2014-04-03
Sources
" Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman, Nina
Hyams. 2003. An introduction to language.
Introduction to linguistics Chapter 5: The meaning of language, pp. 214-216
" Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopaedia
Lecture 7: Pragmatics (2)
of language, p. 121.
Functions of utterances Speech acts
" People communicate not only to announce " Speech act an act that a speaker performs
facts. when making an utterance.
" Apart from utterances that communicate " John L. Austin (1962) said that speech acts can
information, be analysed on three levels:
Locutionary act
" there are utterances which are like actions:
Illocutionary act
When one says, e.g. I apologise, I promise, I name
this ship, s/he performs an action: Perlocutionary act.
an action of apologising, promisig, naming, etc.
Speech acts A three-level analysis
" Locutionary act what we literally say. " Example: the child won't go to sleep, the
parent says, I'll turn your light off.
" Illocutionary act the real action performed
The locutionary act: just uttering the sentence.
by the utterance;
The illocutionary force of the utterance: a threat.
the real intended meaning: e.g. praising,
criticising, agreeing. The perlocutionary effect: getting the child to
quiet down and go to sleep.
" Perlocutionary act an attempt to achieve a
" The illocutionary force of an utterance and its
response from the hearer: frighten, amuse,
perlocutionary effect may not coincide: the
etc.;
child may not go to sleep.
the effect achieved on listeners.
1
2014-04-03
Implicature Implicature
" Implicatures depend on context, e.g.:
" Implicature 'hidden' meaning; explains how it is
He s never been convicted of a crime.
possible to mean more than what is actually said.
" Context 1:
" It refers to the implications which can be
A: Can I trust him?
deduced from the utterance and context:
B: Well, he s never been convicted of a crime (you can t
trust him: the best thing you can say about him is that he
" John is meeting a woman this evening.
hasn t been convicted).
Implication: the woman is not his mother, sister or
" Context 2:
wife.
A: Can he join the police academy?
" Implicatures are part of what the speaker means,
B: Well, he s never been convicted of a crime (yes he can;
but not part of what is said. he fulfils one of the requirements of the academy).
Grice's theory of implicature The co-operative principle (CP)
" The success of a conversation depends on " Co-operative principle: a speaker s
conversation should be as effective and
what speakers actually say and
cooperative as possible.
their whole approach to the interaction (their
cooperation).
" It includes four basic maxims:
" The principles include four basic maxims of
1. Maxim of Quality make your contribution
conversation which jointly express a general
one that is true, specifically:
co-operative principle (Grice 1975).
Do not say what you believe to be false.
" The maxims are not rules they just describe
Do not say that for which you lack adequate
what happens in a conversation. evidence.
The co-operative principle (CP) The co-operative principle (CP)
2. Maxim of Relevance make your
" The maxims can be observed, violated or
contribution relevant (to the point).
flouted.
3. Maxim of Quantity make your contribution
" Violating the maxims can lead to
as informative as it is required.
conversational break-down:
Do not make your contribution more informative
a speaker that is obscure, unclear or ambiguous
than it is required.
can be misinterpreted.
4. Maxim of Manner be clear:
" However, people may wish to flout one of the
Avoid obscurity or ambiguity.
maxims (disobey them on purpose).
Be brief and orderly.
2
2014-04-03
Observing the maxims Flouting the maxims
A. Do you have any children?
A. Can you tell me the time?
B. I have one son.
B. Well, the news has just begun.
" If B really has only one child, B is observing
" Semantically, B s answer makes no sense.
the maxim of quantity:
" But there's a lot of information implied.
B says just enough to answer the question.
Speaker A means:
" If B also has daughters, B is saying less than
Do you have the ability to tell me the time of the
required to answer the question,
present moment, as indicated on a watch, and if
then B violates the m. of quantity (and possibly
so please tell me the time.
the m. of quality if B is lying).
Flouting the maxims Flouting the maxims
" Speaker B means:
A. Teheran is in Turkey, isn't it?
No, I don't know the exact time of the present
B. And London's in Armenia, I suppose?
moment, but I can provide some information from
" B deliberately utters a falsehood (flouts the
which you may be able to deduce the appropriate
time, namely the news has just begun.
m. of quality) to indicate the obvious
" On the surface, the maxims are violated, but
incorrectness and ignorance of A.
in fact speaker B is following the CP.
" B is not uncooperative pretends to violate
thanks to our ability of understanding
the maxim to achieve a certain goal: to imply
implicatures, most of the information does not
that A is uneducated.
have to be stated.
3
Wyszukiwarka
Podobne podstrony:
4 Intro to lg morph LECTURE20146 Intro to lg pragm1 LECTURE20143 Intro to lg phonol LECTURE20142 Intro to lg phon LECTURE20148 Intro to lg socio1 LECTURE201410 Intro to lg neuroling LECTURE20145 Intro to lg semant LECTURE20149 Intro to lg socio2 LECTURE20141 Intro to lg LECTURE201412 Intro to origins of lg LECTURE20145 INTRO TO RESISTORS6 INTRO TO ALARM AND REMOTE START SYSTEMSIntro to the Arduino3 INTRO TO DIODES7 INTRO TO WIRING AND MAKING CONNECTIONSIntro to polymersZen Intro To Buddhism & Practice Of ZazenIntro to synthetic peptideswięcej podobnych podstron