUB, SUP, TT, VAR, and WBR elements.
FONT
The FONT element defines the font size for contained text. The
size may be absolute or relative; the browser adds the base font
value to relative font sizes. This element has two attributes:
COLOR=colorThe value specifies the color for normal text within the FONT element.
SIZE=stringThe value may be a number (absolute size) or a number preceded by a + or - character (relative size).
The FONT element is a container element that may contain content
text and A, B, BASEFONT, BIG, BLINK, BR, CITE, CODE, EM, FONT,
I, IMG, KBD, NOBR, SAMP, SMALL, STRIKE, STRONG, SUB, SUP, TT,
VAR, and WBR elements.
FORM
The FORM element defines a block of input fields that the user
may fill in. The browser usually sends the user's data to a CGI
application on the server. If the GET method is used, the
CGI application can access an environment variable with the name
QUERY_STRING. If the POST method is used, the CGI application
can read the data from the standard input stream (stdin); the
environment variable CONTENT_LENGTH contains the length of the
data. Data is sent as name=value pairs separated
by ampersands (&). The name=value pairs are
URL-encoded-spaces are converted to pluses (+) and some characters
are converted to a percent (%) character followed by the character's
two-digit hexadecimal value.
The FORM element has six attributes:
ACTION=stringThe value specifies either a CGI URL or a mailto: URL. This attribute is mandatory.
ENCTYPE=stringThe value specifies the MIME encoding for the data when it is sent to the server. The values can be application/x-www-form-urlencoded (the default value) or multipart/form-data.
METHOD=stringThe value specifies how the data should be sent. The valid values are GET (the default) and POST.
NAME=stringThe value specifies the name of the corresponding JavaScript form object
ONSUBMIT=stringThe value specifies a JavaScript expression to be executed when the user clicks on the SUBMIT button.
TARGET=stringThe value specifies the name of a window or frame object into which the form responses will be written.
A FORM element is a container element that may contain content
text and A, ADDRESS, APPLET, B, BASEFONT, BIG, BLINK, BLOCKQUOTE,
BR, CENTER, CITE, CODE, DIR, DIV, DL, EM, FONT, H1, H2, H3, H4,
H5, H6, HR, I, IMG, INPUT, KBD, MAP, MENU, NOBR, OL, P, PRE, SAMP,
SELECT, SMALL, STRIKE, STRONG, SUB, SUP, TABLE, TEXTAREA, TT,
UL, VAR, and WBR elements. A FORM element may not contain another
FORM element. A FORM element must contain at least one INPUT,
SELECT, or TEXTAREA element.
FRAME
The FRAME element defines a frame, which is a subsection of the
browser screen. It has six attributes:
MARGINHEIGHT= numberThe value specifies the size of the top and bottom margins of the frame. The value cannot be zero; you cannot use this attribute to erase the line between frames, and you cannot
make the value so large as to squeeze another frame out of existence. If you do not use this attribute, the browser sets the upper and lower margins as it sees fit.
MARGINWIDTH= numberThe value specifies the size of the left and right margins of the frame. The value cannot be zero; you cannot use this attribute to erase the line between frames, and you cannot make
the value so large as to squeeze another frame out of existence. If you do not use this attribute, the browser sets the left and right margins as it sees fit.
NAME=stringThe value is assigned to its frame so that the frame can be targeted by other links. This is the corresponding frame object's name attribute. By default, frames are unnamed.
NORESIZEThis attribute prevents the user from being able to resize this frame. Frames that share an edge with this frame cannot be resized if doing so would force this frame to be resized.
SCROLLING=stringThe value indicates how scroll bars should be used with the frame. Valid values are yes, no, and auto. The browser will always display the scroll bar if the value is yes. The browser
will never display the scrollbar if the value is no. The browser will display the scrollbar as it sees fit if the value is auto. The default value is auto.
SRC=stringThe value specifies the URL for the document to be loaded into the frame. The frame will be empty if you do not use this attribute. The frame will also be empty if the specified URL happens
to be the URL of an ancestor to this frame. This helps prevent infinite recursion.
The FRAME element is an empty element.
FRAMESET
The FRAMESET element defines a set of frames and how the containing
window or frame will be divided to hold them.
