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AUDIOVISUAL TRANSLATION OF FEATURE FILMS FROM ENGLISH INTO
LITHUANIAN
Reda Baranauskien
, Rasa Bla~
evi%0Å„ien

`
iauliai University, Faculty of Humanities
Introduction
Modern life is unimaginable without hybrid forms, required for increasingly specific
television, cinema, home video, etc. Though the user-groups, thereby often bridging the gap
history of television and film industry is not very between traditional audiovisual translation and
long, the globalisation process has resulted in a fast localization.
spread of audiovisual media distribution. This led Translation theory has a relatively long
to an augmented demand for the television tradition in exploring various types of literary
channels programme schedules to be filled with and non-literary translation. Being a sub-field of
various foreign television programmes, films being translation studies, audiovisual translation,
the most abundant area. People have rediscovered however, as a rather recent development alongside
cinema. Advanced technologies enabled the TV, video and cinema, has not attracted sufficient
viewers to watch audiovisual production on video attention yet. So far, film translation has been the
tapes, CDs or DVDs. Thus, being an access to subject of debates between theoreticians and
information and entertainment, the need of practitioners over a number of random issues.
audiovisual language transfer has become the most Karamitroglou (2000) agrees that translation theory
crucial. In fact, translation as an area of interlingual has much to gain from a systematic investigation of
and intercultural communication plays a significant film translation and its idiosyncratic peculiarities.
role here. And vice versa, film translation  a field that is still
A lot of definitions of audiovisual language young in research terms  needs a firm theoretical
transfer do exist. Generally speaking,  audiovisual framework within which its rapid development may
language transfer denotes the process by which a be rationalized. Szarkowska (2005) also adds that
film or television programme is made the issue of audiovisual translation is pertinent and
comprehensible to a target audience that is applicable to contemporary times, as in the era of
unfamiliar with the original s source language globalization translation takes place not simply
(Luyken, 1991:11). Although different researches between words, but rather between cultures, i.e.
use different terms, like  screen translation ,  film translation is seen as a cross-cultural transfer.
translation and the like, Karamitroglou (2000:10) The situation of audiovisual translation is in
restores Delabastista s (1989:196) term Audiovisual its infancy and undergoes the process of formation
Translation (AVT) which is explanatory and in the world and especially in Lithuania. As a
comprehensive and which emphasizes  the audio- consequence, this area has been scarcely
visual dimensions of the communicative mode. investigated though discussions about the quality of
Unlike communication through books, radio, it are ad infinitum. Apart from the overseas
telephone or sign language, audio-visual researchers works on translation theory (Bell,
communication implies that both the acoustic 1991; Newmark, 1988; Baker, 2001) and
channel through air vibrations and the visual Lithuanian linguists input on general translation
channel through light waves is simultaneously theory (Ambrasas-Sasnava, 1978, 1984; Armalyt
,
utilised . Consequently, the term audiovisual 1990), foreign experience and exploratory works
translation will be used in this work. related to diverse aspects of audiovisual translation
The best-known types of audiovisual are of great value. The issue of domestication and
translation such as subtitling, dubbing and voice- foreignisation has been analysed in several aspects
over started out as a way to overcome language (Szarkowska, 2005; Ramiere, 2006) as well as
barriers when the silent movies became talking comparisons of different AVT types (Moskovitz,
ones in 1927 with their main function to allow films 1979; Mera, 1999; Pettit, 2004). Some works
and other audiovisual production to travel around discuss translation for subtitling (Karamitroglou,
the world. As Rundle (2007) asserts, the impact of 1998; Schwarz, 2002; Spanakaki, 2007), explain a
all kinds of audiovisual production on viewers is country s preference for a particular AVT type
far-reaching as new technologies have enabled (Ariza, 2004), present non-linguistic codes in AVT
producers and translators to adapt already existing (Chaume, 2004), dwell on screen translation in
forms of audiovisual translation and to develop new general (Rundle, 2006; Taylor, 1999). In Lithuania
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HUMANITARINIAI MOKSLAI
Baravykait
(2005) discussed the realm of film As regards the structure of this paper, it
translation, tendencies of audiovisual translation in consists of four parts. The first part of the paper
the country (Baravykait
, 2006). She also expounds on the peculiarities of the voice-over
introduced her point concerning subtitles as a method of film translation. The procedure and the
means of language learning (Baravykait
, 2007). results of the contrastive investigation of the
An inevitable language transformation takes audiovisual material are presented in the second
place in the field of audiovisual translation because part of the work.
of two main aspects: different structure of the
1. Characteristic features of Voice-over method
source and target languages and particularities of
of audiovisual type texts translation
selected translation methods. The investigation of
the voiced-over language of the feature film is new.
