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BACKGROUND
HISTORY
SIGNS FROM THE DISTANT PAST
The area around present-day Barcelona was certainly inhabited prior to the arrival of the
Romans in Catalonia in 218 BC. By whom, and whether or not there was an urban nucleus,
is open to debate.
Pre-Roman coins found in the area suggest the Iberian Laietani tribe may have settled here. As
far back as 35,000 BC, the tribe s Stone Age predecessors had roamed the Pyrenees and begun to
descend into the lowlands to the south. In 1991 the remains of 25 corpses were found in Carrer
de Sant Pau in El Raval  they had been buried around 4000 BC. It has been speculated that, in
those days, much of El Raval was a bay and that the hillock (Mont Tąber) next to Pla�a de Sant
Jaume may have been home to a Neolithic settlement.
Other evidence hints at a settlement established around 230 BC by the Carthaginian con-
queror (and father of Hannibal), Hamilcar Barca. It is tempting to see in his name the roots of
the city s own name. Some archaeologists believe that any pre-Roman town must have been
built on the hill of Montju�c.
ROMANS, VISIGOTHS & ISLAM
The heart of the Roman settlement of Barcino (much later Barcelona) lay within what would
later become the medieval city  now known as the Barri G�tic. The temple was raised on Mont
Tąber. Remains of city walls, temple pillars and graves all attest to what would eventually become
a busy and lively town. Barcino was not a major centre, however. Tarraco (Tarragona) to the
southwest and the one-time Greek trading centre of Emporion (Empśries) to the north were
more important. The Latin poet Ausonius, however, paints a picture of contented prosperity 
Barcino (founded in the reign of Caesar Augustus) lived well off the agricultural produce in
its hinterland and from fishing. Oysters, in particular, appeared regularly on the Roman menu
in ancient times. Wine, olive oil and garum (a rather tart fish paste and favourite staple of the
Romans) were all produced and consumed in abundance.
As the Roman Empire wobbled, Hispania (as the Iberian Peninsula was known to the Romans)
felt the effects. It is no coincidence that the bulk of Barcelona s Roman walls, vestiges of which
remain today, went up in the 4th century AD. Marauding Franks had visited a little death and
destruction on the city in a prelude to what was to come  several waves of invaders flooded
across the country like great Atlantic rollers. By 415 the comparatively Romanised Visigoths had
arrived and, under their leader Athaulf (a narrow lane in the Barri G�tic is named after him),
made a temporary capital in Barcino before moving on to Toletum (Toledo) in the 6th century.
In the wake of their departure, the town and surrounding territory was left largely lawless. As
various epidemics struck, local revolts against weak Visigothic rule were frequent.
In 711 the Muslim general Tariq landed an expeditionary force at present-day Gibraltar
(Arabic for Tariq s Mountain). He had no trouble sweeping across the peninsula all the way
c 4000 BC 218 BC 15 BC
Jasper implements discovered around In a move to block supplies to the Caesar Augustus grants the town of
Carrer del Parad�s indicate that a Neolithic Carthaginian general Hannibal, waging Barcino, possibly established under his
settlement may have thrived around war against Rome in Italy itself, Roman auspices, the rather long-winded title of
the present-day Pla�a de Sant Jaume at troops under Scipio land at Empśries, Colonia Julia Augusta Faventia Paterna
this time. found Tarraco (Tarragona) and take control Barcino.
of the Catalan coast.
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BACKGROUND HISTORY
into France, where he and his army were
THE COMTES DE BARCELONA
only brought to a halt in 732 by the Franks
By the late 10th century, the Casal de Barcelona (House of Barcelona) was the senior of
at Poitiers.
several counties (whose leaders were all related by family ties) that would soon be a single,
Barcelona fell under Muslim sway but
independent principality covering most of modern Catalonia except the south, plus Rous-
they seem not to have been overly impressed
sillon (today in France).
BOOKS ON THE HISTORY
with their prize. The town is mentioned in
This was the only Iberian Christian  state not to fall under the sway of Sancho III of
Arabic chronicles but it seems the Muslims
OF BARCELONA
Navarra in the early 11th century. The failure of the Franks to come to Barcelona s aid when
resigned themselves early on to setting up

it was plundered by the Muslims under Al-Mansur in 985 led the counts to reject Frankish
Barcelona (Robert Hughes; 1992) A witty and
a defensive line along the Riu Ebro to the
suzerainty. So a new entity  Catalonia  acquired tacit recognition across Europe.
passionate study of the art and architecture of the
south. Louis the Pious, the future Frankish
Count Ramon Berenguer I was able to buy the counties of Carcassonne and B�ziers, north
city through history. It is neither flouncing artistic
ruler, retook Barcelona from them in 801.
of Roussillon, and Barcelona would maintain ambitions in France for two more centuries  at
criticism nor dry history, rather a distillation of the
The comtes (counts) installed here as
one point it held territory as far east as Provence. Under Ramon Berenguer III (1082 1131),
life of the city and people and an assessment of its
Louis lieutenants hailed from local tribes
sea trade developed and Catalonia launched its own fleet.
expression. He followed up with the briefer, more
roaming on the periphery of the Frankish
A system of feudal government and law evolved that had little to do with the more central-
personal Barcelona the Great Enchantress in 2004.
empire. Barcelona was a frontier town in

ised and absolutist models that would emerge in subsequent centuries in Castilla, reconquered
Barcelona  A Thousand Years of the City s Past
what was known as the Frankish or Span-
from the Muslims. A hotchpotch of Roman-Visigothic laws combined with emerging feudal
(Felipe Fern�ndez-Armesto; 1991) A fascinating
ish March  a rough-and-ready buffer zone
practice found its way into the written bill of rights called the  Usatges de Barcelona from
history of the city from medieval days to the 20th
south of the Pyrenees.
around 1060.
century, organised not in chronological order but
Justice in those days was a little rough by modern standards:  & let them (the rulers)
rather by themes such as Barcelona and the Sea
render justice as it seems fit to them: by cutting off hands and feet, putting out eyes, keeping
and Barcelona and Europe.
A HAIRY BEGINNING

men in prison for a long time and, ultimately, in hanging their bodies if necessary. Was
Homage to Barcelona (Colm Tóib�n; 1990) An
The plains and mountains to the northwest
there an element of misogyny in the Usatges?  In regard to women, let the rulers render
excellent personal introduction to the city s pre-
and north of Barcelona were populated by
justice by cutting off their noses, lips, ears and breasts, and by burning them at the stake
Olympic life and artistic and political history by an
the people who by then could be identified
if necessary& 
Irish writer who lived there.
as  Catalans (although surviving documen-

Homage to Catalonia (George Orwell; 1938)
tary references to the term only date from
Orwell s classic account of the first half of the
the 12th century). Catalan, the language
MARRIAGE OF CONVENIENCE?
1936 39 Spanish Civil War as he lived it in Bar-
of these people, was closely related to the
In 1137 Ramon Berenguer IV clinched what must have seemed an unbeatable deal. He was
celona and on the front line in Catalonia, moving
langue d oc, the post-Latin lingua franca
betrothed to Petronilla, the one-year-old heiress to the throne of Catalonia s western neigh-
from the euphoria of the early days in Barcelona to
of southern France (of which Proven�al is
bour Aragón, thus creating a joint state that set the scene for Catalonia s golden age.
disillusionment with the disastrous infighting on
about the only barely surviving reminder).
This state, known as the Corona de Aragón (Crown of Aragon), was ruled by comtes-reis
the Republican side.
The March was under nominal Frankish
(count-kings, ie counts of Barcelona and kings of Aragón). The title enshrined the continued

