046ipaqł.qxd 20.10.2000 11:36 Uhr Seite 46
ON TEST IPAQ
Compaq iPaq on test
YOU SEXY THING
NILS FAERBER
Handhelds are advancing.
Although Compaq doesn t yet
ship its new organiser
flagship with Linux
preinstalled, there are now
two Linux distributions for
the iPaq. Now no-one has to
go without a proper shell
while out and about.
I didn t pay much attention when the first rumours
Unpacking it
surrounding the iPaq started at the beginning of the
year. There had already been a great many product The iPaq icomes with a serial docking station, power
announcements, which soon turned out to be pack, spare pen, the inevitable Windows
design studies or prototypes and dashed all our synchronisation software (Active Sync), a leather
hopes. The rumours surrounding the iPaq quietened case and a dummy jacket. The iPaq s casing is made
down too. of metal-plated plastic, fits snugly into the hand and
Then suddenly the finished product was feels solid. At first glance, the built-in holder for the
announced and there was an abundance of pen seems as if it has a small design error. The pen
information, and at almost the same time, news of itself has an oval profile, but unfortunately it is not
the Linux port developed by Compaq itself. The first symmetrical! If you are not careful when you insert
concrete information became available: 206 MHz the pen into the holder and push it using only a little
StrongARM CPU, 32 MByte RAM, 16 MByte flash, a too much force, it is almost impossible to get it out
colour TFT screen. What would it be, then? A again. The power pack can be connected to both
netwinder for the rucksack? Observers may have the docking station and the iPaq itself. Very
thought it impossible to fit all that into a PDA. Then sensible, as users don t always need the station to
the first pictures on the Net. It s a PDA! And rather a recharge the iPaq.
good-looking one too. It holds IrDA, USB and RS232 When we first unpacked the iPaq it turned into
interfaces, almost a connectivity wonder. With a a fiasco almost immediately, as neither of the two
compact flash and PCMCIA slot too. And even more iPaqs were prepared to show the slightest sign of
gems in the form of stereo-audio with 16 bit 44 kHz life. The trick was that the resourceful Compaq
and a headphone connection. engineers had incorporated a switch to protect the
Even more pictures! It really does exist. But the built-in lithium polymer battery (900mAh). This can
pictures certainly conceal the true size. It must be be used to completely cut off the power supply:
large how else can it accommodate everything? particularly important if the iPaq is not used for a
Then the shock finally, the dimensions were found longer period, as you must never let a lithium
on the Net: 78mm wide, 130mm high and 16mm polymer battery run low! When the iPaq is shipped
thin. The whole thing weighs less than 170g. After from the factory this small switch on the lower edge
a virtually endless search we finally found two iPaqs of the iPaq is in the off position. Once switched
available for testing but were unable to wait for on, the picture was immediately quite different.
them to be dispatched. We immediately drove to With a resolution of 320x240 pixels, the iPaq s
collect them. The price of nearly Ł400 inc. VAT was screen is really quite large in comparison with a
high, but we felt it was worth it. Palm or Helio. The contrast is good and the
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IPAQ ON TEST
backlight ensures that the display is always not known whether and how Compaq provides
readable. If the backlight is turned off, the compensation or carries out repairs if this happens. I
transflexive display still provides enough contrast so have only ever heard of one case where this was
that readability continues to be good where the necessary. In this case the party concerned lived two
lighting conditions are somewhat better. Under streets from the Compaq lab in the USA and was
Windows CE 3.0 the brightness of the light is invited by the developers to simply drop by.
adjusted automatically via an in-built light sensor to The iPaq s initial installation process is relatively
suit the lighting conditions. simple. You should obtain the latest version of the
Windows CE boot loader (currently osloader-
1.3.0.exe from distribution V0.15) from
Jackets and Sleeves
handhelds.org. This is a program for Windows CE
Expansion packs for the iPaq are described as containing the same bootloader used to boot the
Jackets or Sleeves , into which the iPaq can be system, only this one is booted not from the flash
inserted quite easily. The jackets hardly make the memory but from the Windows CE program. There
iPaq any bigger, just somewhat fatter depending on are only three options available to get the osloader
the type of jacket. For this purpose the iPaq has on program on the iPaq. Straight away we are unable
its lower edge not only a socket for the combined to implement one of these three:
RS232/USB and power pack plug but also a system " Load the file onto the iPaq from a Windows PC
plug where all sorts of interesting signals can be using Active-Sync. However, I do not have
found. These include the compact flash and Windows.