The online Encyclopedia of Television
The subject of the research is the contrastive
(1997) describes the method of voice-over (VO or
analysis of the source language and voiced-over
V/O) as  the speaking of a person or presenter
target language of the feature film  Bridget Jones s
(announcer, reporter, anchor, commentator, etc.)
Diary .
who is not seen on the screen while her or his voice
The aim of the work is the examination of
is heard. Occasionally, a narrator may be seen in a
language and authenticity transfer of the film
shot but not speaking the words heard in the voice-
through voice-over as the method of audiovisual
over (http://www.museum.tv/archives). Luyken
translation from English into Lithuanian.
(1991) provides a more general definition that
The work seeks to achieve the following
 voice-over is the faithful translation of original
objectives:
speech, which is delivered in an approximately
1. To highlight characteristic features of voice 
synchronous way (1991:80). The original sound is
over method of audiovisual-type texts
lowered and the voices reading the translation are
translation.
superimposed about a couple of seconds after the
2. To analyse the change of language, of one of
original one has started, and they usually finish at
the semantic layers of the film, by contrasting
the same time.
the source and target languages of the
In the world practice voice-over is diversely
audiovisual material.
used in a variety of television genres and aims at
3. To introduce the procedure and results of the
being informal, simple and conversational and at
contrastive research.
the same time it provides a very realistic effect.
Research methods employed in the work are
However, except for on-the-spot reporting such as
as follow:
sports events, voice-over is often less spontaneous
1. Descriptive  theoretical literary analysis
than the language of talk shows; it is heavily
provided a possibility to review numerous
scripted especially in genres such as the
issues concerning features of audiovisual texts
documentary. The purpose of voice-over goes
and their voiced-over performance.
beyond being simply descriptive; it also
2. Metaanalysis enabled the authors of the article
 contextualizes, analyses and interprets images and
to interpret the results and conclusions made by
events. Voice-over is, therefore, an active
other authors.
intervention or mediation in the process of
3. Contrastive method provided its usefulness in
generating and transmitting meaning
the identification of the procedures used by the
(http://www.museum.tv/archives).
translator and in the evaluation of authenticity
Voice-over is used as a form of language
rendering when translating the audiovisual
transfer or translation. Inherited from radio, this
material.
form of language transfer allows the first and last
4. Statistical method was salutary for the
few words in the original language to be heard, and
processing of the results of the empirical part of
then fades them down for revoicing a full
the research.
translation. The voice-over should be synchronous
The practical value of the work lies in the
with the speaker s talk, except when a still picture
contribution to the existing researches of the
is used to replace footage or live broadcast. As a
audiovisual translation by offering a thorough
form of language transfer, voice-over is not limited
analysis of the voiced-over translation including
to the translation of brief monologues; sometimes it
hazards and some recommendations that might be
is used to cover whole programmes such as
useful for film translators and translators in general
parliamentary debates, conferences or discussions
who are not indifferent to the improvement of the
or even imported films. Though Franco (2000) is
quality of audiovisual translation.
mainly concerned with the documentaries, her
opinion can be applied to various voiced-over
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formats:  the objective of voiced-over versions of Gottlieb (2005) has covered all the aspects of
documentaries is not to create the illusion of being voice-over and ranked them. Table 1 presents the
an original, an illusion regulated by the ranking of the qualities of voiced-over TV: the zero
naturalization norm1, but to find a balance between sign (0) indicates total lack of the quality relevant
the known and the unknown, that is, to convey a to the particular column, while four stars represent
lesser or greater degree of foreign flavour that will the optimum:
not impair the target viewer s grasp of all the
Table 1. Ranking of the qualities of voiced-over
information (2000:194).
