GLOSSARY OF OPEN ACCESS TERMS
Altmetrics: New metrics proposed as an alternative to the widely used journal
impact factor and personal citation indices like the h-index. The term altmetrics
was proposed as a generalization of article level metrics, and has its roots in the
twitter #altmetrics hashtag. Although altmetrics are often thought of as metrics
about articles, they can be applied to people, journals, books, data sets, presen-
tations, videos, source code repositories, web pages, etc. Altmetrics cover not
just citation counts, but also other aspects of the impact of a work, such as how
many data and knowledge bases refer to it, article views, downloads, or mentions
in social media and news media (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altmetrics, ac-
cessed March 29, 2014). See also Bibliometrics.
Author s Rights: A part of copyright law. The term is a direct translation of
the French term droit d auteur (also German Urheberrecht), and is generally used
in relation to the copyright laws of civil law countries and in European Union
law. Authors rights are internationally protected by the Berne Convention for
the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works and by other similar treaties
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authors%27_rights, accessed March 29, 2013).
In scholarly publishing discussions, the phrase Author s Rights has been extended
to encompass those rights in their work that an author retains after entering into
an publishing agreement with a specific publisher.
CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY, Vol. 29, Issue 2, pp. 304 311, ISSN 0886-7356, online ISSN 1548-1360. 2014 by
the American Anthropological Association. All rights reserved. DOI: 10.14506/ca29.2.07
GLOSSARY OF OPEN ACCESS TERMS
Bibliometrics: A set of methods to quantitatively analyze academic literature.
Citation analysis and content analysis are commonly used bibliometric methods.
While bibliometric methods are most often used in the field of library and infor-
mation science, bibliometrics have wide applications in other areas. Many research
fields use bibliometric methods to explore the impact of their field, the impact
of a set of researchers, or the impact of a particular paper. (http://
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliometrics, accessed March 29, 2014)
Content Management Systems (CMS): A common type of software platform
used to build websites, which allow users with few technical skills to set up basic
websites with relative ease. These platforms are best used for publishing, editing,
and organizing digital content, and can often accommodate multiple content ed-
itors. Examples of CMSs include Drupal, Zope, and Joomla.
Creative Commons (CC): A non-profit organization . . . devoted to expanding
the range of creative works available for others to build upon legally and to share.
The organization has released several copyright-licenses known as Creative Com-
mons licenses free of charge to the public. These licenses allow creators to com-
municate which rights they reserve, and which rights they waive for the benefit
of recipients or other creators. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_
commons, accessed March 29, 2014)
Digital Object Identifier (DOI): A character string assigned by a registration
agency used to uniquely identify a digital object such as an electronic document.
The registry maintains location and other metadata about the object, so that the
object can be persistently linked to even when it changes location.
Digital Preservation: In library and archival science, digital preservation is a
formal endeavor to ensure that digital information of continuing value remains
accessible and usable. It involves planning, resource allocation, and application of
preservation methods and technologies, and it combines policies, strategies and
actions to ensure access to reformatted and born-digital content, regardless of
the challenges of media failure and technological change. The goal of digital pres-
ervation is the accurate rendering of authenticated content over time (http://
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_preservation, accessed April 8, 2014). See also
Trusted Digital Repositories.
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Digital Rights Management (DRM): A class of technologies that are used
by hardware manufacturers, publishers, copyright holders, and individuals with
the intent to control the use of digital content and devices after sale. (http://
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_rights_management, accessed March 29, 2014)
Document Type Definition (DTD): Scheme for defining document models
in XML files. The DTD defines the component parts of a document (elements),
ways of differentiating between elements (attributes), and allows for the creation
of separate information objects such as images (entities). The majority of scholarly
publishers use a standard DTD developed by the National Library of Medicine
(NLM DTD), the latest version of which is called the Journal Article Tag Suite
(JATS).
Drupal: A common, open-source content management system (CMS). Drupal s
framework is free and was used to build the first version of CA Online.
Dublin Core: A standard metadata schema used to provide information about
web resources. See the Dublin Core Metadata Initiative, http://dublincore.org/.