A FRAMESET element has four attributes:
COLS=stringThe value describes how the columns of frames will be allocated window space.
ONLOAD=stringThe value specifies a JavaScript expression to be executed when the Web page has been loaded.
ONUNLOAD=stringThe value specifies a JavaScript expression to be executed when the user leaves the Web page.
ROWS=stringThe value describes how the rows of frames will be allocated window space.
A FRAMESET element must have either a COLS or a ROWS attribute,
but not both. The COLS and ROW attribute values consist of frame
widths or heights separated by commas. There should be no spaces
in the value, and there should be one frame width or height for
each FRAME or FRAMESET contained in the FRAMESET element. Frame
widths and heights may be numbers, percentages (number followed
by a percent sign), or relative values (an asterisk preceded by
an optional number). Values that are numbers specify the height
or width of the corresponding FRAME or FRAMESET element in pixels.
Percentage values specify the percentage of the available space
that should be allocated to the corresponding FRAME or FRAMESET
element. Relative valued elements are allocated after all number
and percentage valued elements have been allocated. If there are
no relative values and the percentage values do not add up to
100 percent, the browser will adjust the percentage values to
add up to 100 percent.
A FRAMESET element is a container element that may contain FRAME,
NOFRAME, and FRAMESET elements.
H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, and H6 (Headings)
The H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, and H6 elements create headings. The most
prominent is H1 and the least prominent is H6. These elements
have three attributes:
ALIGN=stringThe value specifies the horizontal alignment of the heading. Valid values include left, center, right, and justify.
CLEAR=stringThe value indicates how far down the browser should space until the indicated margin is clear of text and images. Valid values include left, right, and all.
ID=stringThe value defines a hypertext link target.
Heading elements are container elements that may contain content
text and A, B, BASEFONT, BIG, BLINK, BR, CITE, CODE, EM, FONT,
I, IMG, KBD, NOBR, SAMP, SMALL, STRIKE, STRONG, SUB, SUP, TT,
VAR, and WBR elements.
HEAD
The HEAD element contains information about the document. It has
no attributes and is a container element that may contain BASE,
ISINDEX, LINK, META, NEXTID, SCRIPT, and TITLE elements. A TITLE
element is considered mandatory by HTML specifications, but if
the document is intended solely as a frame within a larger document,
the TITLE element will be ignored and is not necessary. The NEXTID
element is used only by automated hypertext editors, and its use
is not recommended.
HR (Horizontal Rule)
The HR element draws a horizontal line across the page. There
are four attributes:
ALIGN=stringThe value specifies the horizontal alignment of the rule. Valid values include left, center, and right.
NOSHADEThis attribute indicates that the rule should not include shading.
SIZE=numberThe value specifies the thickness of the line.
WIDTH=stringThe value specifies the width of the line, possibly as a percentage of the window width.
The HR element is an empty element.
HTML
The HTML element contains the entire document. It has no attributes,
and it should contain a HEAD element followed by a BODY or FRAMESET
element. In your JavaScript code, either or both elements may
be superfluous.
I (Italic)
The I element specifies that the browser should render the contents
in an italic font.
There are no attributes. The I element is a container element
that may contain content text and A, B, BASEFONT, BIG, BLINK,
BR, CITE, CODE, EM, FONT, I, IMG, KBD, NOBR, SAMP, SMALL, STRIKE,
STRONG, SUB, SUP, TT, VAR, and WBR elements.
IMG (Image)
The IMG element embeds an inline image in the document. The image
may be used as an image map-an image that contains clickable
areas that act as a links to other URLs.
An image has height and width. You can specify these two quantities
in the IMG element. Although they are not mandatory, there are
two good reasons to treat them as mandatory:
It makes it easier for the browser to map out the document's
real estate.
Bizarre errors will occur in JavaScript code if you do not
specify the height and width of every image.
The IMG element has 11 attributes:
ALIGN=stringThe value specifies the horizontal alignment of the image. Valid values include left, right, center, top, texttop, middle, absmiddle, baseline, bottom, and absbottom.
ALT=stringThe value provides text that a nongraphics browser may display instead of the image.