TV according to Gottlieb (2005:22)
Having analysed other popular methods of
audiovisual translation it is possible to assert that
Qualities of Voiced-over TV
the voice-over method is a mixture of dubbing and
subtitling as it is transmitted orally but the contents
Foreign culture
Affordability **** **
of the original are condensed in a way which is mediation
similar to subtitling and no effort is being made to
Semiotic Foreign language
** *
achieve lip-synchronicity. Moreover, voice-overing
authenticity training
is less expensive than dubbing or subtitling. Thus,
Dialogue
due to the economical status, Lithuania uses it as
* Literacy training 0
authenticity
the main method of revoicing imported television
programmes and films. The revoicing is usually
Domestic
Content
done without much performance or acting, even *** language **
mediation
boosting
when it involves drama genres because it is a
difficult task for one person to read the translation
Linguistic
Access to
and at the same time to follow the action on the
** integrity (no ***
original
screen. (S)he usually does not have enough time to
translation)
impart intonations of the actors. Although
sometimes different genders perform the act of
The data presented in the table prove that the
revoicing to make the result livelier, voice-over
method of voicing-over is advantageous in several
inevitably impairs the original. Therefore, this area
ways. As Gottlieb (2005) points out, the method of
of audiovisual translation opens doors for various
voice-over is well affordable for the country; plus,
investigations.
it does not have to imitate foreign syntax and lexis
As it is clearly seen from Table 1, authors do
on local lips or let the viewers follow the original
not agree on the taxonomy of voice-over, that is
dialogue and thus exert foreign influence that way.
why some of them separate voice-over from the
method of half/partial dubbing. Thus, an
2. Empirical Investigation of the Translation of
explanation on half dubbing provided by Bartolome
the Feature Film  Bridget Jones Diary From
(2005) is of great help here that  it has features
English into Lithuanian Through Voice-Over
common to voice-over except for that in partial
dubbing a spoken text with the information in target
2.1. Methodological Remarks
language is added without a complete rendering of
Before starting the process of analysis, it is
the original dialogue and during the silent periods
important to make clear the basic notions of
of the audiovisual material (2005:96).
language, text and translation. Gottlieb (2005:3)
In conclusion, there exists a wide range of
provides with overall definitions, where language is
methods of audiovisual translation depending on
 animate communicative system working through
media and audience preference and needs. Thus, as
the combination of sensory signs , and then, text
these factors change, AVT methods will change as
may be defined as  any combination of sensory
well. The descriptions of AVT methods revealed
signs carrying communicative intention . Last,
that all of them have two common features:
based on this communicative definition of text, a
synchrony of greater or lesser degree and the
definition of translation may be coined as  any
nature of merging the limits of written and oral
process, or product hereof, in which a combination
language.
of sensory signs carrying communicative intention
is replaced by another combination reflecting, or
1
inspired by, the original entity.
To create the illusion of being an original is actually
Whenever a film is translated, the target
impossible in voice-over versions due to the
simultaneous presence of the original. The illusion audience has a reason to expect that what they are
created by these versions is that of authenticity, of
watching is a truthful representation of the original
faithful reproduction (Franco, 2000:194).
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HUMANITARINIAI MOKSLAI
work. However, several things were excluded from Sentence was considered to be the unit of
the data of the investigation of the translation: translation. For that reason, translation procedures
" Discourse markers. Despite their multi- were chosen to be identified in the translated text,
as  while translation methods relate to whole texts,
functional nature (according to Michailinien

translation procedures are used for sentences and
(2007), they contribute to the coherence of the
smaller units of language (Newmark, 1988:81).
utterance, transitions, also, they are used for
More than one procedure can be seen in one
gap filling like in the cases of uncertainty,
translation, and some translations may result from a
expressing surprise, (dis)approval, etc.) and
cluster of procedures that is difficult to demarcate.
their high density in the audiovisual text,
As with the notion of translation strategies,
discourse markers are ignored in this research
Gottlieb (2005) admits that we are once more
and are not attributed to any kind of translation
confronted with a gap between theoreticians and
procedure:
practitioners.
Then, the SL and TL of the film were
SL text (English) TL (Lithuanian) version
investigated and the translation procedures
BRIDGET: Well, she Ji tave myli.
employed by the translator were identified. The
loves you, really.
data was arranged; the quotes were sorted under
certain categories.
" Short answers. They are also frequently met in The data corpus consists of three types of
the film dialogue, however, they do not sentences:
provoke the translator to use any of the a) Sentence type 1, i. e. sentences with only one
procedures except for retention, thus, they are translation procedure;
not counted: b) Sentence type 2, i. e. sentences with two
translation procedures;
c) Sentence type 3, i. e. sentences with three
SL text (English) TL (Lithuanian) version
translation procedures.