PCMCIA interface, an audio-line-out output and an " Write the file to a compact flash card and start it
input for an external battery pack. on the iPaq using compact flash jacket. If you do
Only the compact flash jacket is available at the not have a CF jacket or cannot write to CF cards,
present time. The PCMCIA jacket with a built-in only the third option remains.
battery pack to supply the PCMCIA cards is to " Establish a PPP direct connection between iPaq
follow very soon. Other jackets are already under and the Linux computer and transfer the file from
discussion, including a game jacket with larger the Linux computer using Windows CE Internet
loudspeakers and special user elements that are Explorer. Not the simplest method, but it works.
especially suitable for games. There are practically Once the OS loader is safely on the iPaq, things
no limits to the imagination here and there are sure become exciting. On the Linux computer boot a
to be several crazy developments. Compaq has terminal program (e.g. minicom) and configure it
published the specifications for the interface and for for the interface to which the iPaq is connected. The
the iPaq as a whole. There will also be a following parameters are probably the most
development jacket for interested developers. This advisable: 115200 baud, 8 data bits, 1 stop bit, no
consists of an empty jacket with the special plug-in handshake, neither RTS/CTS nor XON/XOFF. If the
contact so that one s own design can be inserted terminal program has reached this stage, you
fairly easily. should boot the OS loader on the iPaq and select
Unfortunately, the jackets are relatively Tools >Bootld >Run. Shortly after, the iPaq s screen
expensive. The compact flash jacket will cost should be switched off and the boot loader
between Ł40 and Ł50, the PCMCIA jacket between message boot> should appear in the terminal
Ł75 and Ł100. Let s hope that these prices will fall if program. Thus far nothing has happened and a
sales are high. restart would restart WindowsCE. However, the
next step could be the killer and some preparation is
required.
But now to Linux!
As mentioned, the iPaq incorporates 16MB of
Installation of the boot loader
flash memory. This is loaded with Windows CE 3.0
at the factory. Unfortunately, this is deleted by the The boot loader, and all other components to be
installation of Linux. Although it is possible to programmed into the flash, are transferred to the
read out and save the flash memory contents iPaq via the serial XModem protocol. The XModem
using the Windows CE boot loader, no-one is implementation in the boot loader is still somewhat
guaranteeing that it will ever be possible to get flaky and doesn t like it at all if there is a delay
the saved code back into the flash. But quite before the transfer starts.
honestly, who wants that? The recommended procedure is as follows. First
This is also the most critical moment in the Linux enter the boot loader command to start receiving.
installation process. The entire flash is Then send the file from the Linux computer. There
reprogrammed and the boot loader too, which should be a period of no more than one to two
causes the hardware to run once it is switched on. If seconds between the time the boot loader
the data is written incorrectly during the installation command is entered and the time the file is sent.
process you will have a wonderful but expensive However, the method described below works
paperweight or a case for the service engineers. It is reliably. In the case of Minicom, quit it using the
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ON TEST IPAQ
option Q instead of q so that the current documented for each release. Users will also find
interface settings are not reset. If you are not using HTML files in the subdirectories of the individual
a Minicom, the following script can be used to versions.
initiate the procedure:
Handhelds.org Linux
#!/bin/sh
Handhelds.org is the main development site for the
if [ -z "$1" ]; then
echo "Usage:" current iPaq-Linux. The site is intended to be a
echo " $0
"
general platform for handheld Linux and offers the
exit
usual services such as WWW servers, mailing lists,
fi
FTP servers and CVS servers. It is all sponsored by
Compaq, and so it is no wonder that the focus is
stty 115200 -echo -echok -echoe -echoctl -ecU
hoke -onlcr -inlcr< $1 currently on the iPaq.
The current development version of the iPaq
The command to load the boot loader then has to distribution can also be found at the FTP server
be issued to the iPaq. A simple echo is sufficient: ftp.handhelds.org in the subdirectory
/pub/linux/compaq/ipaq/. The current version is
echo "load bootldr" > <\<><\\>\><\>ttydev>
V0.15. The distribution includes:
A second script is now used to send the file: " Bootloader V2.9.5
" Linux kernel 2.4.0-test6-rmk5-np2-hh3, normal
#!/bin/sh
zImage
" Initial RAMdisk, cramfs Image
if [ -z "$1" -o -z "$2" ]; then
echo "Usage:" " root file system , cramfs Image
echo " $0 "
" usr file system, cramfs Image
exit
Due to the ample flash memory on the iPaq, the
fi
root and usr file systems are very full and practically
all the standard shell tools, such as grep, cat, wc, ls,
sx -b $1 > $2 < $2
cat $2 etc., are included. This may sound somewhat
strange, but those of you who have worked with
This must be started immediately after the downsized systems will know what a relief it is
command to receive the file! bootldr-0000-2.9.5 is when everything works like a normal Linux system.
given as the file for the first load bootldr command. The cramfs images are written to the relevant
This is the boot loader written to the boot sector of flash areas during the installation process and
the flash (from address 0). After the transfer is mounted from there. This means there is no RAM
completed the display shows the boot loader disk copied to the memory. This saves a considerable
messages, which should end with verifying & amount of RAM, but has the disadvantage that the
done. . After this the iPaq can be removed from the file system is not writeable. If it is to be changed, a
station and the reset button activated (a small hole new image has to be produced and programmed
on the lower edge, opposite the power pack into the flash: therefore it is practically infeasible
socket). while the system is running.