BORDER=numberThe value specifies the thickness of the border around the image.
HEIGHT=numberThe value specifies the height, in pixels, of the image. For pages using JavaScript, this attribute is mandatory.
HSPACE=numberThe value specifies how far, in pixels, to separate the image from text on either side.
ISMAPThis attribute indicates that the image is a server-side image map. To be useful, an IMG element with an ISMAP attribute has to be enclosed within an A element that has an HREF attribute (a link object).
When the user clicks on a point in the image, the coordinates of the point are sent to the URL specified in the enclosing A element's HREF attribute. The URL is typically the location of a CGI application on the server.
LOWSRC=stringThe value specifies the URL of a lower resolution version of the image that can be quickly loaded. The idea is that, as time permits, the browser will replace the image with the real
image.
SRC=stringThe value specifies the URL of the image file. This attribute is mandatory.
USEMAP=stringThe value specifies the relative URL of a MAP element; this image is a client-side image map.
VSPACE=numberThe number value specifies how far, in pixels, to separate the image from text above and below it.
WIDTH=numberThe number value specifies the width, in pixels, of the image. For pages using JavaScript, this attribute is mandatory.
The IMG element is an empty element.
INPUT
The INPUT element creates an input field. There are nine types
of input fields.
Button fields are specifically for use in JavaScript code;
they send no data to the server.
Checkbox fields are either selected or not selected. Only
selected checkbox fields are sent to the server.
Hidden fields are not displayed and are always sent to the
server. Hidden fields can be used to send hardcoded data to the
server.
Image fields are images that the user can click on; the browser
keeps track of where the cursor is when the user clicks on the
picture and calculates the coordinates on the picture. Data is
sent as two name=value pairs; the horizontal coordinate
is sent first, followed by the vertical coordinate. The names
have "x" and "y" appended; for example, if
the image field name were imagefield and the user clicked on the
point (100,50), the browser would send imagefield.x=100&imagefield.y=50.
Password fields act like text fields except that the user's
text is not displayed on the screen.
Radio fields form linked radio fields. Like checkbox fields,
radio fields are either selected or not selected. Unlike checkbox
fields, radio fields are mutually exclusive. Only one radio field
within a linked radio field can be selected at a time. You link
radio fields by giving them the same names. Radio fields must
have values assigned to them.
A reset field creates a reset button that, when selected,
resets all INPUT elements in the containing FORM element to their
initial values.
A submit field creates a submit button that, when selected,
sends all data from the enclosing FORM element to the server.
A submit field's value, if defined, cannot be changed and
is used as the label for the button.
Text fields allow the user to enter a single line of text
(the TEXTAREA element enables the user to enter multiple lines
of text).
The INPUT element has 13 attributes:
ALIGN=stringThe value specifies the alignment of the field on the page. Valid values include top, middle, and bottom.
CHECKEDThis attribute is used for checkbox and radio button input fields and specifies that the field be in the selected state.
MAXLENGTH= numberThe value specifies the maximum length for text in a text or password input field.
NAME=stringThe value specifies the name of the field. This attribute is mandatory. All radio fields that define a set of radio buttons must have the same name value.
ONBLUR=stringThe value specifies a JavaScript expression to be executed when the user transfers focus from this input field to another. This applies to password and text fields.
ONCHANGE= stringThe value specifies a JavaScript expression to be executed when the user changes the data in the field and presses Enter or transfers focus from this input field to another. This
applies to text fields.
ONCLICK= stringThe value specifies a JavaScript expression to be executed when the user clicks on the INPUT element. This applies to button, checkbox, radio, reset, and submit fields.
ONFOCUS= stringThe value specifies a JavaScript expression to be executed when the user clicks on the INPUT element. This applies to password and text fields.
ONSELECT= stringThe value specifies a JavaScript expression to be executed when the user highlights some or all of the INPUT field's contents. This applies to password and text fields.
SIZE=numberThe value specifies the size of the field. For text and password fields, this is the number of characters that can be entered in the box without scrolling.
SRC=stringThe value specifies the URL of the image for an image field.
TYPE=stringThe value specifies the kind of field. Valid values are button, checkbox, hidden, image, password, radio, reset, submit, and text. This attribute is mandatory.