COSMO: Time s Laikas nelaukia. Tik-tak.
The following Figure 1 illustrates the types
running out. Tick-tock.
Taip.
and quantities of sentences found in the translation
BRIDGET: Yes, yes.
and the number of translation procedures
(instances) in them:
" Addressing phrases. The authors of the
present article ignored the translation or the
905
905
omission of any address: 1000
800
SL text (English) TL (Lithuanian) version
600
400
186
MUM: Just stir it, Una. Tik pamaia
yk j/
.
93
54
200
18
0
The rest sentences were counted and
Type 1 Type 2 Type 3
investigated by identifying the translation
procedure or procedures employed in them and
Sentences Instances
sorted out according to the number of procedures.
Figure 1. Types of sentences and number of
2.2. Data Analysis
translation procedures
In this section the data which was collected
The total number of the investigated
during the contrasting analysis of the SL and TL of
sentences makes 1036 together with 20 instances
the film is described. The categories are identified
that are left untranslated by the translator for some
and illustrated by the quotes from the transcript of
unknown reasons. The total number of instances
the film.
with identified translation procedures is 1145
The authors watched the film on a video tape
together with 56 instances that are considered as
and thoroughly checked the transcript of the film
translation problems. The majority of translated
for any mismatches. The English transcript was
sentences contain only one translation procedure.
obtained from the Internet site www.AllSubs.org.
Different researches (Newmark, 1988;
The voiced-over Lithuanian translation was
Fawcett, 1997; Delisle, 1999; Ambrasas-Sasnava,
transcribed aurally while watching the video tape.
1978, etc.) indicate different translation methods
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and/or translation procedures. We chose to of sentences (retention) the translator found
investigate the voiced-over translation from English corresponding equivalents in the target language:
into Lithuanian according to the following
classification proposed by Baravykait
(2005:9):
SL text (English) TL (Lithuanian) version
1. Amplification. It includes a descriptive
Example 1:
explanation of SL ideas. According to Delisle
UNA: Ah, Bridget, there Brid~
ita, a
tai kur tu.
(1999) it means to use more words in the TL in
you are. Don t worry. Nesijaudink. Tu %0Å„ia tokia
order to re-express an idea or to reinforce the
You re not the only one. ne viena. Tai Peni. D~
efris
sense of a SL word because its equivalence
This is Penny. jai taip pat nepaskambino.
with the TL cannot be expressed as concisely.
Geoffrey didn t get in
Newmark (1988) uses the term expansion.
touch with her, either.
2. Paraphrase. The case when the SL thought is
expressed with the help of different kind of
Example 2:
lexical units in TL. For Delisle (1999),
FRIENDS: He s never Jis nemet
Brid~

s d
l
paraphrase is the result of amplifying a TL by
dumped Bridget for ka~
kokios nuogos
replacing a word from the SL with a group of
some naked American amerikiet
s ir dar jis
and he said he liked her pasak
, kad ji jam patinka
words or phrasal expression that has the
just the way she is. tokia, kokia yra.
equivalent sense.
3. Retention. It is the case when all meaningful
Example 3:
SL elements are transferred into the TL.
BRIDGET: Wait a Lukter
k. Geri berniukai
4. Repetition. The imitation of some particular
minute. Nice boys don t taip nesibu%0Å„iuoja.
forms and constructions of the SL.
kiss like that.
5. Transcription. As Newmark (1988) puts, it is
the process of transferring an SL word into a
TL text. It includes transliteration as well.
The procedure of paraphrase was the second
6. Modulation. It occurs when the translator
one frequently used in the sentences of Type 1. The
reproduces the message of the original text in
translator rendered the same meaning, but used
the TL text in conformity with the current
different lexical units in the target language.
norms of the TL, since the SL and the TL may
Paraphrase appeared to be useful in rendering the
appear dissimilar in terms of perspective
liveliness of the language as well as in retaining the
(Newmark, 1988:88).
idiomatic language. Below are some illustrations of
7. Reduction. That is the translation resulting in
this type of procedure:
concision and in economy of the TL.
8. Shortening. The type of the translation
SL text (English) TL (Lithuanian) version
procedure when for various reasons a part of
the semantic content of the SL is lost.