See also Metadata.
eXtensible Markup Language (XML): A language and syntax for annotating
text with additional text to give instructions as to how the marked-up text should
be processed. The resulting document is both human and machine-readable. Un-
like HTML, which is designed to indicate how text should be displayed, XML is
a language for encoding models and instances of data, digital objects, and pro-
cesses. Standardized XML schemas enable the interchange of documents and data
between systems. This mark-up language has become the standard for the pro-
duction of scholarly books and journals.
Fear, Uncertainty, and Doubt (FUD): A tactic used in sales, marketing,
public relations, politics, and propaganda. FUD is generally a strategic attempt
to influence perception by disseminating negative and dubious or false informa-
tion. The term originated to describe disinformation tactics in the computer
hardware industry but has since been used more broadly. (http://
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear,_uncertainty_and_doubt, accessed March 29, 2014)
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GLOSSARY OF OPEN ACCESS TERMS
HyperText Markup Language (HTML): A language and syntax for anno-
tating text with additional text to give instructions as to how the marked-up text
should be presented. The resulting document is both human and machine-read-
able. A fixed number of tags are used in HTML to identify elements and to give
instructions for their display on screen when parsed by a graphical web browser.
HTML5 is the fifth and latest version of the mark-up language. See also Mark-
up.
Impact Factor: See Bibliometrics
Mark-up: A (document) mark-up language is a modern system for annotating
a document in a way that is syntactically distinguishable from the text. The idea
and terminology evolved from the marking up of paper manuscripts, i.e., the
revision instructions by editors, traditionally written with a blue pencil on authors
manuscripts. In digital media this blue pencil instruction text was replaced by
tags, that is, instructions are expressed directly by tags or instruction text en-
capsulated by tags. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markup_language, accessed
March 29, 2014)
Massive Open Online Course (MOOC): An online course aimed at unlim-
ited participation and open access via the web. In addition to traditional course
materials such as videos, readings, and problem sets, MOOCs provide interactive
user forums that help build a community for students, professors, and teaching
assistants. MOOCs are a recent development in distance education. Although
early MOOCs often emphasized open access features, such as connectivism and
open licensing of content, structure, and learning goals, to promote the reuse
and remixing of resources, some notable newer MOOCs use closed licenses for
their course materials, while maintaining free access for students. (http://
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mooc, accessed March 29, 2014)
Mega Journal: A very large publishing platform (publishing thousands of articles
per year) designed to benefit from economies of scale. Mega journals are open
access and built around the collection of author fees. They typically engage in
peer-review to screen out unacceptable papers while not seeking to publish only
a limited number of high impact papers.
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CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY 29:2
Metadata: Commonly defined as data about data. The term is ambiguous, as
it is used for two fundamentally different concepts (types). Structural metadata
is about the design and specification of data structures and is more properly called
data about the containers of data ; descriptive metadata, on the other hand, is
about individual instances of application data, the data content. (http://
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metadata, accessed March 29, 2014)
Open Access (OA): Unrestricted online access to peer-reviewed scholarly
research. Open access is primarily intended for scholarly journal articles, but is
also provided for a growing number of theses, book chapters, and scholarly mono-
graphs. Open access comes in two degrees: gratis OA, which is free online access,
and libre OA, which is free online access plus some additional usage rights. These
additional usage rights are often granted through the use of various specific Cre-
ative Commons licenses. The two ways authors can provide open access are (1)
by self-archiving their journal articles in an OA repository, also known as green
OA, or (2) by publishing in an open access journal, known as gold OA. (http://
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access, accessed March 29, 2014)
Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-
PMH): A low-barrier mechanism for repository interoperability. Data providers
are repositories that expose structured metadata via OAI-PMH. Service providers
then make OAI-PMH service requests to harvest that metadata. (http://
www.openarchives.org/pmh/, accessed March 29, 2014)
Open Education: A collective term to describe institutional practices and
programmatic initiatives that broaden access to the learning and training tradi-
tionally offered through formal education systems. The qualifier open of open
education refers to the elimination of barriers that can preclude both opportunities
and recognition for participation in institution-based learning. One aspect of open-
ness in or opening up education is the development and adoption of open
educational resources. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_education, ac-
cessed March 29, 2014)
Open Educational Resources (OER): Freely accessible, openly licensed doc-
uments and media that are useful for teaching, learning, educational, assessment,
and research purposes. Although some people consider the use of an open format
to be an essential characteristic of OER, this is not a universally acknowledged
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GLOSSARY OF OPEN ACCESS TERMS
requirement. The development and promotion of open educational resources is
often motivated by a desire to curb the commodification of knowledge and provide
an alternate or enhanced educational paradigm. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Open_educational_resources, accessed March 29, 2014)
Open Journal Systems (OJS): Open-source software designed for open-access
academic publishing. First released in 2001, the software was created by Public
Knowledge Project (PKP), a nonprofit initiative involving a number of universities
and researchers. It is among the most widely used publishing platform in the
world. Cultural Anthropology has used OJS since 2008 for its submission manage-
ment system.