Historia de Barcelona (Mar�a Pom�s & Alicia
control but the real power lay with local po-
separateness of the two states, and both retained many of their own laws. The arrangement
S�nchez; 2001) Spanish readers will appreciate
tentates (themselves often of Frankish origin,
was to have unexpected consequences as it tied Catalonia to the destiny of the rest of the
this straightforward, chronological account of the
however) who ranged across the territory.
peninsula in a way that ultimately would not appeal to many Catalans. In the meantime,
city, which presents plenty of curious social history
One of these rulers went by the curious name
however, the combined state had the critical mass needed for expansion. Curiously, while
alongside the usual political events.
of Guifr� el Pelós, or Wilfred the Hairy. This
the bulk of the following centuries conquests and trade would be carried out by the Catalans
was not a reference to uneven shaving habits:
from Barcelona, the name Catalonia would be largely subsumed into that of Aragón. After
according to legend, old Guifr� had hair in
all, the counts of Barcelona were from hereon the kings of Aragón. Strictly speaking, there
parts most people do not (exactly which parts was never specified!). He and his brothers
never was a Catalan kingdom.
gained control of most of the Catalan counties by 878 and Guifr� entered the folk mythology
of Catalonia. If Catalonia can be called a nation, then its  father was the hirsute Guifr�.
Guifr� and his immediate successors continued, at least in name, to be vassals of the MEDITERRANEAN EMPIRE
Franks. In reality, his position as  Comte de Barcelona (Count of Barcelona; even today many Not content to leave all the glory of the Reconquista to the Castilians, Jaume I (r 1213 76)
refer to Barcelona as the ciutat comtal, or city of counts) was assured in his own right. set about his own spectacular missions. At only 21 years of age, he set off in 1229 with fleets
AD 415 718 801 985 1137 1225 29
Visigoths under Athaulf, with captured Only seven years after the Muslim inva- After a year-long siege, the son of Al-Mansur (the Victorious) rampages across Count Ramon Berenguer IV is betrothed to At 18 years old, Jaume I takes command of
Roman empress Galla Placidia as his wife, sion of Spain launched from Morocco at Charlemagne and future Frankish king Catalan territory and devastates Barcelona one-year-old Petronilla, daughter of the the realm and four years later he conquers
make Barcino their capital. With several Gibraltar, Barcelona falls to Tariq s mostly Louis the Pious, wrests Barcelona from in a lightning campaign. The city is largely king of Aragón, creating a new combined Muslim-held Mallorca, the first of several
interruptions, it remains so until the Arab and Berber troops on their blitzkrieg Muslims and establishes the Spanish March razed and much of its population marched state that would be known as the Corona dazzling conquests that lead him to be
Visigoths move to Toledo (central Spain) march north into France. under local counts. off as slaves to Córdoba. de Aragón. called El Conqueridor (the Conqueror).
in the 6th century.
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from Tarragona, Barcelona, Marseilles and other ports. His objective was Mallorca, which he
DECLINE & CASTILIAN DOMINATION
won. Six years later he had Ibiza and Formentera. Things were going so well that, prodded
Preserving the empire began to exhaust Catalonia. Sea wars with Genoa, resistance in
by the Aragonese, for good measure he took control of Valencia (on the mainland) too.
Sardinia, the rise of the Ottoman Empire and the loss of the gold trade all drained the
This was no easy task and was only completed in 1248 after 16 years of grinding conquest.
city s coffers. Commerce collapsed. The Black Death and famines killed about half of Cata-
Still, it would be hard to begrudge the tireless king his sobriquet of El Conqueridor (The
lonia s population in the 14th century. Barcelona s Jewish population suffered a pogrom
Conqueror). All this activity helped fuel a boom in Barcelona and Jaume raised new walls
in 1391.
that increased the size of the enclosed city tenfold.
After the last of Guifr� el Pelós dynasty, Mart� I, died heirless in 1410, a stacked council
The empire-building shifted into top gear in the 1280s. Jaume I s son Pere II (1240 85)
elected Fernando (known as Ferran to the Catalans) de Antequera, a Castilian prince of the
took Sicily in 1282. The easternmost part of the Balearics, Menorca, fell to Alfons II in
Trast�mara house, to the Aragonese throne. This Compromiso de Caspe (Caspe Agree-
1287 after prolonged blood-letting. Most of its people were killed or enslaved and the island
ment) of 1412 was engineered by the Aragonese nobility, which saw it as a chance to reduce
remained largely deserted throughout its occupation. Malta, Gozo and Athens were also
Catalan influence.
briefly taken. A half-hearted attempt was made on Corsica but the most determined and
ultimately fruitless assault began on Sardinia in 1323. The island became the Corona de
Another Fernando succeeded to the Aragonese throne in 1479 and his marriage to Isabel,
Aragón s Vietnam.
queen of Castilla, united Spain s two most powerful monarchies. Just as Catalonia had been
hitched to Aragón, now the combine was hitched to Castilla.
In spite of the carnage and the expense of war, this was Barcelona s golden age. It was
the base for what was now a thriving mercantile empire and the western Mediterranean was
Catalonia effectively became part of the Castilian state, although it jealously guarded its own
virtually a Catalan lake.
institutions and system of law. Rather than attack this problem head on, Fernando and Isabel
sidestepped it, introducing the hated Spanish Inquisition to Barcelona in 1487 (a local, milder
version of the Inquisition had operated on Catalan territory since 1242, with headquarters
THE RISE OF PARLIAMENT in the Palau Episcopal  see p67). The local citizenry implored them not to do so as what was
left of business life in the city lay largely in the hands of conversos (Jews at least nominally
The rulers of the Casal de Barcelona and then the comtes-reis of the Corona de Aragón had
converted to Christianity) who were a particular target of Inquisitorial attention. The pleas
a habit of regularly making themselves absent from Barcelona. Initially, local city administra-
were ignored and the conversos packed their bags and shipped out their money. Barcelona was
tion was in the hands of a viscount, but in the course of the 12th and 13th centuries local
reduced to penury. Fernando and Isabel s successors, the Habsburg Holy Roman Emperor
power began to shift.
Carlos V (Carlos I of Spain), and his son, Felipe II, tightened Madrid s grip on Catalonia,
In 1249 Jaume I authorised the election of a committee of key citizens to advise his of-
although the region long managed to retain a degree of autonomy.
ficials. The idea developed and, by 1274, the Consell dels Cent Jurats (Council of the Hun-
Impoverished and disaffected by ever-growing financial demands from the crown, Catalonia
dred Sworn-In) formed an electoral college from which an executive body of five consellers
revolted in the 17th century in the Guerra dels Segadors (Reapers War; 1640 52) and declared
(councillors) was nominated to run city affairs.
itself to be an independent  republic under French protection. The countryside and towns
In 1283 the Corts Catalanes met for the first time. This new legislative council for Cata-
were devastated, and Barcelona was finally besieged into submission.
lonia (equivalent bodies sat in Aragón and Valencia) was made up of representatives of the
nobility, clergy and high-class merchants to form a counterweight to regal power. The Corts
Catalanes met at first annually, then every three years, but had a permanent secretariat
WAR OF THE SPANISH SUCCESSION
known as the Diputació del General or Generalitat. Its home was, and remains, the Palau
de la Generalitat.
By the beginning of the 18th century Spain was on the skids. The last of the Habsburgs, Carlos
The Corts and Council increased their leverage as trade grew and their respective roles in II, died in 1700 with no successor. France imposed a Bourbon, the absolutist Felipe V, but
the Catalans preferred the Austrian candidate, Archduke Carlos, and threw in their lot with
raising taxes and distributing wealth became more important. As the comtes-reis required
England, Holland, some German states, Portugal and the House of Savoy to back Austria. In
money to organise wars and other enterprises, they increasingly relied on impresarios who
1702, the War of the Spanish Succession broke out. Catalans thought they were onto a win-
were best represented through these two oligarchic bodies.
ner. They were wrong and in 1713 the Treaty of Utrecht left Felipe V in charge in Madrid.
Meanwhile, Barcelona s trading wealth paid for the great Gothic buildings that bejewel
Abandoned by its allies, Barcelona decided to resist. The siege began in March 1713 and ended
the city to this day. La Catedral (p61), the Capella Reial de Santa Ągata (p68) and the churches of Santa
on 11 September 1714.
Maria del Pi (p70) and Santa Maria del Mar (p83) were all built within the city s boundaries during
There were no half measures. Felipe V abolished the Generalitat, built a huge fort (the
the late 13th or early 14th centuries. King Pere III (1336 87) later created the breathtaking
Ciutadella) to watch over Barcelona, and banned writing and teaching in Catalan. What was
Reials Drassanes (Royal Shipyards; p78) and also extended the city walls yet again, this time to
left of Catalonia s possessions were farmed out to the great powers.
include the El Raval area to the west.
1283 1323 1348 1670 1714 1770
The Corts Catalanes, a legislative council Catalan forces land in Sardinia and launch An outbreak of plague devastates Barce- Barcelona s first bullfights are held for Barcelona loses all autonomy after A hurricane strikes Barcelona, causing
for Catalonia, meets for the first time a campaign of conquest that would only lona. Two-thirds of the city s population the Viceroy, the Duke of Osuńa, in the Pla surrendering to the Bourbon king, Felipe V, considerable damage. Among other things,
and begins to curtail unlimited powers end in 1409. Their most fierce enemy was may have died. Further waves of the Black del Palau. Fourteen bulls succumb to the on 11 September at the end of the War of the winds destroy more than 200 of the
of sovereigns in favour of the nobles and Eleonora de Arborea, a Sardinian Joan of Death, a plague of locusts in 1358 and an toreros in an activity that would become the Spanish Succession. city s 1500 gaslight street lamps.
powerful trading class in the cities. Arc. Sporadic revolts continue until 1478. earthquake in 1373 deal further blows. popular in the 19th century.
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Still, changing the cityscape had become habitual in modern Barcelona. La Rambla de Cat-
A NEW BOOM
alunya and Avinguda del Paral.lel were both slammed through in 1888. The Monument a Colom
After the initial shock, Barcelona found the Bourbon rulers to be comparatively light-handed
and Arc de Triomf, rather odd monuments in some respects (Columbus had little to do with
in their treatment of the city. Indeed, its prosperity and productivity was in Spain s national
Barcelona and tangible triumphs were in short supply), also were built that year.
interest. Throughout the 18th century, the Barcelonins concentrated on what they do best 
industry and commerce.
The big break came in 1778, when the ban on trade with the Spanish American colonies
BARCELONA REBORN
was lifted. Since the Conquistadors opened up South America to Spanish trade, Barcelona had
Barcelona was comparatively peaceful for most of the second half of the 19th century but far
been sidelined in a deliberate policy to favour Seville and its satellite ports, deemed as loyal
from politically inert. The relative calm and growing wealth that came with commercial success
to Madrid. That ban had been formalised after the defeat of 1714. Some enterprising traders
helped revive interest in all things Catalan.
had already sent vessels across the Atlantic to deal directly in the Americas  although this was
The Renaixen�a (Renaissance) reflected the feeling in Barcelona of renewed self-confidence.
still technically forbidden. Their early ventures were a commercial success and the lifting of
The mood was both backwards- and forwards-looking. Politicians and academics increas-
the ban stimulated business. In Barcelona itself, growth was modest but sustained. Small-scale
ingly studied and demanded the return of former Catalan institutions and legal systems. The
manufacturing provided employment and profit. Wages were rising and the city fathers even
Catalan language was readopted by the middle and upper classes and new Catalan literature
had a stab at town planning, creating the grid-based workers district of La Barceloneta.
emerged as well.
Before the industrial revolution, based initially on the cotton trade with America, could really
In 1892 the Unió Catalanista (Catalanist Union) demanded the re-establishment of the
get underway, Barcelona and the rest of Spain had to go through a little more pain. A French
Corts in a document known as the Bases de Manresa. In 1906 the suppression of Catalan news-
revolutionary army was launched Spain s way (1793 95) with limited success, but when Napo-
sheets was greeted by the formation of Solidaritat Catalana (Catalan Solidarity, a nationalist
leon turned his attentions to the country in 1808 it was another story. Barcelona and Catalonia
movement). Led by Enric Prat de la Riba, it attracted a broad band of Catalans, not all of them
suffered along with the rest of the country until the French were expelled in 1814 (Barcelona
nationalists.
was the last city in the hands of the French, who left in September).
Perhaps the most dynamic expression of the Catalan Renaissance occurred in the world of
By the 1830s, Barcelona was beginning to ride on a feel-good factor that would last for most
art. Barcelona was the home of Modernisme, Catalan Art Nouveau. While the rest of Spain
of the century. Wine, cork and iron industries developed. From the mid-1830s onwards, steam-
stagnated, Barcelona was a hotbed of artistic activity, an avant-garde base with close links to
ships were launched off the slipways. In 1848 Spain s first railway line was opened between
Paris. The young Picasso spread his artistic wings here and drank in the artists hang-out, Els
Barcelona and Mataró.
Quatre Gats (Map pp64 5), a Modernista tavern that today is a somewhat mediocre eatery.
Creeping industrialisation and prosperity for the business class did not work out so well
An unpleasant wake-up call came with Spain s short, futile war with the US in 1898, in which
down the line. Working-class families lived in increasingly putrid and cramped conditions. Poor
it lost not only its entire navy, but its last colonies (Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines). The
nutrition, bad sanitation and disease were the norm in workers districts, and riots, predictably,
blow to Barcelona s trade was enormous.
resulted. As a rule they were put down with little ceremony  the 1842 rising was bombarded
into submission from the Montju�c castle. Some relief came in 1854 with the knocking down
of the medieval walls but the pressure remained acute. MAYHEM
In 1869 a plan to expand the city was begun. Ildefons Cerdą designed l Eixample (the Enlarge- Barcelona s proletariat was growing fast. The total population grew from 115,000 in 1800 to
ment) as a grid, broken up with gardens and parks and grafted onto the old town, beginning over 500,000 by 1900 and over one million by 1930  boosted, in the early 19th century, by
at Pla�a de Catalunya. The plan was revolutionary. Until then it had been illegal to build in poor immigrants from rural Catalonia and, later, from other regions of Spain. All this made
the plains between Barcelona and Grącia, the area being a military zone. As industrialisation Barcelona ripe for unrest.
got underway this building ban also forced the concentration of factories in Barcelona itself The city became a swirling vortex of anarchists, Republicans, bourgeois regionalists, gang-
(especially in La Barceloneta) and surrounding towns like Grącia, Sant Mart�, Sants and Sant sters, police terrorists and hired pistoleros (gunmen). One anarchist bomb at the Liceu opera
Andreu (all of which were subsequently swallowed up by the burgeoning city). house on La Rambla in the 1890s killed 20 people. Anarchists were also blamed for the Setmana
L Eixample became (and to some extent remains) the most sought-after chunk of real estate Trągica (Tragic Week) in July 1909 when, following a military call-up for Spanish campaigns
in Barcelona  but the parks were mostly sacrificed to an insatiable demand for housing and in Morocco, rampaging mobs wrecked 70 religious buildings and workers were shot on the
undisguised land speculation. The flourishing bourgeoisie paid for lavish, ostentatious build- street in reprisal.
ings, many of them in the unique, Modernista style. In the post-WWI slump, unionism took hold. This movement was led by the anarchist Con-
There seemed to be no stopping this town. In 1888 it hosted a Universal Exhibition. Little federación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT), or National Workers Confederation, which embraced
more than a year before, work on the exhibition buildings and grounds had not even begun, 80% of the city s workers. During a wave of strikes in 1919 and 1920, employers hired assassins to
but they were all completed only 10 days late. Although the exhibition attracted more than two eliminate union leaders. The 1920s dictator General Miguel Primo de Rivera opposed bourgeois-
million visitors, it did not generate the international attention some had hoped for. Catalan nationalism and working-class radicalism, banning the CNT and even closing Barcelona
1808 1873 1895 1898 1914 July 1936
In the Battle of Bruc outside Barcelona, Antoni Gaud�, 21 years old and in Barcelona M�laga-born Pablo Picasso, 13, arrives in Spain loses its entire navy and last remain- The Mancomunitat de Catalunya, a first General Franco launches the Spanish Civil
