Part One. General Procedures FM 90-13/FMFM 7-26
Chapter 1
C o n c e p t s
GENERAL
The purpose of any river crossing is to project combat of momentum, cross in-stride, and develop an attack power across a water obstacle in order to accomplish a into an exploitation. Crossing requires depth in area on mission. A river crossing is a special operation. It re-both shores of the river, in crossing resources, and in quires specific procedures for success, because the time to mass forces on the far shore. This depth must water obstacle prevents normal ground maneuver. It be developed by attacking to seize necessary terrain, by also requires unique technical support and more isolating the crossing area with air attack and fires, and detailed planning and control measures than normal by efficiently using all available crossing means if the tactical operations. The nature and size of the obstacle, crossing is to succeed. Forces must carefully the threat situation, and the available crossing assets synchronize all actions to ensure that the crossing limit the commander’s options.
produces adequate combat power at all critical places The challenge is to minimize the river’s impact on the and maximum combat power at the decisive point and commander’s tactics. The force is vulnerable while time. This synchronization requires careful calculation crossing, as it must break its movement formations, during planning and attention during execution.
concentrate at crossing points, re-form on the far shore, River crossings take place within the context of close, and reduce its movement rate to the speed of the deep, and rear operations. The focus of the close fight crossing means. The commander cannot effectively in the offense is the attack across the river and the fight his force while it is split by a river. He must reduce subsequent securing of the bridgehead. In the this vulnerability by decreasing his force’s exposure retrograde, it is the movement across and subsequent time. The best method is to cross the river in stride as defense along the river. Deep operations conducted by a continuation of the tactical operation, whether in the divisions and corps isolate crossing areas from threat offense or retrograde. Only as a last resort should the reinforcement. Rear operations in an offensive crossing force pause to build up combat power or crossing maintain the momentum, by ensuring the unimpeded means before crossing. This chapter introduces river movement of forces behind the initial assault, and sus-crossing operations by discussing the characteristics of tain the force in the bridgehead. Initial preparations for this special and difficult task.
a retrograde crossing are primarily rear operations.
AIRLAND BATTLE CONTEXT
CROSSING CATEGORIES
AirLand Battle doctrine requires offensive action, Corps assigns missions and provides the necessary high levels of mobility, and audacity. All of these are support and equipment. Rarely will a river crossing be difficult to achieve when the force is hampered by a a specified task within that mission. More often, a river. River crossing operations, within the context of division river crossing will bean implied task. Divisions AirLand Battle doctrine, as they will in future AirLand normally assign bridgehead objectives and control Operations, restore the mobility needed for battlefield movement across the river. Brigades assault across the success.
river and secure the bridgehead as an element of a Successful river crossings require the application of larger force.
the four tenets of AirLand Battle doctrine. Carefully Both division and corps headquarters anticipate and selecting the point of attack and seizing the initiative plan for river crossings in advance. All river crossings enables a force to make a successful crossing while require detailed planning at these echelons. The plan-denying the threat time to recover from the initial ning requirements and technical support are similar, surprise. A force cannot conduct a successful crossing whether the crossing is hasty, deliberate, or retrograde.
without first seizing the initiative. A force must be well prepared to have the necessary agility to react faster to Hasty
changes than the threat, as the crossing proceeds amid A hasty river crossing is a continuation of the attack confusion, loss of crossing means, casualties, and er-across the river with no intentional pause at the water rors. A force with necessary agility can conduct a hasty to prepare, so there is no loss of momentum. This is crossing upon arriving at a river without significant loss possible when threat resistance is weak and the river is Concepts 1-1
FM 90-13/FMFM 7-26
Part One. General Procedures not a severe obstacle; therefore, a brigade does not planning as for a deliberate offensive crossing.
need to make extensive plans but can rapidly and auda-Significantly, failure of the retrograde on the entry bank ciously force a crossing.
can cause the loss of the entire force.
A hasty river crossing is preferable to a deliberate crossing. It features decentralized control at the CROSSING FUNDAMENTALS
brigade level. The brigade may use organic, existing, or Certain fundamentals are characteristic of all river any available crossing means, but additional support crossings. They describe important attributes of cross-from division or corps is often necessary.
ing operations that must be included in crossing plans.
A well-practiced standing operating procedure Failure to consider these fundamentals can seriously (SOP) compresses planning and preparation time. A risk the success of the crossing.
concise order, clearly articulating the commander’s intent, allows exploitation wherever subordinate units Surprise
successfully force a crossing. When possible, advance The range and lethality of modern weapons allow elements seize crossing sites intact and ahead of the even a small force to defeat a larger one exposed in an main body.
unfavorable position. A river provides this possibility by Against negligible or light threat resistance on both channeling a force through a small number of crossing banks, the force does not have to clear all threat forces sites, splitting its combat power on separate banks, and from the river to conduct a hasty crossing. It capitalizes exposing units on the water. Surprise minimizes these on the threat’s confusion and inability to effectively disadvantages; forces that fail to achieve surprise may oppose the crossing.
also fail in the crossing attempt.