Back in the station, the boot loader should In addition to the file systems with static data, a
generate another message. If in doubt, you dynamic RAM disk is also set up. This RAM disk is
should quit the script and restart the terminal dynamic in two senses. First, data can be stored
program, pressing Return where necessary. here during run time which is no longer available,
Congratulations! The boot loader has now been however, after a reset or other restart. Second, this
started from the flash and the installation process is the new RAM-FS, which, in contrast to normal
can continue. RAM disks of a fixed size, dynamically takes the
memory required from the main memory and gives
it back to the main memory too. This provides some
Status Quo
scope for experimenting.
The next part of the installation procedure depends After the file system images have been installed
on what is to be installed on the iPaq. There are using the bootloader and a reset has been activated,
currently two alternatives available: the Handhelds.org Linux immediately starts in a
" Handhelds.org iPaq Linux Distribution, V0.12 to graphical mode, the LED flashes green and the user
V0.15 is requested to calibrate the pen on the touchpad.
" PocketLinux Once this is done, believe or not, an X11 opens!
The distributions named above differ in their Yes, an X server runs on the iPaq (see Figure 1).
installation methods. Even the installation method The X server currently runs in Landscape mode (i.e.
for the iPaq Linux V0.14 from Handhelds.org differs not properly) but work is being done on this. Jim
from that for V0.15. Fortunately, the installation Gettys, one of the fathers of X11 and now an
method for the Handhelds.org version is well employee at Compaq made a substantial
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IPAQ ON TEST
[left]
contribution to the X11 version used. The X server iPaq in energy-saving mode is to switch it off.
Fig 2: Handhelds.org-Linux with
itself is an extremely downsized version with a file However, work is already under way on various
GQmpeg MP3 Player
size of around 600 Kbytes and approximately 1.2 options. One of these is known as a clock scaling
[right]
Mbytes of memory for the run time. expansion. This reduces or increases the CPU speed
Fig 1: Handhelds.org Linux, X11
The picture shows not only some of the depending on the workload and thus saves a
standard X11 applications such as xterm, oclock, considerable amount of energy.
xeyes and xload but also xscribble, a handwriting The backlight and the display itself are already
recognition program for X11, which could be switched on and off by the X11 and console screen
described as a mixture of Jot (used in Windows CE) saver. What is still lacking is a way of putting the
and Graffiti (which comes with PalmOS). With some computer to sleep properly, i.e. putting the CPU and
good will, this functions quite well and sends the the DRM in standby mode and switching off all the
recognised writing to the X11 program having the peripherals. This would then be the ultimate low
input focus. TWM is currently being used as the energy mode. It isn t possible to consume much less
window manager. More complex applications such than this.
as the MP3 player GQmpeg have also been ported However, this gives rise to a problem, as the
and are contained in the distribution, which leads us iPaq doesn t have a real-time clock and the system
directly to the next topic. time simply stands still in this kind of mode. It isn t
easy to wake up the CPU either, as all the
laboriously adjusted system settings, e.g. for the
Available drivers
DRAM, have to be recalculated and initiated. The
Kernel development is mainly under way at iPaq currently runs for about six to nine hours with a
Compaq and so the most up-to-date drivers can be fully loaded battery and without any excessive
found in the distribution from Handhelds.org. Quite demands on the system.
obviously, the frame buffer is also supported, as the Apart from the lighting conditions sensor, all the
X server used relies on it. The touch-screen hardware drivers are available and functioning (in the
functions and serves as a mouse substitute under X. case of the audio driver, only from V0.16 onwards).
GQmpeg has been ported for a good reason, as
audio device support is provided too. The IrDA
PocketLinux
interface is recognised by the kernel and Fast IrDA
(FIR - 4MBit/sec.) should function. But unfortunately, Sponsored by Transvirtual Inc., PocketLinux is said to
the current version lacks the IrDA protocol driver. be a completely adequate Linux PDA desktop
The compact flash and PCMCIA jacket can be system using Java. Based on a customised Kaffee
used, making the data exchange considerably version, the frame buffer is also used directly in this
easier. It wasn t possible to test the USB driver due instance. Its own GUI toolkit takes care of the
to the lack of a USB station, but it is also contained graphical elements and display. For text input the
in the distribution. When connected to a Linux host developers have implemented their own
computer it will then be possible to use the USB handwriting recognition system similar to xscribble
connection as a network connection, and therefore and a virtual keyboard in Java. The sparkling
to use TCP/IP as normal. announcements and the screenshots shown on the
website are promising, but a test is more sobering.