Catalan militiamen defeat occupying since 1869, enrols in architecture school, Barcelona with his family. His art teacher ing colonies (the Philippines, Cuba and timid attempt at self-rule (restricted War in Morocco. In Barcelona, General
Napoleonic units in June. Nonetheless, from which he graduates five years later, father gets a job in the Escola de Belles Puerto Rico) in two hopeless campaigns largely to administrative matters) and Goded leads army units to take the city for
Barcelona, Figueres and the coast remain having already designed the street lamps Artes de la Llotja, where Pablo is enrolled against the United States of America, headed by Catalan nationalist Enric Prat Franco but is defeated by a combination
under French control until Napoleon is in Pla�a Reial. as a pupil. dealing a heavy blow to Barcelona de la Riba, is created in April. of left-wing militia, workers and loyalist
ejected from Spain in 1814. businesses. police.
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killed in Barcelona province during the civil war), and also burnt and wrecked churches 
which is why so many of Barcelona s churches are today oddly plain inside. They in turn
DIVE, DIVE, DIVE
were shunted aside by the communists (directed by Stalin from Moscow) after a bloody
It could have been the Spanish Navy s V2, a late-19th-century secret weapon. Narcis Monturiol i Estarriol (1819 85),
internecine battle in Barcelona that left 1500 dead in May 1937.
part-time publisher and all-round utopian, was fascinated by the sea. In 1859, he launched a wooden, fish-shaped
Barcelona became the Republicans national capital in autumn 1937. The Republican defeat
submarine, the Ict�neo, in Barcelona. Air shortages made only brief dives possible but Monturiol became an overnight
in the Battle of the Ebro in southern Catalonia in summer 1938 left Barcelona undefended.
celebrity. He received, however, not a jot of funding.
Republican resistance crumbled, partly due to exhaustion, in part due to disunity. In 1938
Undeterred, he sank himself further into debt by designing Ict�neo II. This was a first. It was 17m long, its screws
Catalan nationalists started negotiating separately with the Nationalists. Indeed, the last
were steam driven and Monturiol had devised a system for renewing the oxygen inside the vessel. It was trialled in
resistance put up in Barcelona was by some 2000 soldiers of the Fifth Regiment that had fought
1864 but again attracted no finance. Four years later, the vessel was broken up for scrap.
so long in Madrid! The city fell on 25 January 1939.
If the Spaniards had had a few of these when they faced the US Navy off Cuba and in the Philippines in 1898, perhaps
That first year of occupation was a strange hiatus before the full machinery of oppression
things might have turned out differently!
began to weigh in. Within two weeks of the city s fall, a dozen cinemas were in operation and
the following month Hollywood comedies were being shown between rounds of Nationalist
propaganda. The people were even encouraged to dance the sardana, Catalonia s national
football club, a potent symbol of Catalanism. But he did support the staging of a second world
dance, in public (the Nationalists thought such folkloric generosity might endear them to the
fair in Barcelona, the Montju�c World Exhibition of 1929.
people of Barcelona).
Rivera s repression only succeeded in uniting, after his fall in 1930, Catalonia s radical
On the other hand, the city presented an exhausted picture. The Metro was running but
elements. Within days of the formation of Spain s Second Republic in 1931, leftist Catalan
there were no buses (they had all been used on the front). Virtually all the animals in the
nationalists of the ERC (Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya), led by Francesc Macią and Llu�s
city zoo had died of starvation or wounds. There were frequent blackouts, and would be
Companys, proclaimed Catalonia a republic within an imaginary  Iberian Federation . Madrid
for years.
pressured them into accepting unitary Spanish statehood but, after the leftist Popular Front
By 1940, with WWII raging across Europe, Franco had his regime more firmly in place
victory in the February 1936 national elections, Catalonia briefly won genuine autonomy. Com-
and things turned darker for many. Catalan Francoists led the way in rounding up victims
panys, its president, carried out land reforms and planned an alternative Barcelona Olympics
and up to 35,000 people were shot in purges. At the same time, small bands of resistance
to the official 1936 games in Nazi Berlin.
fighters continued to harry the Nationalists in the Pyrenees through much of the 1940s. Llu�s
But things were racing out of control. The left and the right across Spain were shaping up
Companys was arrested in France by the Gestapo in August 1940, handed over to Franco,
for a showdown.
and shot on 15 October on Montju�c. He is reputed to have died with the words  Visca
Catalunya! ( Long live Catalonia! ) on his lips. The executions continued into the 1950s.
Barcelonins reacted in different ways. Most accepted the situation and tried to get on with
THE CIVIL WAR
living, while some leapt at opportunities, occupying flats abandoned by  Reds who had been
On 17 July 1936, an army uprising in Morocco kick-started the Spanish Civil War. Barcelona s
forced to flee. Speculators and industrialists in bed with Franco began to make money hand
army garrison attempted to take the city for General Franco but was defeated by anarchists
over fist while most people barely managed to keep body and soul together.
and police loyal to the government.
Franco s Nationalist forces quickly took hold of most of southern and western Spain; Galicia
and Navarra in the north were also his. Most of the east and industrialised north stood with FROM FRANCO TO PUJOL
Madrid. Initial rapid advances on Madrid were stifled and the two sides settled in for almost Franco had already abolished the Generalitat in 1938. Companys was succeeded as the head
three years of misery. of the Catalan government-in-exile in Mexico by Josep Irla and, in 1954, by the charismatic
For nearly a year, Barcelona was run by anarchists and the Partido Obrero de Unifi- Josep Tarradellas, who remained its head until after Franco s demise.
cación Marxista (POUM; the Marxist Unification Workers Party) Trotskyist militia, with Franco, meanwhile, embarked on a programme of Castilianisation. He banned public use
Companys as president only in name. Factory owners and rightists fled the city. Unions of Catalan and had all town, village and street names rendered in Spanish (Castilian). Book
took over factories and public services, hotels and mansions became hospitals and schools, publishing in Catalan was allowed from the mid-1940s, but education, radio, TV and the
everyone wore workers clothes (in something of a foretaste of what would later happen in daily press remained in Spanish.
Mao s China), bars and caf�s were collectivised, trams and taxis were painted red and black In Barcelona, the Francoist Josep Maria de Porcioles became mayor in 1957, a post he
(the colours of the anarchists) and one-way streets were ignored as they were seen to be held until 1973. That same year, he obtained for the city a  municipal charter that expanded
part of the old system. the mayor s authority and the city s capacity to raise and spend taxes, manage urban de-
The anarchists were a disparate lot ranging from gentle idealists to hardliners who drew velopment and, ultimately, widen the city s metropolitan limits to absorb neighbouring
up death lists, held kangaroo courts, shot priests, monks and nuns (over 1200 of whom were territory. He was responsible for such monstrosities as the concrete municipal buildings
March 1938 1939 1940 1957 1980 1992
In just three days of day and night air On 26 January, the first of Franco s troops, Hitler s henchman and chief of the SS, The Francoist Josep Maria de Porcioles Right-wing Catalan nationalist Jordi Pujol Barcelona is catapulted to the world
raids on Barcelona carried out by Fascist along with Italian tanks, roll into Barcelona Heinrich Himmler visits Barcelona, stays at becomes mayor of Barcelona and remains is elected president of the resurrected stage as it hosts the summer Olympic
Italian bombers based in Franco-controlled from Tibidabo and parade down Avinguda the Ritz, enjoys a folkloric show at Poble in charge until 1973. He presides over a Catalan regional government at the head Games. In preparation for the games,
Mallorca, 979 people are killed and 1500 Diagonal. Thousands flee the city towards Espanyol and has his wallet stolen. willy-nilly building spurt in the city and of the CiU coalition; he remains in power the city undergoes a radical renovation
wounded. the French border. builds the first rondas (ring roads). without interruption until 2003. programme whose momentum continues
to the present.
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Politics aside, the big event in post-Franco Barcelona was the successful 1992 Olympics,
planned under the guidance of the Socialist mayor, Pasqual Maragall. The Games spurred a
BARCELONA, OPEN CITY
burst of public works and brought new life to areas such as Montju�c, where the major events
It made little difference to Benito Mussolini, General Franco s overbearing Fascist comrade-in-arms, that Barcelona
were held. The once-shabby waterfront was transformed with promenades, beaches, marinas,
possessed few military targets worthy of note beyond its port and railway, or that it had been declared an open city
restaurants, leisure attractions and new housing.
precisely to avoid its destruction.
In a trial run for the horrors that would rain down on Europe in WWII, Italian bombers based in Mallorca (joined
towards the end of the war by Germany s terrifying Junkers JU87 Stuka dive-bombers), carried out air raids on the
A LEFTWARD LURCH & TUNNEL VISION
largely defenceless city (only three Italian planes were brought down over Barcelona in the entire war) regularly from 16
Pujol remained in power until 2003, when he stepped aside to make way for his designated suc-
March 1937 to 24 January 1939, a day before Nationalist troops marched in. Mussolini ordered the raids with or without
cessor, party colleague Artur Mas. Things didn t go according to plan, as Pasqual Maragall pipped
Franco s blessing, which the latter often withheld, realising that indiscriminate bombing of civilians would hardly boost
Mas at the post and formed an unsteady three-party coalition government in November 2003.
his popularity. Indeed, Franco prohibited attacks on urban centres in March 1938, after three days of relentless raids that
Maragall s principal achievement was reaching agreement between his Partit Socialista de
cost almost 1000 lives, but the Italians paid no heed. By the end of the war, almost 3000 Barcelonins had been killed,
Catalunya (PSC), his coalition partners Iniciativa Verds-Esquerra Unida (Green Initiative-
with 7000 wounded and 1800 buildings destroyed.
United Left) and independence-minded Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya (ERC, Republican
In a radio broadcast on 18 June 1940, as the Battle of Britain began, Winston Churchill declared:  I do not underrate
Left of Catalonia), and the opposition CiU on a new autonomy statute (Estatut). Since the
the severity of the ordeal which lies before us but I believe our countrymen will show themselves capable of standing
demise of Franco, Spain has devolved considerable powers to the regions, which are officially
up to it like the brave men of Barcelona. He might have added women and children, who together formed the bulk
known as comunidades autónomas (autonomous communities). All the Catalan parties (with
of the bombers victims.
the exception of the right-wing centralist Partido Popular, or PP) agreed on the need to acquire
still greater powers through a new statute. The proposed statute was submitted to the national
Spanish parliament for consideration in 2005 and was the subject of tough bargaining.
on Pla�a de Sant Miquel in the Barri G�tic. His rule marked a grey time for Barcelona.
In early 2006, Prime Minister Jos� Luis Rodr�guez Zapatero s governing Partido Socialista
Barely regulated urban expansion was the norm and decades of grime accumulated on the
Obrero Espańol (PSOE, Spanish Socialist Workers Party, of which the PSC is a branch) and
face of the city, hiding the delightful flights of architectural fantasy that today draw so
CiU struck a deal, behind Maragall s back, to approve a modified version of the Estatut.
many visitors.
Maragall reluctantly went along with the deal but his ERC allies protested and forced the
By the 1950s, opposition to Franco had turned to peaceful mass protests and strikes. In 1960,
dissolution of the Catalan parliament and snap elections in autumn 2006. Maragall, accused of
an audience at the city s Palau de la Mśsica Catalana concert hall (p87) sang a banned Catalan anthem
weakness in the face of the ERC by the PSOE, was obliged to make way for Madrid s preferred
in front of Franco. The ringleaders included a young Catholic banker, Jordi Pujol, who would
candidate, Jos� Montilla. In a virtual re-run, Montilla won by such a narrow margin that he
later rise to pre-eminence in the post-Franco era. For his singing effort he wound up in jail
was forced to re-establish the weak three-party coalition of his predecessor.
for a short time.
Catalans approved the new Estatut in a referendum in 2006 but within months it was being
Under Franco a flood of 1.5 million immigrants from poorer parts of Spain, chiefly Andaluc�a,
claimed that Madrid was dragging its feet on implementation. In September 2007 Barcelona
Extremadura and the northwest, poured into Catalonia (750,000 of them to Barcelona) in the
and Madrid agreed on a budget package for Catalonia that went some way to calming waters.
1950s and  60s looking for work. Many lived in appalling conditions. While some made the
Meanwhile, the PP launched an appeal in the Constitutional Court to repeal the Estatut, which
effort to learn Catalan and integrate as fully as possible into local society, the majority came to
it claims grants too much autonomy.
form Spanish-speaking pockets in the poorer working-class districts of the city and in a ring of
The ERC, whose ultimate objective is Catalan independence (a 2007 poll of Catalans sug-
satellite towns. Even today, the atmosphere in many of these towns is more Andalucian than
gested 60% wanted a referendum on independence, although only 18% wanted to separate
Catalan. Catalan nationalists will tell you it was all part of a Francoist plot to undermine the
Catalonia from Spain), made spectacular political gains in the 2003 Catalan elections and 2004
Catalan identity.
national elections.
Two years after Franco s death in 1975, Josep Tarradellas was invited to Madrid to hammer
Jordi Hereu, the PSC candidate who had replaced Joan Clos as mayor in 2006, came out
out the Catalan part of a regional autonomy policy. Eighteen days later, King Juan Carlos I
on top in the city s 2007 elections  just. ERC came off worse than expected and returned
decreed the re-establishment of the Generalitat and recognised Josep Tarradellas as its president.
to opposition rather than accept a reduced role in a coalition government. This left Hereu
Twenty years after his stint in Franco s jails, Pujol was elected Tarradellas successor at the head
running a minority government. Since then, the ERC (which in the March 2008 national
of the rightwing Catalan nationalist ConvergŁncia i Unió (CiU) coalition in April 1980. A wily
elections lost five of its eight seats in Madrid) has played a spoiler role at the municipal and
antagonist of the central authorities in Madrid, he waged a quarter-century war of attrition,
regional level, doing an about-face and voting with other opposition parties to freeze plans for
eking out greater fiscal and policy autonomy and vigorously promoting a re-Catalanisation
the controversial high-speed rail tunnel across central Barcelona. Given that the tunnel has
programme, with uneven success.
already been given the go-ahead, these votes amount to little more than grandstanding.
January 1994 2003 2006 December 2007 January 2008 March 2008
The Gran Teatre del Liceu, Barcelona s Popular former mayor of Barcelona, The Catalan government negotiates a Some 200,000 demonstrate in Barcelona A group of 15 Pakistanis and Indians, Socialist Prime Minister, Jos� Luis
opera house, burns to the ground as a Pasqual Maragall becomes the first Social- new autonomy statute with Madrid in a over months of rail chaos due to work on mostly resident in Barcelona, is arrested on Rodr�guez Zapatero wins second four-year
spark from a welder s blowtorch sets the ist president of Catalonia (with a wobbly compromise that leaves many unsatisfied the high-speed AVE train link to Madrid. suspicion of planning suicide bomb attacks term in office at Spanish national elections,
stage area alight. It is rebuilt and reopens three-party coalition) in tight elections and ultimately leads to the fall of Maragall. The event quickly degenerates into a on the metro system in the Catalan capital. with 169 seats (seven short of an absolute
in 1999. after Pujol steps aside in favour of CiU s His replacement, after snap elections, is pro-independence march. majority) to the right-wing opposition
Artur Mas. fellow Socialist Jos� Montilla. Partido Popular s 153 seats.
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The tunnel (which will run below the street next to two Gaud� monuments, the Sagrada the Reial-Monestir de Santa Maria de Poblet (see the
Fam�lia and La Pedrera, on its 6km route between Estació Sants and a new transport junction boxed text, p260) outside Barcelona.
at La Sagrera) has sparked opposition from directly affected neighbours and management
of the Sagrada Fam�lia. The latter claims vibrations due to tunnelling and train traffic will
Fortuny s Century
imperil Barcelona s number-one cultural sight. The city, regional and national governments
Little of greatness was achieved in Catalan
BEST MUSEUM FOR&
rubbish such claims. Experts are divided.
painting and sculpture from the end of the
Assurances that everything will be all right, however, ring hollow to many Barcelonins after