Example 1:
9. Elimination. The translation procedure of
BRIDGET: Appalled Skaudu, kad vadovyb

giving priority to the concision of the text by
by management s diskriminuoja ma~
esnius
discarding certain SL elements.
blatantly size-ist attitude sijonus.
10. Omission. The translation procedure that omits to skirt.
the part of the semantic content due to the
Example 2:
absence of the equivalent in the TL.
BRIDGET: It wasn t Mes taip nesibu%0Å„iavome.
We also included such categories as transla-
French-kissing.
tion problems and untranslated sentences that
bear semantic meaning and are important for the
Example 3:
understanding of the audiovisual text, unfortuna-
MARK: Well, I can see Kaip matau, mano elgesys
tely, not voiced-over for the Lithuanian audience.
that I ve been laboring liko nesuprastas.
under a
misapprehension.
Sentence Type 1
In this paper we are going to analyze the
sentences of Type 1, which employed only one
translation procedure. It is clear now that the
The following examples present the cases of
translator used not all possible translation
amplification in translation. In some cases the
procedures. There is not a single case of modulation
translator expanded the sentence in order to remind
or omission. It is obvious that for the vast majority
of the topic under discussion:
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HUMANITARINIAI MOKSLAI
Shortening must be applied with care, as it
SL text (English) TL (Lithuanian) version
might cause misunderstandings in translation due to
Example 1:
the different structure of languages, like in the
BRIDGET: And I Bijojau, kad a
iais metais
example below. Listening to the Lithuanian version
feared this year would be a
i istorija pasikartos.
it becomes unclear who  men or women in their
no exception.
thirties  the character on the screen had in mind:
Example 2:
DANIEL: Apparently Atrodo, jog F.R. Lyvisas
SL text (English) TL (Lithuanian) version
F.R.Leavis is coming. atvyks /
Kafkos vakar
l/
.
WONEY: Yes. Why is Taip. Kod
l a
iais laikais
it there are so many tiek daug vienia
s
30-
Example 3:
unmarried women in me%0Å„is
, Brid~
ita?
DAD: Apparently, she Ji ir tas mandarino
their thirties these days,
and this tangerine-tinted spalvos juokdarys turbk
t
Bridget?
buffoon are suddenly an rezga romanik
ka
t/
.
item.
Elimination was also a frequent translation
procedure used by the translator of the film to retain
It is quite typical that the language of film
the conciseness of the language. In fact, only minor
dialogue is already concise; however the translator
details that did not distort the meaning were
applied the procedure of reduction, i. e. language
eliminated:
economy, quite often:
SL text (English) TL (Lithuanian) version
SL text (English) TL (Lithuanian) version
Example 1:
Example 1:
MUM: Third drawer Tre%0Å„iame stal%0Å„iuje, Una.
BRIDGET: You don t Negink jo.
from the top, Una.
need to protect him.
Example 2:
Example 2:
NATASHA: Not in your `
iandien tu ne zuikut
?
DANIEL: Because you ...tod
l, kad tu nesuvoki,
bunny girl outfit today?
don t have the faintest kokioje siaubingoje
bloody idea of just how bk
kl
je yra mk
ss
leidykla.
Example 3:
much trouble the
MARK: Natasha is a top Nataa
a  garsi a
eimos
company's in.
attorney and specializes teis
s specialist
.
in family law.
Repetition cases were extremely rare. Most
often the translator ignored the repetition of some
There were cases in translation when bigger
forms or constructions; however, there are some
or smaller semantic parts of the sentences were cut
examples to illustrate this procedure. One of them
by the translator for some unknown reasons
is the limerick that one of the characters recites and
(shortening):
the translator echoes it in the Lithuanian version, in
fact, changing the meaning of it:
SL text (English) TL (Lithuanian) version
SL text (English) TL (Lithuanian) version
Example 1:
BRIDGET: Daniel s Danielio vira
ininkas,
Example 1:
boss who stares freely at spoksantis /
mano krk
tis ir
DANIEL:  There was  Gyveno kartÄ… mergina
my breasts with no idea n
nenutuokiantis, kas aa

a young woman from prie Y~
o.
who I am or what I do. tokia.
Ealing who had a KartÄ… susipyko
peculiar feeling. ir tol vis neatly~
o,
Example 2:
She lay on her back and kol 
m
ir visas lubas
MUM: Lumpy gravy Pada~
as a
aukia.
opened her crack apmy~
o.
calls.
and pissed all over the
Example 3:
ceiling.