VALUE=stringThe value used depends on the field type. It specifies the initial value displayed in a text field. It specifies the button label for a button, reset, or submit field. It specifies the
value returned to the server for a checkbox or radio field. It specifies a default (undisplayable) value for a password field. It specifies the initial (unseen) value for a hidden field.
The INPUT element is an empty element.
ISINDEX (Is Indexed)
The ISINDEX element indicates that the document is a searchable
index. It has one attribute:
PROMPT=stringThe string value specifies a string to be used before the text input field of the index. The default value is "This is a searchable index. Enter search keywords:".
The ISINDEX element is an empty element.
KBD (Keyboard)
The KBD element specifies that the browser should render contained
text as keyboard input.
There are no attributes. The KBD element is a container element
that may contain content text and A, B, BASEFONT, BIG, BLINK,
BR, CITE, CODE, EM, FONT, I, IMG, KBD, NOBR, SAMP, SMALL, STRIKE,
STRONG, SUB, SUP, TT, VAR, and WBR elements.
LI (List Item)
The LI element creates an item in a list. It has two attributes:
TYPE=stringThe value specifies the type of bullet or numbering to be used in front of the contained text. Valid values include disc, circle, square, a, A, i, I, and 1. A and a refer to lowercase and
uppercase letters; I and i refer to lowercase and uppercase roman numerals; 1 refers to ordinary numerals.
VALUE=numberThe value indicates where to start numbering for letters, Roman numerals, and numerals. The number is incremented with each LI element that follows. A value of 6, as an example, would be
represented as F or f (letters), VI or vi (roman numerals), or 6 (numerals).
The LI element is a container element that may contain content
text and A, APPLET, B, BASEFONT, BIG, BLINK, BLOCKQUOTE, BR, CENTER,
CITE, CODE, DIR, DL, EM, FONT, FORM, I, IMG, KBD, MENU, NOBR,
OL, P, PRE, SAMP, SMALL, STRIKE, STRONG, SUB, SUP, TABLE, TT,
UL, VAR, and WBR elements. It may not contain another LI element.
LINK
The LINK element describes an association with another document.
The LINK element is rarely used; its chief value lies in statically
documenting an association with another document. It has two attributes:
HREF=stringThe value specifies the URL of the other document. This attribute is mandatory.
TITLE=stringThe value specifies the title of the other document.
The LINK element is an empty element.
MAP
The MAP element describes a set of selectable areas within a client-side
image map. It has one mandatory attribute, NAME=string,
where the value gives a name that can be used by the IMG element
in its USEMAP attribute.
The MAP element is a container element that contains only AREA
elements.
MENU
The MENU element contains a list of items. It has no attributes,
and is a container element that may contain APPLET, BLOCKQUOTE,
CENTER, DIR, DL, FORM, LI, OL, P, PRE, TABLE, and UL elements.
META (Document Meta-Information)
The META element adds information to the document's HEAD element
that does not fit anywhere else. It has three attributes:
CONTENT=stringThe value specifies the content associated with this element. This attribute is mandatory.
HTTP-EQUIV= stringThe value specifies a field to be sent by the server in an HTTP response header.
NAME=stringThe value specifies a string that the client browser may be expected to understand.
You should use either the HTTP-EQUIV or the NAME attribute, but
not both.
The META element is an empty element.
NOBR (No Break)
The NOBR element prevents the browser from inserting line breaks.
It has no attributes. The NOBR element is a container element
that may contain content text and A, B, BASEFONT, BIG, BLINK,
BR, CITE, CODE, EM, FONT, I, IMG, KBD, NOBR, SAMP, SMALL, STRIKE,
STRONG, SUB, SUP, TT, VAR, and WBR elements.
NOFRAME
The NOFRAME element allows you to provide content for browsers
that do not understand FRAMESET and FRAME elements. It has no
attributes, and is a container element that may contain content
text and A, ADDRESS, APPLET, B, BASEFONT, BIG, BLINK, BODY, BLOCKQUOTE,
BR, CENTER, CITE, CODE, DIR, DIV, DL, EM, FONT, FORM, H1, H2,
H3, H4, H5, H6, HR, I, IMG, KBD, MAP, MENU, NOBR, OL, P, PRE,
SAMP, SMALL, STRIKE, STRONG, SUB, SUP, TABLE, TT, UL, VAR, and
WBR elements.