Open Source (OSS): Computer software with its source code made available
and licensed with a license in which the copyright holder provides the rights to
study, change, and distribute the software to anyone and for any purpose. Open-
source software is very often developed in a public, collaborative manner.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_software, accessed March 29,
2014)
Page Charges: Fees charged by a publisher to authors of accepted manuscripts
intended to offset publishing expenses associated with publishing a work of schol-
arship. The term derives from print publishing wherein a set amount per typeset
page was billed to the author.
Pay-Per-View Fees: See Toll Access.
Paywall: See Toll Access.
Predatory Journals: In academic publishing, some publishers and journals have
attempted to exploit the business model of open-access publishing by charging
large fees to authors without providing the editorial and publishing services as-
sociated with more established and legitimate journals. (http://en.wikipedia.
org/wiki/Predatory_open-access_publishing, accessed March 29, 2014)
Repository: An online archive for collecting, preserving, and disseminating
digital copies of the intellectual output of an institution, particularly a research
institution (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutional_repository, accessed
309
CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY 29:2
March 29, 2014). A disciplinary repository (or subject repository) is an online
archive containing works or data associated with these works of scholars in a
particular subject area. In contrast to institutional repositories, disciplinary re-
positories can accept work from scholars from any institution (http://
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disciplinary_repository, accessed March 29, 2014). See
also Digital Preservation, Trusted Digital Repository.
Ruby on Rails: An open-source framework with applications and language used
to build platforms, such as website, using the Ruby programming language. Ruby
on Rails was used to build Typhoon, the platform that houses CA Online v.2.
Serials Crisis: A common shorthand term to describe the chronic subscription
cost-increases of many scholarly journals. The prices of these institutional or
library subscriptions have been rising much faster than the Consumer Price Index
for several decades, while the funds available to the libraries have remained static
or have declined in real terms. As a result, academic and research libraries have
regularly canceled serial subscriptions to accommodate price increases of the
remaining current subscriptions. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serials_crisis,
accessed March 29, 2014)
Solutionism: An ideology that emphasizes specifically technological solutions to
diverse social, political, environmental, personal, and other phenomena identified
as problems. A prominent critique of solutionism can be found in the writings of
Evgeny Morozov, whereas the spirit of the ideology can be seen in the (ca. 2014)
Solutionism advertising campaign of the Dow Chemical Company.
Toll Access: In discussions of scholarly communication, the phrase toll access is
used to refer to online resources for which payments must be made in exchange
for access. This can, for instance, take the form of subscription charges or a la
carte payments (e.g., pay-per-view fees) for access to a particular work of schol-
arship. Purchased access may be more or less permanent. Works for which pay-
ments must be made are often referred to as existing behind a paywall.
Trusted Digital Repository (TDR): Defined [by the Research Libraries
Group and Online Computer Library Center] as a repository whose mission is
to provide reliable, long-term access to managed digital resources to its designated
community, now and in the future. The TDR must include the following seven
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GLOSSARY OF OPEN ACCESS TERMS
attributes: compliance with the reference model for an Open Archival Information
System, administrative responsibility, organizational viability, financial sustain-
ability, technological and procedural suitability, system security, procedural ac-
countability. The TDR Model outlines relationships among these attributes.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_preservation, accessed March 28, 2014)
Typhoon: The open source platform behind CA Online v.2. Typhoon was built
by CJ Bryan and Ryan Schenk using Ruby on Rails.
XML: See eXtensible Markup Language.
311
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