BRIDGET: P.S. How Post scriptum. Kaip
dare you sexually harass dr/
state taip beg
dia
kai
Example 2:
me in this impertinent prie manęs priekabiauti.
BRIDGET: I am so Atleisk man. Atleisk man.
manner?
sorry. I m so sorry.
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The translator applied the procedure of frequently used procedures of reduction,
transcription only twice and used it for the shortening and elimination to make the target
transference of (nick) names: language text as concise as possible for the
voicing-over people to read the lines in a
limited time. Procedures of transcription and
SL text (English) TL (Lithuanian) version
modulation were of low occurrence because the
Example 1:
film which was analysed belongs to the
BRIDGET: Super, A%0Å„ik
, puikiai, d
de D~
ei!
everyday discourse. We presume that these
thanks, Uncle G.
procedures could become prevalent, for
Example 2:
example, in translation of terms.
DANIEL: Now, look, Ia
kur pa~
/
sti Dars/
 Ars/
?
5. Due to the different structure of languages and
how do you know
the translation procedures employed, the
Arsey Darcy?
translation is rendered in a more concise way
than the original text (respectively the
proportion of symbols including spaces 37.382:
Conclusions
41.962).
1. There exists a wide range of methods of
audiovisual translation depending on
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Studies: two Disciplines at Stake in Audiovisual
Translation , Meta, XIX, 1. P. 12 24. Internet
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access: http://www.erudit.org/revue/meta/2004/v49/
transcription 0,19%, modulation 0,18%. None
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http://tede.ibict.br/tde_arquivos/1/TDE-2005-02-
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23T06:09:47Z-94/Publico/ElianaPCFranco.pdf
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HUMANITARINIAI MOKSLAI
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AUDIOVIZUALUSIS VAIDYBINIr
FILMr
VERTIMAS I`
ANGLr
KALBOS .
LIETUVIr
KALB

Reda Baranauskien
, Rasa Bla~
evi%0Å„ien

Santrauka
Vertimo tyrin
tojai ~
engia pirmuosius ~
ingsnius audiovizualiojo vertimo srityje, nors /
garsintus, subtitruotus
ar jau dubliuotus filmus ~
ik
rime kasdien. Did~
ioji dalis /
LietuvÄ… atkeliaujan%0Å„is
films
/
garsinta angls
kalba. Ta%0Å„iau d
l
/
vairis
prie~
as%0Å„is
ne visada lietuvia
kame filmo variante ia
girstame tai, kas buvo pasakyta originale. `
io straipsnio
tikslas  ia
nagrin
ti vaidybinio filmo  Brid~
itos D~
ouns dienoraa
tis kalbos ir autentikos perteikimÄ… /
garsintu vertimu,
siekiant nustatyti vertimui taikytas transformacijas. Teorin
je dalyje aptariami audiovizualaus vertimo metodai bei
ypatumai. Empirin
je dalyje apraa
oma tyrimo eiga ir analizuojami rezultatai. Filmo vertimo tyrimas parod
, jog d
l
pa%0Å„is
kalbs
(angls
ir lietuvis
) skirtums
, vertimo transformacijs
 glaudinimo, eliminavimo ir trumpinimo  bei vert
jo
klaids
esama prasminis
vertimo kalbos nuostolis
.
AUDIOVISUAL TRANSLATION OF FEATURE FILMS FROM ENGLISH INTO LITHUANIAN
Reda Baranauskien
, Rasa Bla~
evi%0Å„ien

Summary
Modern life is unimaginable without television and cinema. This led to the augmented demand for television
channels programme schedules to be filled with various English programmes, films being the abundant area. Thus, the
need of audiovisual transfer has become the most crucial. The inevitable language transformations take place in the
field of audiovisual translation because of two main aspects: different structure of the source and target languages and
particularities of selected translation procedures. The aim of the present article is the examination of language
authenticity transfer of the film  Bridget Jones s Diary through over-voice as the method of audiovisual translation
from English into Lithuanian. The empirical investigation of the film language revealed that the procedures of
elimination, retention, paraphrase, amplification reduction and shortening as well as translator s mistakes damage the
semantic layers of the original film.
.
teikta 2008-06-20
21


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