Ancient History Buffs: Museu d Hist�ria
Middle Ages to the 19th century. Barcelona
the years of chaos and suffering caused by construction of the high-speed line from Madrid
de la Ciutat (p67)
neither produced nor attracted any El Grecos,
to Estació Sants. Not only did it arrive six years late (in early 2008), but it caused damage

Lovers of the Sea and Gothic Architecture:
Vel�zquezs, Zurbar�ns, Murillos or Goyas.
to nearby housing, intolerable living conditions as works proceeded apace 24 hours a day,
Museu Mar�tim (p78)
By the mid-19th century, Realisme was the
and the collapse for months in the latter half of 2007 of the underfunded local train network

Devotees of Romanesque Art: Museu Nacional
modish medium on canvas, reaching a zenith
unleashed by the line works (including the caving in of a rail tunnel). This suggests to many
d Art de Catalunya (p139)
with the work of Marią Fortuny (1838 74).
that those responsible can hardly guarantee problem-free construction of the planned tunnel.

Aficionados of Pre-Colombian Art: Museu
The best known (and largest) of his paint-
Few who tried to catch a train into central Barcelona from the airport in much of 2006 and
Barbier-Mueller d Art Pre-Colomb� (p87)
ings is the  official version of the Batalla de
2007 will have failed to notice just how appalling the situation was.
Kids and Chocoholics: Museu de la Xocolata
Tetu�n (Battle of Tetu�n; 1863), depicting a
And no-one has forgotten the 2005 implosion of a metro tunnel under construction in
(p89)
rousing Spanish victory over a ragtag Moroc-
the suburb of El Carmel, which destroyed four apartment blocks and left more than 1200
can enemy in North Africa. Fortuny, whom
people homeless.
many consider the best Catalan artist of the
For years, Barcelona and the regional Catalan government have railed against Madrid s
19th century, left his native turf for Italy in 1857, where he died in Rome. He had lived for a time
lack of investment in infrastructure in Catalonia, from transport to electricity supply. As if
in Venice, where his lodgings now constitute a gallery of his works.
the rail chaos were not enough, part of the city was plunged into darkness for several days
in July 2007 in a chain reaction of burn-outs at city sub-stations.
Modernisme & Noucentisme
Towards the end of the 19th century, a fresher generation of artists emerged  the Modernistas.
Influenced by their French counterparts (Paris was seen as Europe s artistic capital), the Mod-
ARTS
ernistas allowed themselves greater freedom in interpretation than the Realists. They sought
Once home to Picasso and Miró, Barcelona has had an on-and-off run as a centre of artistic
not so much to portray observed  reality as to interpret it subjectively and infuse it with flights
creation. Today, art galleries and museums abound, world-class exhibitions are standard
of their own fantasy.
fare and there is a hum in the air. While cinema is largely the preserve of Madrid, Barcelona
Ramón Casas (1866 1932) and Santiago Rusińol (1861 1931) were the leading lights of
is Spain s publishing capital and many of the country s top writers are Catalans. If only to
Modernista painting. The former was a wealthy dilettante of some talent, the latter a more
reach a broader market, many of them choose to write in Spanish. On the other hand, a
earnest soul who ran a close second. Both were the toast of the bohemian set in turn-of-the-
bevy of musicians, from stalwarts with an international following to eager young rock bands,
20th-century Barcelona. The single best collection of works by these two artists is on show in
cheerfully belt out their songs in Catalan, a tradition that started in part as a way of flouting
the Museu Nacional d Art de Catalunya (MNAC; p139).
Francoist cultural repression. For many a young local, Catalan rock rocks!
In a similar class was Josep Llimona (1864 1934), the most prolific and prominent sculptor
of the late 19th century and on into the 1930s. His works can be seen scattered about town
PAINTING & SCULPTURE
today, ranging from the statue of Ramon Berenguer el Gran on the square of the same name
just off Via Laietana to friezes on the Monument a Colom (p71). He is often classed as a Modernista
The Middle Ages
but his style was in constant development across a long career.
Many anonymous artists left their work behind in medieval Catalonia, mostly in the form
From about 1910, as Modernisme fizzled, the more conservative cultural movement Noucent-
of frescoes, altarpieces and the like in Romanesque and Gothic churches. But a few lead-
isme (loosely  20th centuryism ) sought, in general, to advance Catalonia by looking backwards.
ing lights managed to get some credit. Gothic painter Ferrer Bass� (c 1290 1348) was one
The Noucentistas demanded a return to a  healthier classicism, clarity and  Mediterranean
of the region s first recognised masters. Influenced by the Italian school of Siena, his few
light after the  excesses of the Modernistas. From about 1917, a second wave of Noucentistas
surviving works include murals with a slight touch of caricature in the Monestir de Pedralbes
challenged these notions, which had begun to feel like an artistic straitjacket.
(p124).
Among the Noucentistas, Joaquim Sunyer (1874 1956) and Isidre Nonell (1876 1911) were
Bernat Martorell (1400 52), a master of chiaroscuro who was active in the mid-15th
clearly influenced by the likes of C�zanne; some of their works can be seen in the MNAC. They
century, was one of the region s leading exponents of International Gothic. As the Flemish
were soon to be overshadowed by true genius.
school gained influence, painters like Jaume Huguet (1415 92) adopted its sombre realism,
lightening the style with Hispanic splashes of gold, as in his Sant Jordi in the Museu Na-
cional d Art de Catalunya (MNAC; p139). Another of his paintings hangs in the Museu Frederic MarŁs 20th-Century Masters
(p68). PABLO PICASSO
In the latter museum you may be overwhelmed by the collection of medieval wooden Born in M�laga in Andaluc�a, Pablo Ruiz Picasso (1881 1973) was already sketching by the age
sculpture. Mostly anonymous sculptors were busy throughout Catalonia from at least the 12th of nine. After a stint in La Coruńa (in Galicia), he landed in Barcelona in 1895. His father had
century, carving religious images for the growing number of churches. Although saints and obtained a post teaching art at the Escola de Belles Artes de la Llotja (then housed in the stock
other characters sometimes figured, by far the most common subjects were Christ crucified exchange building) and had his son enrolled there too. It was in Barcelona and Catalonia that
and the Virgin Mary with the Christ child sitting on her lap. Picasso matured, spending his time ceaselessly drawing and painting.
Another source of exquisite sculpture lies in VIP sarcophagi. Examples range from the After a stint at the Escuela de Bellas Artes de San Fernando in Madrid in 1897, Picasso spent
alabaster memorial to Santa Euląlia in La Catedral (p61) to the pantheon of count-kings in six months with his friend Manuel PallarŁs in bucolic Horta de Sant Joan, in western Catalonia 
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he would later claim that it was there he
learned everything he knew. In Barcelona,
STREET TREATS
Picasso lived and worked in the Barri G�tic
Barcelona hosts an array of street sculpture, from Miró s 1983 Dona i Ocell (Map pp140 1), in the park dedicated to the
and El Raval (where he was introduced to the
artist, to Peix (Fish; Map pp98 9), Frank Gehry s shimmering, bronze-coloured headless fish facing Port Ol�mpic. Half-
seamier side of life in the Barri XinŁs).
way along La Rambla, at Pla�a de la Boqueria, you can walk all over Miró s Mosa�c de Miró. Picasso left an open-air mark
By the time Picasso moved to France in GALLERIES
with his design on the fa�ade of the Col.legi de Arquitectes (Map pp64 5) opposite La Catedral in the Barri G�tic.
1904, he had explored his first highly per-

CaixaForum (p142) A beautifully restored Mod-
Others you may want to keep an eye out for are Barcelona s Head (Map p93) by Roy Lichtenstein at the Port Vell end
sonal style. In this so-called Blue Period, his
ernista factory that hosts top art exhibitions.
of Via Laietana and Fernando Botero s characteristically tumescent El Gat (Map pp76 7) on Rambla del Raval.
canvases have a melancholy feel heightened

Museu Picasso (p83) A unique insight into the
Just plain weird is what looks like a precarious pile of square rusty containers on Platja de Sant Sebastią. Made in
by the trademark dominance of dark blues.
early years of Picasso s career.
1992 by Rebecca Horn, it is called Homenatge a la Barceloneta (Tribute to La Barceloneta; Map p93). Odd tribute.
Some of his portraits and cityscapes from this

Fundació Joan Miró (p143) A grand canvas of this
A little further south is the 2003 Homenatge als Nedadors (Tribute to the Swimmers; Map p93), a complex metallic
period were created in and inspired by what
local boy s life s work.
rendition of swimmers and divers in the water by Alfredo Lanz. Odder still, while on the subject of tributes, is Antoni
he saw in Barcelona. Plenty of pieces from this

Museu d Art Contemporani de Barcelona (p79)
Tąpies 1983 Homenatge a Picasso (aka L Estel Ferit, the Wounded Star; Map p84 5) on Passeig de Picasso, a glass
period hang in the Museu Picasso (p83).
Barcelona s main contemporary art palace, with
cube set in a pond and filled with, well, junk.
This was followed by the Pink (or Rose)
constantly changing exhibitions.
Antoni Llena s David i Goliat (Map pp98 9), a massive sculpture of tubular and sheet iron, in the Parc de les Cascades
Period, in which Picasso s subjects became

Fundació Antoni Tąpies (p109) A Modernista
near Port Ol�mpic s two skyscrapers, looks like an untidy kite inspired by Halloween. Beyond this, Avinguda d Icąria is
merrier and the colouring leaned towards
home for a selection of the great Catalan con-
lined by architect Enric Miralles so-called Pergoles  bizarre, twisted metal contraptions.
light pinks and greys.
temporary painter s work and exhibitions of other
And who is taking the mickey at the bottom end of Rambla de Catalunya? The statue of a thinking bull is simply
Picasso was a turbulent character and gifted
artists.
called Meditation (Map pp108 9), but one wonders what Rodin would make of it.
not only as a painter but as a sculptor, graphic
One of the best known pieces of public art whimsy is Xavier Mariscal s Gamba (Prawn, although it is actually a
designer and ceramicist. Down the years, his
crayfish; Map p93) on Passeig de Colom. Stuck here in 1987 on the roof of the Gambrinus bar, when this strip was lined
work encompassed many style changes. With Les Demoiselles d Avignon (Ladies of Avignon;
by popular designer bars (which unfortunately disappeared in the late 1990s), it has remained as a kind of seafood
1907), Picasso broke with all forms of traditional representation, introducing a deformed
symbol of the city (and was restored in 2004).
perspective that would later spill over into cubism. The subject was supposedly taken from the
For a comprehensive look at street art (and much more), go to the city of Barcelona s main website (www.bcn.cat)
Carrer d Avinyó in the Barri G�tic, in those days populated with a series of brothels.
and click on Art Pśblic (under La Ciutat/The City). Here you will find a host of files on public sculpture, along with a host
By the mid-1920s, he was dabbling with surrealism. His best-known work is Guernica (in
of other categories of art and architecture.
Madrid s Centro de Arte Reina Sofia), a complex painting portraying the horror of war, inspired
by the German aerial bombing of the Basque town Gernika in 1937.
Picasso worked prolifically during and after WWII and he was still cranking out paintings,
Prolific painter, showman, shameless self-promoter or just plain weirdo, Dal� was nothing if
sculptures, ceramics and etchings until the day he died in 1973.
not a character  probably a little too much for the conservative small-town folk of Figueres.
Every now and then a key moment arrives that can change the course of one s life. Dal� s
JOAN MIRÓ
came in 1929, when the French poet Paul �luard visited Cadaqu�s with his Russian wife, Gala.
By the time the 13-year-old Picasso arrived in Barcelona, his near contemporary, Joan Miró
The rest, as they say, is histrionics. Dal� shot off to Paris to be with Gala and plunged into the
(1893 1983), was cutting his teeth on rusk biscuits in the Barri G�tic, where he was born. He
world of surrealism.
spent a third of his life in Barcelona but later divided his time between France, the Tarragona
In the 1930s, Salvador and Gala returned to live at Port Lligat on the north Catalan coast,
countryside and the island of Mallorca, where he ended his days.
where they played host to a long list of fashionable and art-world guests until the war years 
Like Picasso, Miró attended the Escola de Belles Artes de la Llotja. He was initially uncer-
the parties were by all accounts memorable.
tain about his artistic vocation  in fact he studied commerce. In Paris from 1920, he mixed
They started again in Port Lligat in the 1950s. The stories of sexual romps and Gala s ap-
with Picasso, Hemingway, Joyce and friends, and made his own mark, after several years of
petite for young local boys are legendary. The 1960s saw Dal� painting pictures on a grand
struggle, with an exhibition in 1925. The masterpiece from this, his so-called realist period,
scale, including his 1962 reinterpretation of Marią Fortuny s Batalla de Tetu�n. On his death
was La Masia (Farmhouse).
in 1989, he was buried (according to his own wish) in the Teatre-Museu he had created on
It was during WWII, while living in seclusion in Normandy, that Miró s definitive leitmotifs
the site of the old theatre in central Figueres, which now houses the single greatest collec-
emerged. Among the most important images that appear frequently throughout his work
tion of Dal� s work.
are women, birds (the link between earth and the heavens), stars (the unattainable heavenly
world, the source of imagination), and a sort of net entrapping all these levels of the cosmos.
The Miró works that most people are acquainted with emerged from this time  arrangements The Present
of lines and symbolic figures in primary colours, with shapes reduced to their essence. Artistic life did not come grinding to a halt with the demise of Miró and Dal�. Barcelona
In the 1960s and  70s, Miró devoted more of his time to creating sculpture and designing
has for decades been a minor cauldron of activity, dominated by the figure of Antoni Tąpies
textiles, largely employing the same kinds of symbolic figures as those in his paintings. He
(1923 ), an elder statesman of Catalan contemporary art. Early in his career (from the mid-
lived in Mallorca, home of his wife Pilar Juncosa, from 1956 until his death in 1983. The
1940s onwards) he seemed keen on self-portraits, but also experimented with collage using
Fundació Joan Miró (p143), housed in Montju�c, has the single largest collection of Miró s work in
all sorts of materials from wood to rice. Check out his Fundació Antoni Tąpies (p109).
the world today.
Joan Brossa (1921 98) was a cultural beacon in Barcelona, a poet, artist and man of
theatre. His  visual poems , lithographs and other artworks in which letters generally figure,
SALVADOR DAL� along with all sorts of objects, make his world accessible to those who can t read his Catalan
Although he spent precious little time in Barcelona, and nothing much of his can be seen in the city, poetry. Get a taste at the Fundació Joan Brossa (p113).
it would be churlish to leave Salvador Dal� i DomŁnech (1904 89) out of the picture. He was born Barcelona-born Jaume Plensa (1955 ) is possibly Spain s best contemporary sculptor. His
and died in Figueres, where he left his single greatest artistic legacy, the Teatre-Museu Dal� (p249). work ranges from sketches through to sculpture, and video and other installations that have
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been shown around the world. In 2008 he took centre stage as a guest sculptor at Arco, The first great Catalan writer was Ramon Llull (1235 1315), who eschewed the use of Latin
Madrid s international contemporary art fair. He has left grand pieces of public sculpture in and Proven�al. His two best-known works are El Llibre de les BŁsties (Book of Beasts) and El
more than 35 locations around the world. Llibre d Amic i Amat (Book of the Friend and the Loved One), the former an allegorical attack
Joan Hern�ndez Pijuan (1931 2005) was one of the most important 20th-century abstract on feudal corruption and the latter a series of short pieces aimed at daily meditation.
painters to come out of Barcelona. Having studied, like Picasso and Miró, at the Llotja, he
The count-king Jaume I was a bit of a scribbler himself, writing a rare autobiographical work
produced work concentrating on natural shapes and figures, often using neutral colours on
called Llibre dels Feyts (Book of Deeds) in the late 13th century.
different surfaces.
Everyone has a  golden century , and for Catalan writers it was the 15th. Ausiąs March
Xavier Corberó (1935 ), influenced by his friend Salvador Dal�, has created a mixed oeuvre
(1400 59), from Valencia, forged a poetic tradition that inspires Catalan poets to this day.
of difficult-to-classify sculptures that betray something of the dream-nightmare quality so
Several European peoples claim responsibility for producing the first novel. The Catalans
often apparent in Dal� s work.
claim it was Joanot Martorell (c 1405 65), with Tirant lo Blanc (Tirant the White Knight).
Susana Solano (1946 ) is a painter and sculptor, one of the most important at work
Cervantes himself thought it the best book in the world. Martorell was a busy fighting knight
in Spain today and certainly one of Barcelona s best. She often uses steel in her works,
and his writing tells of bloody battles, war, politics and sex. Some things don t change!
such as Huella Desnuda Que Mira (Naked Trace Looking), and frequently designs for large
open spaces. But her palette is broad, extending to video installations, collages, jewellery and
smaller-scale sculpture. Renaixen�a
Jordi Colomer (1962 ) makes heavy use of audiovisual material in his artworks, creating
Catalan literature declined after the 15th century and only began to make a comeback with
highly imaginative spaces and three-dimensional images. Somewhat hallucinatory videos
the economic boom of the 19th century, which brought a renewal of interest in intellectual
such as Simo and Pianito shot him to fame in the late 1990s, but his latest work Prototipos
circles in all things Catalan. The revival of Catalan literature is commonly dated to 1833, when
(2005) embraces sculpture (of a sort) with a selection of what look like weird white classic
homesick Carles Aribau (1798 1862) penned the rather saccharine poem A la Pątria (To the
cars.
Homeland) in Madrid. Catalonia s bard was, however, a country pastor called Jacint Verdaguer
Some of the paintings of Joanpere Massana (1968 ), born in the province of Lleida but
(1845 1902), whose L Atląntida is an epic that defies easy description. Verdaguer s death in a
educated in Barcelona, are a little reminiscent of Tąpies, with his use of different materials
farmhouse outside Barcelona (Parc de Collserola; see p134) was greeted as a national tragedy.
and broad brushstrokes to create striking images. He also does installation art. David Casals
Modernisme s main literary voice was the poet Joan Maragall (1860 1911). Also notewor-
(1976 ), who only finished his degree at the University of Barcelona in 1999, already has
thy is the work of V�ctor Catalą (1873 1966), actually Caterina Albert. Her principal work,
behind him an impressive series of exhibitions for his paintings, which include thoughtful
Solitud (Solitude), charts the awakening of a young woman whose husband has taken her
landscapes done in acrylic on paper or wood.
to live in the Pyrenees.
To see the work of these and other artists head first to the Museu d Art Contemporani de Barcelona
(Macba; p79), where you will get a good introductory look at what is happening in con-
Into the 20th Century
temporary local art. CaixaForum (p142) and the Centre d Art Santa M�nica (p61) are excellent public
What Verdaguer was to poetry, Josep Pla (1897 1981) was to prose. He wrote in Catalan
galleries. The latter concentrates on contemporary artists, including a bevy of emerging
and Spanish and his work ranged from travel writing (after Franco s victory in 1939 he spent
Catalan talent.
many years abroad) to histories and fiction.
The private commercial gallery scene has traditionally been concentrated on and around
MercŁ Rodoreda (1909 83), who spent many years in exile after the Spanish Civil War,
Carrer del Consell de Cent, between Passeig de Grącia and Carrer d Aribau. A handful of
published one of her best-known works, Pla�a del Diamant (The Time of the Doves) in
classic galleries operate in the Barri G�tic, of which the long-standing Sala Par�s (p155) is the
1962. It recounts life in Barcelona before, during and after the war, through the eyes of a
most interesting if you want to tap into shows by a broad range of Catalan artists working
struggling working-class woman.
today. Also worth keeping an eye on is the Art Barcelona association of more than 25 art
In the 1930s, George Orwell (1903 50) was one of many idealistic leftists who flooded into
galleries (www.artbarcelona.es). You can see what s on show in these galleries on the website.
Barcelona to join the fight against Franco s Nationalist forces. His account of those difficult
A bigger umbrella group of more than 100 art galleries throughout Catalonia is the Gremi de
days, Homage to Catalonia, is a classic.
Galeries d Art de Catalunya. Check out their useful website (www.galeriescatalunya.com).
Juan Goytisolo (1931 ), who lives in Marrakech, started off in the neo-Realist camp but
his more recent works, such as the trilogy made up of Seńas de Identidad (Marks of Iden-
LITERATURE beating heart of Spanish tity), Reivindicacion del Conde Don Juli�n (Count Julian) and Juan sin Tierra (John the
Barcelona is the Landless), are decidedly more experimental and by far his most powerful writings. Much
publishing. All the literary big-hitters, such of his work revolves around sexuality, as he equates sexual freedom (he is bisexual) with
as Tusquets Editores (run by the formidable political freedom.
Esther Tusquets, Catalonia s formidable first Goytisolo s contemporary, Jaime Gil de Biedma (1929 90), was one of Spain s key 20th-
lady of letters), Seix-Barral, Anagrama, Planeta century poets.
BOOKS
and Quaderns Crema, are based here. Catalo- Montserrat Roig (1946 91) crammed a lot of journalistic and fiction writing (largely in