OL (Ordered List)
The OL element contains a list that is strongly ordered in some
fashion, such as an alphabetized list. It has three attributes:
COMPACTThis attribute advises the browser to display the list in a more compact fashion than it normally would.
START=numberThe value indicates where the first LI element should start numbering. The number is incremented with each subsequent LI element. A value of 6, as an example, would be represented as F or f
(letters), VI or vi (Roman numerals), or 6 (numerals).
TYPE=stringThe value specifies how the list items should be numbered. Valid values include a (lowercase letters), A (uppercase letters), i (lowercase Roman numerals), I (uppercase Roman numerals), and
1 (numerals).
The OL element is a container element that may only contain LI
elements.
OPTION
The OPTION element specifies an option within a SELECT element.
It has two attributes:
SELECTEDThis attribute marks the option as selected.
VALUE=stringThe value is the value of the element when the form is submitted. If this attribute is not used, the value will be the text contained in the element.
The OPTION element is a container element that may only contain
content text.
P (Paragraph)
The P element contains a paragraph. It forces a break before and
after the contained text. In response to strings of empty P elements,
some browsers will increase the thickness of the break; others
will not. The P element has five attributes:
ALIGN=stringThe value specifies how the paragraph should be aligned. Valid values include left, center, and right.
CLEAR=stringThe value indicates how far down the browser should space until the indicated margin is clear of text and images. Valid values include left, right, and all.
ID=stringThe value defines a hypertext link target.
NEEDS=numberThe value specifies the minimal width needed for the paragraph.
NOWRAPThis attribute specifies that line wrap is disabled.
The P element is a container element and may contain content text
and A, B, BASEFONT, BIG, BLINK, BR, CITE, CODE, EM, FONT, I, IMG,
KBD, NOBR, SAMP, SMALL, STRIKE, STRONG, SUB, SUP, TT, VAR, and
WBR elements.
PARAM (Applet Parameter)
The PARAM element specifies a parameter for the containing APPLET
element. It has two attributes:
NAME=stringThe value specifies the name of a parameter. This attribute is mandatory.
VALUE=stringThe string value specifies the value of the parameter.
The PARAM element is an empty container.
PRE (Preformatted Text)
The PRE element specifies that the browser is to render text as
is, with its embedded line breaks and spaces intact. It has one
attribute, WIDTH=number, where the value specifies the
width of the text in characters. The browser should break the
line after reaching the specified number of characters.
The PRE element is a container element and may contain content
text and the elements A, BR, and HR.
SAMP (Literal Characters)
The SAMP element indicates that the browser should render contained
text as a sequence of literal characters.
There are no attributes. The SAMP element is a container element
that may contain content text and A, B, BASEFONT, BIG, BLINK,
BR, CITE, CODE, EM, FONT, I, IMG, KBD, NOBR, SAMP, SMALL, STRIKE,
STRONG, SUB, SUP, TT, VAR, and WBR elements.
SCRIPT
The SCRIPT element contains JavaScript code. It has one attribute,
LANGUAGE= string, which is used to specify the language.
It has two values, LiveScript and JavaScript. There is very little
difference between the two. You should always use the JavaScript
value.
The SCRIPT element is a container element that contains content
text as JavaScript code.
SELECT
The SELECT element specifies a set of options from which the user
may choose. It has six attributes:
MULTIPLEThis attribute indicates that more than one enclosed OPTION element may be selected at the same time.
NAME=stringThe value specifies the name of the variable. This attribute is mandatory.
ONBLUR=stringThe value specifies a JavaScript expression to be executed when focus is moved from this element to another.
ONCHANGE= stringThe value specifies a JavaScript expression to be executed when the user changes the selected value and focus is moved from this element to another.
ONFOCUS= stringThe value specifies a JavaScript expression to be executed when the user gives this element focus.
SIZE=numberThe value specifies the number of displayed options.
The SELECT element is a container that may only contain OPTION
elements.