The force crosses the river at multiple points across A deception plan is a key element of surprise. It a broad front. It makes the crossing as soon as its reinforces the threat’s predisposition to believe that the elements reach the river. As the bulk of the force force will take a particular course of action. The threat crosses the river, minimum forces remain to secure the usually expects a crossing. A deception plan that crossing sites.
employs reconnaissance, site preparations, force build-up, and preparatory fires at a time or location other Deliberate
than the intended crossing area may delay an effective Corps and divisions conduct a deliberate river cross-threat response to the true crossing.
ing when a hasty crossing is not feasible, when one has The usual operations security (OPSEC) measures failed, or when they are renewing offensive operations are also important. Commanders enforce camouflage, along a river. A deliberate river crossing is an attack noise, thermal, electromagnetic, and light discipline.
across the river after a halt to make the detailed Force deployment avoids predictable patterns. In par-preparations necessary to ensure success. It features ticular, commanders closely control movement and centralized division planning and control, thorough concealment of river crossing equipment and other preparations, and the massing of forces and crossing obvious river crossing preparations. Despite modern equipment. Time is available for extensive reconnais-intelligence-gathering technology, the skillful use of sance, full-scale rehearsals, development of alternate night, smoke, fog, and bad weather is still effective.
traffic routes, and logistics stockpiling.
River crossing fundamentals are the same for hasty Extensive Preparation
and deliberate crossings, but their use varies. For ex-Comprehensive intelligence of threat defenses and ample, traffic control is a key fundamental. The com-crossing-area terrain must be developed early, since mander maintains it in a hasty crossing by using the unit planning depends on an accurate and complete intel-SOP and a fragmentary order. In a deliberate crossing, ligence picture.
he uses a traffic control organization that implements a Supporting units, which include engineer battalions, detailed movement plan.
bridge companies, smoke-generation platoons, and military police (MP) companies, link up early. They Retrograde
immediately begin crossing preparations and are availA retrograde crossing is a movement to the rear able to train the lead units during rehearsals.
across a water obstacle while in contact with the threat.
Commanders plan and initiate deceptive operations It establishes the defense on the exit bank or continues early to mask the actual preparation. These operations the retrograde to defensive positions beyond the water should conceal both the time and location of the cross-obstacle. A retrograde river crossing also features ing, so they begin before and continue throughout the centralized planning and control because of limitations preparation period.
on existing bridges. It has the same amount of detailed 1-2 Concepts
Part One. General Procedures FM 90-13/FMFM 7-26
Work necessary to improve routes to handle the change the sequence, timing, or site of crossing units.
crossing operation’s traffic volume should occur early The traffic-control organization can switch units over enough not to interfere with other uses of the routes.
different routes or hold them in assembly areas as This requires a detailed plan carefully synchronized directed by the tactical commander.
with the deception plan.
Rehearsals are essential to clarify roles and proce-Organization
dures, train personnel, inspect equipment, develop Commanders use the same command posts (CPs) for teamwork, and ensure unity of effort.
river crossings as they do for other operations. These CPs, however, take on additional functions in river Flexible Plan
crossings. For this reason, commanders specify which Even successful crossings seldom go according to CPs and staff positions have specific river crossing plan. A flexible plan enables the river crossing opera-planning and control duties. This may require a tem-tion to adapt rapidly to changes in the situation during porary collocation of headquarters cells (or individual execution. It allows the force to salvage the loss of a augmentation) and an increase in communications crossing site or to exploit a sudden opportunity. A means.
flexible plan for a river crossing is the result of The commander organizes support forces consisting deliberate design, not chance. Such a plan features –
of engineer, MP, chemical, and other elements. This
â€Ã³ Multiple approach routes from assembly areas to organization reports to his controlling headquarters.
crossing sites.
Since this is a temporary grouping, procedures estab-
â€Ã³ Lateral routes to switch units between crossing sites.
lished by the control headquarters must be clear,
â€Ã³ Secondary crossing sites and staging areas to activate simple, and rehearsed by all elements to ensure respon-if threat action closes the primaries.
sive support of the plan and unity of command.
â€Ã³ Stocks of crossing equipment held in reserve to Terrain management is an integral part of the cross-replace losses or open alternate sites.
ing operation. The controlling headquarters assigns
â€Ã³ Preplanned engagement areas to block enemy different areas for support forces to work in and for counterattacks.
forces to concentrate in before crossing. Otherwise, they interfere with each other and become lucrative Traffic Control
targets for conventional, chemical, and nuclear fires.
The river is a significant obstacle that slows and stops units, thus impeding their ability to maneuver. They Speed
may be restricted to moving in column formations along A river crossing is a race between the crossing units a few routes that funnel together at the crossing sites.
and the threat to mass combat power on the far shore.
Control is essential for units to cross at the locations The longer the force takes to cross, the less likely it will and in the sequence desired. Control achieves maxi-succeed, as the threat will defeat in detail the elements mum crossing efficiency and prevents the formation of split by the river. Speed is of the utmost importance to targets susceptible to destruction by artillery or air crossing success. The commander must allow no inter-strikes. In addition, effective traffic control contributes ference with the flow of vehicles and units once the to the flexibility of the plan by enabling commanders to crossing has started.
Concepts 1-3
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