La Sombra del Viento (The Shadow of the Wind;
nia teems with world-class writers. Catalan) into her short life. Her novels include Ramon Ad�u (Goodbye Ramon) and El Temps
2004), Carlos Ruiz Zafón
de les Cireres (The Time of the Cherries).

La Ciudad de los Prodigios (The City of Marvels;
Manuel V�zquez Montalb�n (1939 2003) was one of the city s most prolific writers, and
From Law Codes to the 1986), Eduardo Mendoza
is best known for his Pepe Carvalho detective novel series and a range of other thrillers.

Homage to Catalonia (1938), George Orwell
Montalb�n shared with his character Pepe a predilection for the semi-obscurity of El Raval,
Segle d Or

Pla�a del Diamant (The Time of the Doves; 1962),
where he ate frequently at Casa Leopoldo (p174). Among his works available in English are
The earliest surviving documents written
MercŁ Rodoreda
thrillers such as Murder in the Central Committee and Gal�ndez. The latter is about the
in Catalan date from the 12th century and

La Catedral del Mar (Cathedral of the Sea; 2006),
capture, torture and death of a Basque activist in the Dominican Republic in the 1950s.
include the Homilies d Organyą, a religious
Ildefonso Falcones
The kinds of character that pop up in Carvalho s world would have had a lot in common
work.
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BACKGROUND ARTS
with the tortured French writer, Jean Genet,
MUSIC
whose 1949 novel, Journal du Voleur (Diary
CASANOVA IN JAIL AGAIN
of a Thief) is set in the then much dodgier
Contemporary
That incorrigible Venetian lover and one-time in-
streets of El Raval.
Curiously, it was probably the Franco repression that most helped foster a vigorous local music
mate of the Piombi jail in Venice s Palazzo Ducale,
Barcelona writer Joan Sales i VallŁs
scene in Catalan. In those dark years, the Nova Can�ó (New Song) movement was born in
Giacomo Casanova (1725 98) arrived in Barcelona
(1912 1983) left behind some powerful nov-
the 1950s to resist linguistic oppression with music in Catalan (getting air time on the radio
in 1769, having been expelled from Paris and spent
els, such as Incerta Gl�ria (Uncertain Glory)
was long close to impossible), throwing up stars that in some cases won huge popularity
some time trundling around Spain in search of a little
and El Vent de la Nit (Night Wind), on the
throughout Spain, such as the Valencia-born Raimon (1940 ).
peace and work. Seemingly unable to keep out of
Spanish Civil War, love and defeat.
More specifically loved in Catalonia as a Bob Dylan style 1960s protest singer-songwriter
trouble, Casanova got tangled up with a lively bal-
Jorge Semprśn (1923 ), who wound up in
was Llu�s Llach (1948 ), much of whose music was more or less anti-regime. Joan Manuel
lerina, who happened to be the lover of the governor
a Nazi concentration camp for his activities
Serrat (1943 ) is another legendary figure. His appeal stretches from Barcelona to Buenos
of Catalonia. It is perhaps unsurprising that Casanova
with the French Resistance in WWII, writes
Aires. Born in the Poble Sec district, this poet-singer is equally at ease in Catalan and Span-
wound up behind bars in the Ciutadella castle. After
mostly in French. His first novel, Le Grand
ish. He has repeatedly shown that record sales are not everything to him. In 1968 he refused
40 days incarceration, he was set free and moved
Voyage (The Long Voyage), is one of his
to represent Spain at the Eurovision song contest if he were not allowed to sing in Catalan.
on to Perpignan, back on French territory, where he
best. It is his account of the agonising jour-
Accused of being anti-Spanish, he was long banned from performing in Spain.
presumably breathed a sigh of relief.
ney of a young Spaniard who had fought
A specifically local strand of rock has emerged since the 1980s. Rock Catalą (Catalan rock)
with the French Resistance on his way to
is not essentially different from rock anywhere else, except that it is sung in Catalan by local
the Buchenwald concentration camp 
bands that appeal to local tastes. Among the most popular and long-lived groups are Sau, Els
it is his own story.
Pets (one of the region s top acts), Lax n Busto and the Valenciano band, Obrint Pas.
Mario Lacruz (1929 2000) was better known as a publisher than as a novelist but after
The annual summer Senglar Rock music festival (www.senglarrock.com) is the date for Catalan rock
his death a curious manuscript, written in English in the 1960s, was discovered. Gaud�,
music, usually spiced up with some international acts. Since 2005 it has been held over three
Una Novela, posthumously published in Spanish and Catalan, is an intriguing novel about
days in Lleida, but the dates and location tend to change each year.
the architect.
The Pinker Tones is a Barcelona duo that has quickly scaled the heights of international
popularity with an eclectic electronic mix of music, ranging from dizzy dance numbers to
film soundtracks. Their second album, The Million Colour Revolution, is their best. Another
The Present
Barcelona band with international ambitions and flavours is Macaco. Their latest album,
One of Montalb�n s contemporaries, Juan Mars� (1933 ) is another iconic figure on the
Ingravitto, is an eloquent expression of this, with lyrics in several languages and a musical
Barcelona literature scene. Among his outstanding novels is El Embrujo de Shanghai (The
mix inspired by anything from reggae to Manu Chao (the French-Latino singer-songwriter
Shanghai Spell). Set in Grącia, it was brought to the screen in a memorable film by Fern-
who for years has lived in Barcelona). When people talk about  Raval sound (after the name
ando Trueba in 2002. The story revolves around characters struggling along in the wake of
of the still somewhat seedy old town district), this is the kind of thing they mean.
the civil war and a 14-year-old s timid discovery of love. Rather more rough and tumble is
Far greater success across Spain has gone to Estopa, a male rock duo from Cornellą, a
Canciones de Amor en el Lolita s Club (Love Songs in Lolita s Club), an excursion into the
satellite suburb of Barcelona. The guitar-wielding brothers sing a clean Spanish rock, occa-
seedy world of prostitution and pimps.
sionally with a vaguely flamenco flavour. Pastora is a Barcelona trio that peddles a successful
Eduardo Mendoza (1943 ) is one of Barcelona s finest contemporary writers. His La
brand of soft Spanish pop.
Ciudad de los Prodigios (The City of Marvels) is an absorbing and at times bizarre novel set
Sabadell-born Albert Pla (1966 ) is one of the most controversial singer-songwriters on the
in the city in the period between the Universal Exhibition of 1888 and the World Exhibition
national scene today. Swinging between his brand of forthright rock lyrics, stage and cinema,
of 1929.
he is a multifaceted maestro. His latest CD, Vida y Milagros, is as good as any.
Enrique Vila-Matas (1948 ) has won fans way beyond his native Barcelona and his nov-
For a pleasing combination of rock and folk, Mesclat is a group to watch out for and par-
els have been translated into a dozen languages. In Paris No Se Acaba Nunca (Paris Never
ticularly popular on their home turf. Band members come from all over Catalonia. They have
Ends), Vila-Matas returns to the 1970s, when he rented a garret in Paris from Marguerite
cut a couple of CDs, Mesclat and Manilla.
Duras and penned his first novel.
The runaway success story in the bookstore in recent times has been La Sombra del Viento
(The Shadow of the Wind), by Barcelona-born, US-based Carlos Ruiz Zafón (1964 ). This
THE POWER OF PAU
engaging, multi-layered mystery story plays out over several periods in Barcelona s 20th-
century history. Hot on Zafón s tail is Ildefonso Falcones (1945 ) with his La Catedral del Pau Casals (1876 1973) was one of the greatest cellists of the 20th century. Born in El Vendrell, in southern Catalonia,
Mar (Cathedral of the Sea), a historical novel set in medieval Barcelona and telling the story he was playing in the orchestra of the Teatre del Liceu by the age of 20 and, in 1899, he debuted in London and Paris.
of construction of the Esgl�sia de Santa Maria del Mar (p83) in La Ribera, a Gothic beauty raised in He chose exile in southern France after Franco s victory in the civil war. In 1946 he declared he would not play in public
record-, and for many of its workers, back-breaking time. It is not timeless literature but any more as long as the Western democracies continued to tolerate Franco s regime. One of the most moving moments
offers interesting insights into medieval life in Barcelona. of his career came when he accepted a request to play before the UN General Assembly in New York in 1958. The concert
Quim Monzó (1952 ) is perhaps the highest profile author writing in Catalan today. was transmitted by radio around the world and that same year he was a candidate for the Nobel Peace Prize.
He churns out a stream of short stories, columns and essays. His wide-ranging work is In his later years he worked increasingly as a conductor. He was also a prolific composer of operatic songs, although
marked by a mordant wit and an abiding interest in pornography. He revised his best the bulk of his works remain unpublished. He died in Puerto Rico in 1973, and his remains were brought back to El
stories and published them under one volume, Vuitanta-sis Contes (Eighty-six Short Sto- Vendrell in 1979. You can visit the beachside Museu Pau Casals ( 977 68 42 76; www.paucasals.org; Avinguda
%
ries), in 1999. Palfuriana 67, Sant Salvador, near El Vendrell) in the house he had built as a summer retreat in 1910. Take the regular
rodalies train from Barcelona (Passeig de Grącia) to Sant Vicen� de Calders (Ź 4.10, one hour 10 minutes). And don t
A rarity on the local literary scene is Matthew Tree, a born and bred Brit who has lived in
forget your swimming costume!
Catalonia since the mid-1980s and writes predominantly in Catalan. His Aniversari (2005)
is a penetrating look at his adopted home, at once an insider s and outsider s view.
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To get a further look into the Barcelona Tirant Lo Blanc, to his adaptation of Juan
Mars� s Canciones de Amor en el Lolita s Club
music scene, have a listen to Scanner.BCN (www
LONGING FOR CUBA
in 2007.
.bcn.cat/scannerbcn). Jazz lovers curious about
The oldest musical tradition to have survived to some
Vilanova i la Geltrś s Sergi López (1965 )
what s cooking in Barcelona can tune into
degree in Catalonia is that of the havaneres (from
has asserted himself as a prominent and
Barcelonajazzradio (www.barcelonajazzradio.com).
Havana)  nostalgic songs and melancholy sea shan-
versatile actor across Europe (especially in FILMS SHOT IN BARCELONA
Badalona boy �ngel Molina is possibly the
ties brought back from Cuba by Catalans who lived,
France) in films like Stephen Frears Dirty

most sought-after DJ in Spain, not just his
Perfume: The Story of a Murderer (Tom Tykwer;
sailed and traded there in the 19th century. Even after
Pretty Things (2002), a bizarre murder story
near-native Barcelona. He is what you might
2006) Starring Ben Wishaw as the psychopathic
Spain lost Cuba in 1898, the havanera tradition (a mix
set in the illegal immigrant scene in Lon-
call a thinking person s DJ, mixing all sorts of
Jean-Baptiste Grenouille, this film is based on the
of European and Cuban rhythms) continued. A magi-
don. He plays a nasty fellow who meets an
sounds and indulging in a little experimenta-
extraordinary novel by Patrick S�sskind and is
cal opportunity to enjoy these songs is the Cantada
unpleasant end.
tion rather than pounding a techno board.
partly shot on locations across town and around
d Havaneres, an evening concert held in Calella, on
Barcelona s tourism folk have set up a web-
See also p197.
Catalonia (including Girona, the Castell de Sant
the Costa Brava, on or around 1 July. Otherwise, you
site (www.barcelonamovie.com) with sug-
Ferran in Figueres and Tarragona).
may stumble across performances elsewhere along
gested walking tours taking in spots where