SMALL
The SMALL element specifies that the browser should render the
contents in a smaller than normal font.
There are no attributes. The SMALL element is a container element
that may contain content text and A, B, BASEFONT, BIG, BLINK,
BR, CITE, CODE, EM, FONT, I, IMG, KBD, NOBR, SAMP, SMALL, STRIKE,
STRONG, SUB, SUP, TT, VAR, and WBR elements.
STRIKE
The STRIKE element specifies that the browser should render the
contents in a strikethrough font.
There are no attributes. The STRIKE element is a container element
that may contain content text and A, B, BASEFONT, BIG, BLINK,
BR, CITE, CODE, EM, FONT, I, IMG, KBD, NOBR, SAMP, SMALL, STRIKE,
STRONG, SUB, SUP, TT, VAR, and WBR elements.
STRONG (Strong Emphasis)
The STRONG element indicates that the browser should strongly
emphasize the contained text.
There are no attributes. The STRONG element is a container element
that may contain content text and A, B, BASEFONT, BIG, BLINK,
BR, CITE, CODE, EM, FONT, I, IMG, KBD, NOBR, SAMP, SMALL, STRIKE,
STRONG, SUB, SUP, TT, VAR, and WBR elements.
SUB (Subscript)
The SUB element specifies that the browser should render the contents
as subscript.
There are no attributes. The SUB element is a container element
that may contain content text and A, B, BASEFONT, BIG, BLINK,
BR, CITE, CODE, EM, FONT, I, IMG, KBD, NOBR, SAMP, SMALL, STRIKE,
STRONG, SUB, SUP, TT, VAR, and WBR elements.
SUP (Superscript)
The SUP element specifies that the browser should render the contents
as superscript.
There are no attributes. The SUP element is a container element
that may contain content text and A, B, BASEFONT, BIG, BLINK,
BR, CITE, CODE, EM, FONT, I, IMG, KBD, NOBR, SAMP, SMALL, STRIKE,
STRONG, SUB, SUP, TT, VAR, and WBR elements.
TABLE
The TABLE element defines a table. It has ten attributes:
ALIGN=stringThe value specifies the alignment of the table. Valid values include bleedleft, left, center, right, bleedright, and justify. The default value is center.
BORDER=numberThe value specifies the width of the border around the table. A value of 0 indicates no border.
CELLPADDING= numberThe value specifies the width of the space, in pixels, between the contents of each cell and its border. The default value is 1.
CELLSPACING= numberThe value specifies the distance between cells, in pixels. The default value is 2.
CLEAR=stringThe value specifies that the browser should space down the page until the indicated margin is clear of text and images. The value may be left, right, or all.
ID=stringThe value specifies a name that can be used in a fragment URL.
NEEDS=numberThe value specifies the minimal width needed for this element.
NOWRAPThis attribute specifies that line wrap is disabled.
UNITS=stringThe value specifies the units of measure. Valid values are em, pixels, and relative. The default value is em. An em is a printer's measurement, the width of the letter "M."
WIDTH=numberThe value specifies the width of the table in pixels or as a percentage of the width that the browser would try to put it in.
The TABLE element is a container element that may contain CAPTION
and TR elements.
TD (Table Data) and TH (Table Header)
The TD element specifies the contents of a table cell. The TH
element creates a header cell for a table. Typically, the
browser will render the text of a TH element in a bold font; this
is the only real difference between a TH element and a TD element.
The TD and TH elements have seven attributes:
ALIGN=stringThe value specifies the alignment that should be used for the data. Valid values are left, center, right, and justify.
COLSPAN=numberThe value specifies the number of columns that this cell spans.
ID=stringThe value specifies a name that can be used in fragment URLs.
NOWRAPThis attribute specifies that line wrap is disabled.
ROWSPAN=numberThe value specifies the number of rows that this cell spans.
VALIGN=stringThe value specifies the vertical alignment that should be used for the data. Valid values are top, middle, bottom, and baseline.
WIDTH=numberThe value specifies the width in pixels or as a percentage of the calculated width that the cell data should be forced to occupy.