The screenshots feign a completeness that doesn t
Things that don t yet work
exist in reality.
Power management is among the things that don t Almost nothing works, with the exception of
yet work. This means that the only way to put the the application manager and the notepad (at least
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IPAQ ON TEST
not in our test). Performance also leaves a lot to be
desired. The iPaq is unbelievably fast under X11
with the Handhelds.org Linux, but delays and
glitches in the graphical interface occur under
PocketLinux. The announcement that PocketLinux
will be offered in the same form for the less
powerful VTech Helio too is not promising. The
ideas behind PocketLinux are certainly good, but it
doesn t seem possible at the present time to
produce a complete graphical application suite for
PDAs in Java.
Nevertheless, it is worth a try. There s a
downloadable demo for anyone wishing to try it on
their iPaq. Unfortunately, there are no installation
instructions, so here are a few quick tips:
" Only the two files ipaq-image-
linuxworld.video.zImage and ipaq-image-
Fig. 3: PocketLinux Desktop
linuxworld.video.gz are required for the demo.
Outlook
" In contrast to the current Handhelds.org Linux
version, these two files have to be programmed It seems as if the whole world is about to turn to
into the flash from the bootloader using load embedded Linux. New desktops and new
kernel and load ramdisk. embedded toolkits are being announced
" The command line for the Linux kernel should be everywhere. Trolltech has announced an embedded
linuxargs= initrd root=/dev/ram Qt which runs on the raw frame buffer without
ramdisk_size=16384 . X11. In the GTK arena there are more and more
" boot then starts the demo. rumours that this cannot simply be left and so there
are plans to do something. However, tangible
results occur rarely if at all. So let s stick to the facts.
In-house developments
Apart from the Agenda VR3 from Agenda
Compaq has also thought about its own in- Computing, a fully adequate Linux PDA doesn t
house development. A complete ARM cross- exist at the present time. All the currently available
development package is available from a second models have a problem somewhere, usually in their
research project known as Skiff. The package power management.
contains all the programs required to generate The future of graphical interfaces for Linux
the kernel and the user mode applications under PDAs is also completely unclear. For smaller devices
x86er-Linux. This saves a considerable amount X11 represents overkill, for the larger ones like the
of work and fiddling about, and functions as iPaq it seems feasible. The only question concerns
soon as it is installed. The current kernel source the sense in having X11 on a PDA. The highly
and a few more source and binary packages are regarded network transparency can hardly be the
also available on the Handhelds.org FTP server. reason, as when is a PDA on the Net? This leaves
Although, due to the currently rapid rate of the portability of existing applications. But even this
development, some of the documentation on is not without its problems, as a resolution of just
the Handhelds.org WWW server is out of date, 320x240 pixels is today insufficient for most X11
it is still a valuable source of information. Those programs. The question is really whether the
of you with experience of system development window paradigm is practical for a PDA.
shouldn t find it difficult to work on your own These are exciting times. Every day there is
projects using the tools and documentation. something new to discover in this area and I am
Compaq has another gem for larger sure there will be something for everyone.
development projects. Skiff, mentioned above,
is a StrongARM-based project that seems to be
Info
focussing in on small servers. A few of these
prototypes are already available in the Compaq Handhelds.org homepage: http://www.handhelds.org/
labs and are freely accessible over the Internet. Handhelds.org iPaq Linux FTP: ftp://ftp.handhelds.org/pub/linux/compaq/ipaq/
Five of these machines can be found at the PocketLinux: http://www.pocketlinux.org/
addresses skiffcluster[1-5].handhelds.org and PocketLinux demo: ftp://ftp.pocketlinux.org/dists/bignoodle/main/flash-images-ipaq/
can be accessed via the account guest without a ARM crossdevelopment package:
password using telnet, ftp and rcp. As hard ftp://ftp.handhelds.org/pub/linux/arm/toolchain/arm-linux-toolchain-post-2.2.13.tar.gz
disks are connected to these devices, larger Agenda Computing Inc: http://www.agendacomputing.com/
projects can be directly compiled native vCard and vCal specifications: http://www.imc.org/pdi/
without going via a cross-development
environment.
3 2000 LINUX MAGAZINE 50
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