Vicky Cristina Barcelona (Woody Allen; 2008) 
the coast or even in Barcelona, but there is no set
Classical, Opera & Baroque
various films have been shot in Barcelona.
Barcelona was all agog in 2007 as Woody Allen,
programme.
Spain s contribution to the world of classical
Print  em out and follow in the footsteps of
Scarlett Johansson, Penelope Cruz and Javier
music has been modest, but Catalonia has
Almodóvar or Jean-Baptiste Grenouille, the
Bardem wandered around shooting Allen s vision
produced a few exceptional composers. Best
unpleasant character of Perfume: The Story
of Barcelona. Bardem s character, a painter, gets
known is Camprodon-born Isaac Alb�niz (1860 1909), a gifted pianist who later turned his
of a Murderer.
Cruz and Johansson all hot and sweaty in this light
hand to composition. Among his best-remembered works is the Iberia cycle.
romantic romp.
Lleida s Enric Granados i Campińa (1867 1916) was another fine pianist. He established

Todo Sobre Mi Madre (All About My Mother;
Barcelona s conservatorium in 1901 and composed a great many pieces for piano, including
THEATRE
Pedro Almodóvar; 1999) One of the Spanish direc-
Danzas Espańolas, Cantos de la Juventud and Goyescas.
Barcelona rivals Madrid as a centre of theat-
tor s most polished films, partly set in Barcelona. A
Other Catalan composers and musicians of some note include Eduard Toldrą (1895 1962)
rical production in Spain. The bulk of dra-
quirky commentary that ties together the lives of
and Frederic Mompou (1893 1987).
matic theatre on Barcelona s stages is done
the most improbable collection of women (includ-
Montserrat Caball� is Barcelona s most successful voice. Born in Grącia in 1933, the soprano
in Catalan, whether local fringe stuff or in-
ing a couple of transsexuals).
made her debut in 1956 in Basel (Switzerland). Her home-town launch came four years later
terpretations of Ibsen and Shakespeare.