TD and TH elements are container elements that may contain content
text and A, ADDRESS, APPLET, B, BASEFONT, BIG, BLINK, BLOCKQUOTE,
BR, CENTER, CITE, CODE, DIR, DIV, DL, EM, FONT, FORM, H1, H2,
H3, H4, H5, H6, HR, I, IMG, KBD, MAP, MENU, NOBR, OL, P, PRE,
SAMP, SMALL, STRIKE, STRONG, SUB, SUP, TABLE, TT, UL, VAR, and
WBR elements. An interesting "gotcha" is that a TD or
TH element containing an IMG element, and nothing else, must contain
no line breaks in the source. In other words,
<TD>
<IMG SRC="image.gif" WIDTH=4Ø HEIGHT=2Ø>
</TD>
will result in spaces before and after the image. Usually the
goal is to have the image fill the cell completely. Here is the
right way to do it:
<TD><IMG SRC="image.gif" WIDTH=4Ø HEIGHT=2Ø></TD>
TEXTAREA
The TEXTAREA element defines an input field in which multiple
lines may be entered. It has eight attributes:
COLS=numberThe value specifies the number of columns for the text box. This attribute is mandatory.
NAME=stringThe value specifies the name of the variable. This attribute is mandatory.
ONBLUR=stringThe value specifies a JavaScript expression to be executed when the user moves focus from this element to another input field.
ONCHANGE=stringThe value specifies a JavaScript expression to be executed when the user changes the data in the field and moves focus to another input field.
ONFOCUS=stringThe value specifies a JavaScript expression to be executed when the user moves focus from another input field to this field.
ONSELECT=stringThe value specifies a JavaScript expression to be executed when the user highlights some or all of the text in the field.
ROWS=numberThe value specifies the number of rows for the text box. This attribute is mandatory.
WRAP=stringThe value specifies how line wrap should be performed. Valid values include off, soft, and hard. The default value is off, meaning that lines are sent as entered. Soft wrap specifies that long
lines are displayed with line wrapping, but the lines are sent as entered. Hard wrap specifies that long lines are displayed and sent with line wrapping.
The TEXTAREA element is a container element that may only contain
content text.
TITLE
The TITLE element contains the document title, which is usually
displayed in the browser window's decoration. It has no attributes,
and is a container element that may only contain content text.
You should limit the length of this element to 64 or fewer characters.
TR (Table Row)
The TR element defines a table row. It has four attributes:
ALIGN=stringThe value specifies the alignment that should be used for the data. Valid values are left, center, right, and justify.
ID=stringThe value specifies a name that can be used in fragment URLs.
NOWRAPThis attribute specifies that line wrap is disabled.
VALIGN=stringThe value specifies the vertical alignment that should be used for the data. Valid values are top, middle, bottom, and baseline.
The TR element is a container element that may contain TD and
TH elements.
TT (Teletype)
The TT element specifies that the browser should render the contents
in a fixed width teletype font.
There are no attributes. The TT element is a container element
that may contain content text and A, B, BASEFONT, BIG, BLINK,
BR, CITE, CODE, EM, FONT, I, IMG, KBD, NOBR, SAMP, SMALL, STRIKE,
STRONG, SUB, SUP, TT, VAR, and WBR elements.
UL (Unordered List)
The UL element creates a list that is not ordered. It has two
attributes:
COMPACTThis attribute specifies that the browser should try to render the contents in a more compact way.
TYPE=stringThe value specifies how the list items should be numbered. Valid values include disc (a filled circle), circle (an empty circle), and square.
The UL element is a container element that may contain LI elements.
VAR (Variable)
The VAR element specifies that the browser should render the contained
text as a variable name.
There are no attributes. The VAR element is a container element
that may contain content text and A, B, BASEFONT, BIG, BLINK,
BR, CITE, CODE, EM, FONT, I, IMG, KBD, NOBR, SAMP, SMALL, STRIKE,
STRONG, SUB, SUP, TT, VAR, and WBR elements.
WBR (Word Break)
The WBR element informs the browser where it can break a word.
Unlike BR, it does not force a line break. You can use WBR
elements within a NOBR element to dictate precisely where the
browser may break a line and where it may not. The WBR element
has no attributes and is an empty element.
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