L Auberge Espagnole (The Spanish Apartment;
in the Gran Teatre del Liceu (p71). In 1965, she performed to wild acclaim at New York s Carnegie
Several outstanding local theatre com-
C�dric Klapisch; 2002) A young Parisian from the
Hall and went on to become one of the world s finest 20th-century sopranos. Her daughter,
panies have a far wider appeal. One of the
suburbs, Xavier, goes to Barcelona to learn Spanish
Montserrat Mart�, is also a singer and they occasionally appear together. Another fine Catalan
world s wackiest theatre companies is La
for business. It ain t easy when university classes
soprano was Victoria de los �ngeles (1923 2005), while Catalonia s other world-class opera
Fura dels Baus (www.lafura.com). These guys turn
are given half the time in Catalan, but Xavier has
star is the renowned tenor Josep (Jos�) Carreras (1946 ).
theatre spaces (or warehouses, or boats& )
no yen to return to Paris.
Jordi Savall (1941 ) has assumed the task of rediscovering a European heritage in music that
into a kind of participatory apocalypse and
El Taxista Ful (Jo Sol; 2005) Taxi driver Jos� R lives
predates the era of the classical greats. He and his wife, soprano Montserrat Figueras, have,
can, as with their Boris Gudonov act in
on the edge, because the cabs he drives around
along with musicians from other countries, have been largely responsible for resuscitating the
2008, in which they turned their audiences
Barcelona are stolen. Making a living isn t easy in
beauties of medieval, Renaissance and baroque music. In 1987, Savall founded La Capella Reial
into hostages in a terrorist situation, reach
the big city. Loosely based on a true story.
de Catalunya and two years later he formed the baroque orchestra Le Concert des Nations. You
(or pass) the limits of what many might
can sometimes catch their recitals in locations such as the Esgl�sia de Santa Maria del Mar (p83).
consider good taste. Tricicle (www.tricicle.com)
is a three-man mime team easily enjoyed by anyone. Els Comediants (www.comediants.com) and La
Cubana (www.lacubana.es) are highly successful comedy groups that owe a lot to the impromptu
CINEMA
world of street theatre. Els Joglars (www.elsjoglars.com) are not afraid to create pieces full of social
In 1932 Francesc Macią, president of the Generalitat, opened Spain s first studios for making  talk-
critique, while Dagoll Dagom (www.dagolldagom.com) is Catalonia s very own bells-and-whistles musical
ies and a year later Metro Goldwyn Mayer had a dubbing studio in Barcelona. But since Franco s
theatre company. Lavish and somewhat all-over-the-place performances are their speciality,
victory in 1939, pretty much all cinematic production has taken place in Madrid.
with lots of kitschy high drama. They switch between home-grown material and original
Jos� Juan Bigas Luna (1946 ) is one of Catalonia s best known directors, responsible for the
interpretations of Broadway classics.
hilarious Jamón, Jamón (1992). His latest flick, Yo Soy la Juani (I am Juani; 2006), takes us into
See p218 for theatrical locations.
the life of a modern young woman in the tough world of Barcelona s outer suburbs.
Ventura Pons (1945 ) is a veteran of Catalan theatre and film-making who cranks out movies
with almost frightening speed. Barcelona (Un Mapa), which came out in 2007, looks at six urban
DANCE
characters gathered together but essentially lonely in an Eixample apartment.
Contemporary
Grącia-born Isabel Coixet (1960 ) has had some ups and downs with some original films. She
Barcelona is the capital of contemporary dance in Spain, and Ramon Oller is the city s lead-
reached a high point (and four Goyas, the Spanish equivalent of the Oscars) for Vida Secreta de
ing choreographer, working with one of the country s most established companies, Metros
las Palabras (The Secret Life of Words; 2005), in which a taciturn nurse arrives on a moribund
(www.metrosdansa.com), which he created in 1986. Its dance is rooted in a comparatively formal
North Sea oil platform to take care of a burns patient. She turns out to be a torture victim of
technique.
the wars in the former Yugoslavia.
Despite his years, Vicente Aranda (1926 ) remains prolific, making anything from the Other dance companies worth keeping an eye out for are Cesc Gelabert (www.gelabertazzopardi.com),
surprising and not altogether successful 2006 blockbuster based on the medieval classic tome, run by the choreographer of the same name; Mudances (www.margarit-mudances.com), run by Ąngels
40 41
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newcomers wish to join in, space is made for them as the dance continues and the whole
thing proceeds in a more or less seamless fashion.
THE RETURN OF LA RUMBA
For information on where and when to see locals indulging in their traditional two-step,
Back in the 1950s, a new sound mixing flamenco with Latin (salsa and other South American dance flavours) emerged
see p218.
in gitano (Roma people) circles in the bars of Grącia and the Barri G�tic. The main man was Antonio Gonz�lez, known
as El Pesca�lla (married to the flamenco star Lola Flores). The guy who took this eminently Barcelona style to a wider
(eventually international) audience was Matar�-born gitano Peret. By the end of the 1970s, however, Rumba Catalana
ENVIRONMENT & PLANNING
was running out of steam. Peret had turned to religion and El Pesca�lla lived in Flores shadow in Madrid. A plaque to
A report published in 2007 claimed that, with an average 50 micrograms of toxic particles
the latter s memory graces Carrer Fraternitat 1, in Grącia. But Buenos Aires born Javier Patricio  Gato P�rez discovered
per cubic metre of air, Barcelona had a worse air pollution problem than such megalopo-
Rumba in 1977 and gave it his own personal spin, bringing out several popular records, such as Atalaya, until the early
lises as New York, Mexico City and Tokyo. The single biggest source (85%) of unhealthy
1980s. After P�rez, it seemed that Rumba was dead. Not so fast! New Rumba bands, often highly eclectic, have emerged
air is private vehicles, although industry plays its part and, paradoxically, sea breezes don t
in recent years. Papawa, Barrio Negro and El T�o Carlos are names to look out for. Others mix Rumba with anything from
help either.
reggae to ragga. Melendi, from Asturias in Spain s north, has rocketed to national popularity with his mix of Rumba and
In reaction, parking and traffic restrictions in central Barcelona have been tightened.
rock and is the proof that, even beyond Barcelona, Rumba rocks!
In 2008 a speed limit of 80km/h throughout Barcelona and 16 surrounding municipalities
(including on highways) was introduced with the aim of cutting emissions by 30% in the
Margarit; Lan�nima Imperial (www.lanonima.com), run by Juan Carlos Garc�a; and Mal Pelo (www.malpelo.org),
metropolitan area.
run by Maria Muńoz and Pep Ramis. All tend to work from a base of  release technique , which
The city s buses are being progressively replaced by new models powered by compressed
favours  natural movement, working from the skeleton, over a reliance on muscular power. Sol
natural gas  more than 250 are in service. The city transport authority is experiment-
Picó (www.solpico.com) is a younger company that does provocative dance sets on a big scale, while
ing with hydrogen fuel cell and hydrogen combustion powered buses, as well as with
Marta Carrasco (www.martacarrasco.com) does dance that spills over more heavily into theatre. Butoh
bio-diesel fuelled buses. This contribution to the reduction of air pollution is, in itself, mini-
style aficionados should check out the work of Andr�s Corchero and Rosa Muńoz.
mal. Combined with growing density and efficiency of public transport networks that en-
courage people not to drive their own cars, however, it is hoped to make a real impact on
the pollution problem in the long term.
Flamenco
Noise pollution is a problem, especially in parts of the old city (notably around El Born
For those who think that the passion of flamenco is the preserve of the south, think again.
and in El Raval). Rowdy traffic, late-night rubbish collection, day-long construction and
The gitanos (Roma people) get around, and some of the big names of the genre come from
road works, and the screaming and shouting of revellers, all contribute to insomnia. Main
Catalonia. They were already in Catalonia long before the massive migrations from the south
roads are gradually getting a layer of noise-reduction asphalt to reduce traffic noise. But
of the 1960s, but with these waves came an exponential growth in flamenco bars as Andalu-
for many, double or even triple glazing is the only answer (not particularly comfortable
cians sought to recreate a little bit of home.
in summer).
First and foremost, one of the greatest bailaoras (flamenco dancers) of all time, Car-
Although much depends on the goodwill of citizens, rubbish disposal is not too bad. Large,
men Amaya (1913 63) was born in what is now Port Ol�mpic. She danced to her father s
brightly coloured containers have been scattered about the city for the separated collection
guitar in the streets and bars around La Rambla in pre-civil war years. Much to the be-
of paper, glass and cans, and they are emptied daily. Emptying is one thing, but the disposal
musement of purists from the south, not a few flamenco stars today have at least trained
of waste produced in Barcelona is a major problem. Some of it is transported as far off as
in flamenco schools in Barcelona  dancers Antonio Canales (1962 ) and Joaqu�n Cort�s
Murcia, in southern Spain!
(1969 ) are among them. Other Catalan stars of flamenco include cantaores (singers) Juan
Every night the city streets are hosed down, but every day they wind up dirty again. Some
Cort�s Duquende (1965 ) and Miguel Poveda (1973 ), a boy from Badalona. He took an
original step in 2006 by releasing a flamenco album, Desgla�, in Catalan. Another interesting areas (such as much of Ciutat Vella) are worse than others (such as l Eixample). This does not
flamenco voice in Catalonia is Ginesa Ortega Cort�s (1967 ), actually born in France. She exactly contribute to reducing water consumption, which at the time of writing was looking like
masters traditional genres ably but loves to experiment. In her 2002 album, Por los Espejos one of Barcelona s bigger challenges. With Catalan dams at all-time lows (January 2008 was the
del Agua (Through the Water s Mirrors), she does a reggae version of flamenco and she has hottest January on record), plans were enacted to import water by tanker or train from as far
sung flamenco versions of songs by Joan Manuel Serrat and Billie Holliday. away as Almer�a and Marseille. Reports in 2008 estimated that, throughout Catalonia, about a
An exciting combo formed in Barcelona in 1996 and which defies classification is the
quarter of water was lost through leakage on its way from distribution centres to end-users. A
seven-man, one-woman group Ojos de Brujo (Wizard s Eyes), who meld flamenco and rumba
temporary reprieve from the drought came with heavy rains in May of that year, which took
(see above) with rap, ragga and electronic music. Their latest CD, Techari, is the smoothest
dams from 20% back to 50% of capacity. Some water had already been imported by boat but
and most exciting yet.
the sense of emergency had temporarily passed. A desalination plant is due to open in El Prat
See p217 for information on where to see flamenco performances.
de Llobregat in 2009, and it is hoped that it will ease the long-term water problem by covering
20% of Barcelona s needs.
Barcelona gets a lot of sun and the huge photovoltaic panel at El F�rum is symbolic of the
Sardana
city s stated intentions to increase solar energy output. Town bylaws require the installation
The Catalan dance par excellence is the sardana, whose roots lie in the far northern Empordą
of solar panels on new buildings of more than 12 apartments, although ecologists doubt this
region of Catalonia. Compared with flamenco, it is sober indeed but not unlike a lot of other
rule is being enforced.
Mediterranean folk dances.
The dancers hold hands in a circle and wait for the 10 or so musicians to begin. The
performance starts with the piping of the flabiol, a little wooden flute. When the other
musicians join in, the dancers start  a series of steps to the right, one back and then the THE LAND
same to the left. As the music  heats up the steps become more complex, the leaps are Barcelona spreads along the Catalan coast in what is known as the Pla de Barcelona (Barcelona
higher and the dancers lift their arms. Then they return to the initial steps and continue. If Plain), midway between the French border and the regional frontier with Valencia. The plain
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BACKGROUND ARTS
BACKGROUND ENVIRONMENT & PLANNING
averages about 4m above sea level. Mont Tąber, the little elevation upon which the Romans the new home of the Universitat de Barcelona s Philosophy, Geography and History faculties
built their town, is 16.9m above sea level. To the southwest, Montju�c is 173m high. (Map pp108 9). Many other depressed parts of the city (such as the densely populated hillock
Urban sprawl tends to be channelled southwest and northeast along the coast, as the land- area of El Carmel) have been singled out for major improvements in the coming years too.
wards side is effectively blocked off by the Serralada Litoral mountain chain, which between No-one can say that Barcelona is resting on its laurels.
the Riu Bes�s and Riu Llobregat is known as the Serra de Collserola. Tibidabo is the highest
point of this chain at 512m, with commanding views across the whole city.
Badalona to the northeast and L Hospitalet to the southwest mark the municipal bounda-
GOVERNMENT & POLITICS
ries of the city  although, as you drive through them, you d never know where they begin
The Generalitat de Catalunya (the regional Catalan government) was resurrected by royal
and end. To the north, the Riu Bes�s (so successfully cleaned up in recent years that otters
decree in 1977. Its power as an autonomous government is enshrined in the statutes of
have been spotted in it for the first time since the 1970s!) in part marks the northern limits
the Spanish constitution of 1978, and by the Estatut d Autonomia (devolution statute).
of the city. The Riu Llobregat, which rises in the Pyrenees, empties into the Mediterranean
The Govern (executive) is housed in the Palau de la Generalitat on Pla�a de Sant Jaume. The
just south of L Hospitalet. On the southern side of the river is El Prat de Llobregat and
Generalitat has wide powers over matters such as education, health, trade, industry, tourism
Barcelona s airport.
and agriculture.
The Ajuntament (town hall) stands opposite the Palau de la Generalitat in Pla�a de St Jaume
and has traditionally been a Socialist haven. Never has the Socialists hold on city government
GREEN BARCELONA
been so tenuous. Since the 2007 municipal elections, Jordi Hereu has led a minority government
Serious concentrations of green are few and far between in Barcelona, but there are some excep-
with the Greens, totalling 18 seats (three shy of an absolute majority). Opposition comes from
tions. Closest to the town centre is the pleasant Parc de la Ciutadella.
the moderately right-wing Catalan nationalist CiU coalition under Xavier Trias (12 seats), their
The main green lung is Montju�c, which rises behind the port. Extensive landscaped gar-
independence-minded left-wing counterparts ERC (Jordi Portabella), with four seats, and the
dens surround the Olympic stadium, swimming pools, art galleries, museums, cemeteries
PP with seven slots. For more on the recent machinations at city and regional level, see p31.
and the fort, making it a wonderful spot for walks.
Elections to the Ajuntament and Generalitat take place every four years. They are free and
The city is bordered to the west by the Serra de Collserola, which serves as another smog
by direct universal suffrage. The members of each house then vote for the president of the
filter and is laced with walks and bicycle paths. Declared a Natural Park in September 2006,
Generalitat and the mayor.
it has for years been under pressure from urban development (much of it illegal) around and
Barcelona is divided into 10 districtes municipals (municipal districts), each with its own
in it. In 2008 the town hall announced plans to limit further construction and, in some cases,
ajuntament.
to tear down existing, illegal residences. That said, the same town hall has enthusiastically
backed the construction of a giant roller coaster in the Parc d Atraccions, to the consterna-
tion of some neighbours.
MEDIA
About 35% of the trees that line Barcelona s streets and parks are plane trees. Others include
Much of the Spanish media makes little effort to hide its political affiliations. The respected
acacias and nettle trees.
national daily, El Pa�s, born out of the early days of democracy in the 1970s, is closely aligned
to the PSOE (Spanish Socialist Workers Party). Many Catalans find its political coverage over-
whelmingly biased towards that party. ABC, on the other hand, is a long-standing organ of
URBAN PLANNING & DEVELOPMENT
the conservative right and readily identified with the Partido Popular. Similarly hawkish is
The eminent British architect and town planner, Lord Richard Rogers, declared in 2000
El Mundo.
that Barcelona was  perhaps the most successful city in the world in terms of urban
Catalans, by their choice of paper, make political statements. Reading the local Spanish-
regeneration .
language and slightly conservative La Vanguardia is a clear vote for local product, while Avui,
That process, which got under way in earnest with the 1992 Olympic Games, thun-
a loss-maker that is backed by the Generalitat, is stridently Catalan nationalist.
ders ahead. No sooner is one area given a new look, than another becomes the subject of
It is little different in the electronic media. While they sometimes have interesting program-
modernisation.
ming, the most important local stations, such as the Catalan government s TV-3 and Canal
Development continues at the mini-Manhattan that is the Diagonal Mar project on the
33, push an almost constant Catalanist line. Documentaries on the civil war, the horrors of
northeast stretch of coast. A great chunk of El Poblenou (117 blocks to be precise), once
the Franco period and so forth abound, while investigative journalism on some of the dodgier
an industrial and warehouse zone, is slowly being converted into a hi-tech business district,
sides of Catalan government since 1980 are
dubbed 22@bcn, or 22@ for short. Although take-up of office space by such cutting edge
noticeable by their absence.
firms has been slow to date, the 22@ development was hailed by the CNBC European Busi-
MUCHO GUSTO, MR CUSTO
ness magazine in 2008 as one of the best urban renewal projects in Europe.
To the north, the Sagrera area will be transformed by the new high-speed railway station
Custo (actually Custodio Dalmau) and his brother
and transport interchange, while the completion of the giant new trade fair area, a single FASHION
David, from Lleida and now based in Barcelona,
giant justice and courts complex, and nearby office complexes along Gran Via de les Corts For years, Barcelona and Madrid ran com-
have become hot fashion property since breaking
Catalanes in L Hospital de Llobregat and in the Zona Franca is transforming the area between peting haute couture shows but the end came
into the tough US women s fashion market in the
central Barcelona and the airport. For more on landmark buildings in these areas, see p51. in 2006 when the Generalitat pulled the plug
early 2000s. Indeed, the light and breezy brand has
Further funds have been released for the renovation of the city centre. Slowly, parts of the on funding. Alternative shows were staged in
become something of a cult obsession with women
Barri G�tic, La Ribera and El Raval that were depressed and abandoned have been or are 2007, but by 2008 it was all over.
around the world. Their ever-cosmopolitan, inven-
being brought back to life. In El Raval a new boulevard, La Rambla del Raval, was opened But it was not all bad news. The Bread and
tive and often provocative mix of colours, especially
in 2001 and is finally attracting attention. The streets around it remain dodgy, but plans are Butter urban wear fashion show, which was
in their hallmark tops, are miles away from the more
in place for a new hotel (designed by local doyen of architecture Oriol Bohigas) and shop- born in Berlin in 2000 and in 2005 06 was
conservative, classic fashion tastes that still dominate
ping complex. Further north, the emblematic Macba and CCCB arts centres, both opened staged in both cities, moved definitively to
some sectors of Barcelona high society.
in 1995 in part of the effort to renew the upper half of El Raval, have since been joined by Barcelona in 2007.
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BACKGROUND ENVIRONMENT & PLANNING
BACKGROUND GOVERNMENT & POLITICS
The city teems with its own designers. Names range from the ebullient Custo Barcelona
LANGUAGE
(a hit on New York s catwalks) to the international pręt-a-porter phenomenon of Mango.
Barcelona is a bilingual city. The mother tongue of born-and-bred locals is Catalan, which
Based outside the city in the VallŁs area, it has more than 900 stores throughout the world (in
belongs to the group of Western European languages that grew out of Latin (Romance
locations as far-flung as Vietnam and London s Oxford St), and has come a long way since
languages), including Italian, French, Spanish and Portuguese. By the 12th century, it was a
opening its first store on Passeig de Grącia in 1984. Mango is one of Spain s largest textile
clearly established language with its own nascent literature. The language was most closely
exporters, specialising mainly in women s fashion.
related to langue d oc, the southern French derivative of Latin that was long the principal
Other local design names worth keeping an eye out for include Joaquim Verdś, who has
tongue in Gallic lands. The most conspicuous survivor of langue d oc is the now little-used
been making men s and women s clothes since 1977; Antonio Miró, who designed the Span-
Proven�al. Catalan followed its speakers conquests and was introduced to the Balearic Islands
ish team s uniforms for the 1992 Olympic Games and also does a line in furniture; David
and Valencia. It is also spoken in parts of eastern Aragón, and was for a while carried as far
Valls, Josep Font, Armand Basi, Purificación Garc�a, Konrad Muhr, Josep Abril, Sita Murt
afield as Sardinia (where it still survives, just, in Alghero).
and TCN. Along with the Dalmau brothers of Custo Barcelona, another runaway renegade
Alongside Catalan, Spanish is also an official (and for many non-Catalans the only) lan-
is Uruguay-born but Barcelona-bred Jordi Labanda. Better known in his earlier days as a
guage. It is probably fair to say that Spanish is the first language of more people in the greater
cartoonist and illustrator (the cheerful Sandwich&Friends fast food outlets are gaily decorated
Barcelona area than Catalan. For more information, see the Language chapter on p282.
with his distinctive, bright, clear-cut urban murals), he was propelled to international fame
and fortune as a fashion designer after moving to New York in 1995 and, after publishing
illustrations in the New York Times, switching his pen to hip women s design.
With so much talent popping up around them, it is hardly surprising that Barcelonins like
to dress with such style  they have no shortage of outlets in which to hunt down offerings
from their favourite designers. The city s premier shopping boulevards, Passeig de Grącia,
Rambla de Catalunya and Avinguda Diagonal, are lined with the best of both international and
Spanish rag-trade fashion labels. If l Eixample is the brand-happy shopping mecca for fashion
victims, there s plenty more in the old town. Both the Barri G�tic and La Ribera are peppered
with boutiques which sport all sorts of youthful fashion, apparently unfettered by convention
or macroeconomic considerations. Conversely, if it s grunge and secondhand clothing you re
after, we highly recommend heading for Carrer de la Riera Baixa in El Raval.
WAR OF WORDS
Since Barcelona was crushed in the War of the Spanish Succession in 1714, the use of Catalan has been repeatedly banned
or at least frowned upon. Franco was the last of Spain s rulers to clamp down on its public use.
People in the country and small towns largely ignored the bans, but intellectual circles in Barcelona and other
cities only  rediscovered Catalan with the Renaixen�a at the end of the 19th century (see p27). Franco loosened the
reins from the 1960s on, but all education in Catalan schools remained exclusively in Spanish until after the dictator s
demise in 1975.
Since the first autonomous regional parliament was assembled in 1980, the Generalitat (Catalan government) has
waged an unstinting campaign of normalització ling��stica (linguistic normalisation). The Generalitat reckons 95% of
the population in Catalonia understand Catalan and nearly 70% speak it. In Valencia, about half the population speak
it, as do 65% in the Balearic Islands. The big problem is that not nearly as many write it. Even in Catalonia, only about
40% of the population write Catalan satisfactorily.
In Catalonia today it is impossible to get a public-service job without fluency in Catalan. And just as Franco had all
signs in Catalan replaced, Spanish road signs and advertising are now harder to find. On the other hand, dubbing of
films into Catalan is nearly non-existent and studies show that adolescents mostly watch Spanish-language TV. In 2008
the regional government decided to pour Ź 2.4 million into the promotion of dubbing films in Catalan and Ź 36 million
into subsidies to encourage the production of Catalan-language movies.
The Catalan schooling model, in which all subjects are generally taught in Catalan (although Spanish is frequently
the main vehicle of communication between kids in the playground), has drawn praise from the European Commission,
which sees it as a successful model for the preservation of Catalan. It has also attracted venom from the right-wing
Partido Popular, which claims Spanish is being driven underground. Depending on who you ask, both languages are on
the edge of extinction! In fact, both are probably perfectly safe.
The media play a key role in the diffusion and preservation of Catalan and complex content rules mean that
certain radio and TV stations must include a minimum fixed percentage of programming in Catalan (including even
music played). On certain chat programmes you ll occasionally strike hosts speaking Catalan, with their interlocutors
answering in Spanish.
The Catalan government hailed the decision in 2005 allowing the use (albeit not obligatory) of Catalan in EU
institutions as  historic .
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BACKGROUND FASHION
BACKGROUND LANGUAGE
frescoes from around Catalonia are preserved
in the Museu Nacional d Art de Catalunya
ARCHITECTURE
(p139).
GOTHIC GRANDEUR
BARCELONA ARCHITECTURE
How odd that the many weird and wonderful buildings that attract planeloads of tourists to
This soaring style took off in France in the
Barcelona every day barely raised an eyebrow until the 1990s. As seaside tourism took off in
BOOKS
13th century and spread across Europe. Its
Spain from the 1960s, Barcelona was ignored. The bulk of its Modernista (Catalan Art Nouveau)

Barcelona Architecture & Design (J�rgen Forster)
emergence coincided with Jaume I s march
masterpieces lay buried under decades of grime, neglected by locals and unknown to outsiders.
A handy guide to all sorts of buildings, parks, de-
into Valencia and the annexation of Mallorca
Business-minded Barcelona was sitting on a goldmine, but nobody realised it.
signer hotels and restaurants for the contemporary
and Ibiza, accompanied by the rise and rise of
Gaud� was vaguely known for his unfinished architectural symphony, La Sagrada Fam�lia.
design lover.
a trading class and a burgeoning mercantile
But no-one gave a fig for La Pedrera, his gracefully curvaceous piece of whimsy on Passeig de

Catalunya: Gu�a de la Arquitectura Moderna
empire. The enormous cost of building the
Grącia.
1880 2007 (Col.legi d Arquitectes de Catalunya)
grand new monuments could thus be covered
How things have changed. Gaud� stood at the pinnacle of Modernisme, which since the 1992
An exhaustive presentation (available in English)
by the steady increase in the city s wealth.
Olympic Games has been rediscovered for the burst of joyous creativity its architects brought
The style of architecture reflected the devel- of modern Catalan architecture in and beyond
to construction in Barcelona from the late 1800s to the 1920s.
opment of building techniques. The introduc- Barcelona.
The Modernistas produced an extraordinary opus. Barcelona s last such building boom had

El G�tic Catalą (Francesca Espańol) Full of photos,
tion of buttresses, flying buttresses and ribbed
come at the height of the Middle Ages, when its great Gothic churches, mansions and shipyards
this is as close to a specialised look at Catalan
vaulting in ceilings allowed engineers to raise
were raised, together creating what survives to this day as one of the most extensive Gothic
Gothic building as you ll find (in Catalan).
edifices that were loftier and seemingly lighter
old city centres in Europe.

Gaud�: The Man & His Work (Joan Masso Bergos)
than ever before. The pointed arch became
Although the medieval wrecking balls put paid to most of it, there was architecture before
A beautifully illustrated study of the man and his
standard and great rose windows were the
Gothic. On the site of the original Roman town rose a busy centre full of Romanesque monu-
architecture, based on the writings of one of his
source of light inside these enormous spaces.
ments. Some evidence of both periods can still be admired.
confidants.
Think about the hovels that labourers on such

La Ruta del Modernisme (Published by Barcelona
projects lived in and the primitive nature of
Town Hall) An extensive guide to 115 Modernista
ROMAN REMNANTS building materials available, and you get an
What Caesar Augustus and friends called Barcino was a standard Roman rectangular (more idea of the awe such churches, once com- buildings across the city. It comes with discounted
entry to many sights.
or less) town. The forum lay about where Pla�a de Sant Jaume is and the whole place covered pleted, must have inspired. They were not

Gaud� (Gijs van Hensbergen) A nicely crafted biog-
little more than 10 hectares. built in a day. It took more than 160 years, a
raphy of one of architecture s most extraordinary
There remain some impressive leftovers of the 4th-century walls that once comprised 70 tow- fairly typical time frame, to finish La Catedral
yet elusive characters.
ers. In the basement of the Museu d Hist�ria de la Ciutat (p67) you can inspect parts of a tower (p61). Its rival, the Esgl�sia de Santa Maria del
and the wall, as well as a whole chunk of the Roman town unearthed during excavations. On Mar (p83), was one for the record books, taking
the edge of what was the forum stand stout columns of the temple raised for emperor worship, only 59 years to build.
the Temple Romą d Augusti (p72). A little further north along what was once one of the roads Catalan Gothic did not follow the same course as the style typical of northern Europe. Decora-
leading out of the Roman town, sarcophagi of modest Roman tombs (p72) are visible. tion here tends to be more sparing and the most obvious defining characteristic is the triumph
of breadth over height. While northern European cathedrals reach for the sky, Catalan Gothic
has a tendency to push to the sides, stretching its vaulting design to the limit.
ROMANESQUE
The Saló del Tinell (p68), with a parade of 15m arches (among the largest ever built without
Little remains of Barcelona s Romanesque past  largely swept aside to make way for what
reinforcement) holding up the roof, is a perfect example of Catalan Gothic. Another is the
were considered greater Gothic spectacles. A tour through northern Catalonia should more
present home of the Museu Mar�tim, the Drassanes (p78), Barcelona s medieval shipyards. In
than satisfy your curiosity as to what form the Catalan version of this first great wave of
their churches, too, the Catalans opted for a more robust shape and lateral space  step into
Christian European architecture took.
the Esgl�sia de Santa Maria del Mar or the Esgl�sia de Santa Maria del Pi (p70) and you ll soon
Lombard artisans from northern Italy first introduced the Romanesque style of building to
get the idea.
Catalonia. It is characterised by a pleasing simplicity. Churches tended to be austere, angular
Another notable departure from what you might have come to expect of Gothic north of
constructions, with tall, square-based bell towers. There were a few notable concessions to the
the Pyrenees is the lack of spires and pinnacles. Bell towers tend to terminate in a flat or nearly
curve  almost always semicircular or semicylindrical. These included the barrel vaulting inside
flat roof. Occasional exceptions prove the rule  the main fa�ade of Barcelona s Catedral, with
the churches, the apse (or apses).
its three gnarled and knobbly spires, does vaguely resemble the outline that confronts you in
The main portal and windows are invariably topped with simple arches. If builders were
cathedrals in Chartres or Cologne. But then it was a 19th-century addition, admittedly to a
feeling daring, they might adorn the main entrance with several arches within one another.
medieval design.
From the late 11th century, stonemasons began to fill the arches with statuary.
Perhaps the single greatest building spurt came under Pere III. This is odd in a sense because,
In Barcelona you can see only a few Romanesque remnants. In La Catedral the 13th-century
as Dickens might have observed, it was not only the best of times, but also the worst. By the
Capella de Santa Llścia (p67) survives, along with part of the cloister doors. The 12th-century
mid-14th century, when Pere III was in command, Barcelona had been pushed to the ropes by
former Benedictine Esgl�sia de Sant Pau del Camp (p80) is also a good example, especially the
a series of disasters: famine, repeated plagues and pogroms.
cloisters.
Maybe he didn t notice. He built, or began to build, much of La Catedral, the Drassanes, the
The counterpoint to Romanesque architecture was the art used to decorate churches and
Llotja stock exchange, the Saló del Tinell, the Casa de la Ciutat (which now houses the town
monasteries built in the style. Contrary to popular belief, these buildings were not bare stone,
hall) and numerous lesser buildings, not to mention part of the city walls. The churches of Santa
but gaily painted inside and out. Barcelona is the place to see this art, as the best of Romanesque
Maria del Pi and Santa Maria del Mar were completed by the end of the 14th century.
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ARCHITECTURE GOTHIC GRANDEUR
Modernisme did not appear in isolation in Barcelona. To the British and French the style
was Art Nouveau; to the Italians, Lo Stile Liberty; the Germans called it Jugendstil (Youth
OH, HOW AWFULLY GOTHIC!
Style); and the Austrians, Sezession (Secession). Its vitality and rebelliousness can be summed
The lofty Gothic buildings of medieval Europe inspire awe in their modern visitors. But as early as the 16th century,
up in those epithets: modern, new, liberty, youth and secession. A key uniting element was
when Renaissance artists and architects turned to the clean lines of Classical Antiquity for inspiration, all things
the sensuous curve, implying movement, lightness and vitality. This leitmotif informed much
medieval looked crude, rough and, well, frankly barbarian, just like the ancient Germanic tribes of Goths that had
Art Nouveau thinking, in part inspired by long-standing tenets of Japanese art.
stormed across Europe centuries before. To label something Gothic became the ultimate insult. This attitude spread
For all that, there is something misleading about the name Modernisme. It suggests  out with
across Europe. In Barcelona, many private homes built in Gothic style would get a baroque make-over later, but
the old, in with the new . In a sense, nothing could be further from the truth. From Gaud�
thankfully most of the major monuments were left alone. Not until the 19th century did this extraordinary heritage
down, Modernista architects looked to the past for inspiration. Gothic, Islamic and Renaissance
again awaken admiration, to such an extent that in some north European countries in particular it led to a wave of
design all had something to offer. At its most playful, Modernisme was able to intelligently flout
Gothic revival building.
the rulebooks of these styles and create exciting new cocktails. Even many of the materials used
by the Modernistas were traditional  the innovation came in their application.
As many as 2000 buildings in Barcelona and throughout Catalonia display some
Gothic had a longer use-by date in Barcelona than in many other European centres. By
Modernista traces. And Gaud� and his contemporaries also undertook a handful of projects
the early 15th century, the Generalitat still didn t have a home worthy of its name, and ar-
beyond Catalonia. Everything from rich bourgeois mansion blocks to churches, from hospi-
chitect Marc Safont set to work on the present building on Pla�a de Sant Jaume (p69). Even
tals to factories, went up in this  style , a word too constraining to adequately describe the
renovations carried out a century later were largely in the Gothic tradition, although some
flamboyant breadth of eclecticism inherent in it.
Renaissance elements eventually snuck in  the fa�ade on Pla�a de Sant Jaume is a rather
It is one thing to have at hand an architect of genius  it is still more remarkable that several
disappointing result.
others of considerable talent should have been working at the same time. But the proliferation
Carrer de Montcada (p83), in La Ribera, was the result of a late-medieval act of town
of their work was due, above all, to the availability of hard cash  as with most great artists,
planning. Eventually, mansions belonging to the moneyed classes of 15th- and 16th-century
genius required muse and patron. Gaud� and friends had no shortage of orders. The l Eixample
Barcelona were erected along it. Many now house museums and art galleries. Although these
urban expansion project provided a virgin playing field where, potentially, anything went. As
former mansions appear forbidding on the outside, their interiors often reveal another world,
the landmark efforts of Gaud� and co went up and their owners preened themselves with pride
of pleasing courtyards and decorated external staircases. They mostly went through a gentle
at their own startling modernity, a cash-rich keeping-up-with-the-Joneses chain reaction took
baroque make-over in later years.
place. For a couple of decades, there probably wasn t an architect worth his salt in Barcelona
Most of Barcelona s Gothic heritage lies within the boundaries of Ciutat Vella but a few
who didn t try his hand at a little inspired innovation in order to satisfy clients.
examples can be found beyond, notably the Museu-Monestir de Pedralbes (p124) in Sarrią.
AFTER MODERNISME
RENAISSANCE TO NEOCLASSICISM
As quickly as the fad had gathered pace, so it was swept aside. By the time Gaud� died in
The strong Barcelonin affection for Gothic, coupled with a decline in the city s fortunes that
1926, he had been left behind and alone in his creative  craziness . In the aftermath of WWI
slowed urban development, seems to have largely closed Barcelona to the Renaissance and
especially, Modernisme seemed stale, self-indulgent and somehow unwholesome.
baroque periods that blossomed elsewhere in Europe (and elsewhere in Spain). The handful
While other movements replaced Modernisme in fine arts and literature, architecture took
of examples of baroque in Barcelona are generally decorative rather than structural.
a nose dive. From the 1920s until the civil war, a host of sober neoclassical and neo-baroque
Among the more important but restrained baroque constructions are the Esgl�sia de la
edifices went up. A wander along Via Laietana provides plenty of examples. At the same time,
MercŁ (p73), home to the medieval sculpture of Mare del D�u de la MercŁ (Our Lady of
the 1930s was a period of timid experimentation inspired by the Bauhaus school of thought.
Mercy; Barcelona s co-patron with Santa Euląlia); the Esgl�sia de Sant Felip Neri (p73); and
Surprising angular, utilitarian blocks of flats and public buildings popped up in ad hoc fash-
the Jesuits Esgl�sia de Betlem (p61), largely destroyed in the civil war and since rebuilt. Also
ion around the city. The occasional flash of Art Deco caprice added a touch of interest.
worth a look is the courtyard of the Palau de Dalmases (p83), in Carrer de Montcada, which
In the aftermath of the civil war there was little money, time or willingness for architectural
has been reworked from the original Gothic structure.
fancywork. Apartment blocks and offices, designed with a realism and utilitarianism that to
The Palau de la Virreina (p61), just across Carrer del Carme from the Esgl�sia de Betlem, is,
most people now seem deadly dull, were erected. One of the greatest urban-planning crimes
depending on which expert you read, a rococo or neoclassical building raised in the 1770s. If
was the erection of the incredibly ugly town hall office block just behind the Ajuntament,
anything, it is hybrid. More definitely neoclassical and built around the same time is Palau
smack in the middle of the oldest part of the city. In the opening years of the 21st century,
Moja (p61), across La Rambla.
the top few floors were gingerly dismantled.
The 1960s and 1970s were the years of sprawl, when rank upon rank of anonymous apart-
THEurban expansion programme known as l Eixample (the Enlargement), designed to free
MODERNISTAS
ment blocks were planted like corn crops across great swathes of peripheral Barcelona to
The
absorb waves of migration from across Spain. A lot of it ain t pretty, as a drive through
the choking population from the city s bursting medieval confines, coincided with a blossom-
l Hospitalet or along Avinguda de la Meridiana will confirm.
ing of unfettered thinking in the arts. Nowhere was this more apparent than in architecture.
There were occasional highlights. In 1971, Barcelona s Josep Llu�s Sert (1902 83) built the
The feverish speculation that took place on the land opened up between Barcelona and Grącia
light, white Fundació Joan Miró (p143) on Montju�c.
in the late 19th and early 20th centuries ensured architects had plenty of work. What the
developers could not have predicted was the calibre of those architects.
Leading the way was Antoni Gaud� i Cornet (1852 1926). Born in Reus and initially BARCELONA TODAY
trained in metalwork, he obtained his architecture degree in 1878. Gaud� personifies, and Barcelona s latest architectural revolution began in the 1980s. The appointment then of Oriol
largely transcends, a movement that brought a thunderclap of innovative greatness to Bohigas (1925 ) as head of urban planning by the ruling socialist party marked a new begin-
an otherwise middle-ranking European city. This startling wave of creativity subsided as ning (he was regarded as an elder statesman for architecture). The city set about its biggest
quickly  the bulk of the Modernistas work was done from the 1880s to about 1910. phase of renewal since the heady days of l Eixample in the late 19th century.
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ARCHITECTURE AFTER MODERNISME
Montju�c took off with the refurbishment
of the Olympic stadium and the creation of
THE MEN WHO MADE MODERNISME
landmarks like Arata Isozaki s (1931 ) Palau
Gaud� and the two architects who most closely followed him in talent, Llu�s DomŁnech i Montaner (1850 1923) and
Sant Jordi (p145) and Santiago Calatrava s
Josep Puig i Cadafalch (1867 1957), were all Catalan nationalists. Puig i Cadafalch, in fact, was a senior politician and
(1951 ) Torre Calatrava (p145).
president of the Catalan Mancomunitat (a shadow parliament that demanded Catalan autonomy) from 1916 to 1923.
The Port Ol�mpic area was also trans- NOTABLE BUILDINGS
The political associations are significant, as Modernisme became a means of expression for Catalan identity. It barely
formed, with the creation of a marina and

touched the rest of Spain; where it did, one frequently finds the involvement of Catalan architects. Casa Amatller (p107) Puig i Cadafalch s
two skyscrapers, one arguably still Barcelona s
A quick comparison of work by Gaud�, DomŁnech i Montaner and Puig i Cadafalch is enough to illustrate the difficulty Modernista Gothic romp has a Dutch air about it.
hottest hotel, the Hotel Arts (p235).

in defining what exactly constitutes Modernisme. It is marked, if anything, by its rule-breaking eclecticism. Casa Batlló (p107) Gaud� renovated this block of
In the hangover after 1992, landmark build-
As Gaud� became more adventurous he appeared as a lone wolf. With age he became almost exclusively motivated flats to make it look like a sinewy deep-sea beast.
ings still went up in strategic spots. Rarely

by stark religious conviction and devoted much of the latter part of his life to what remains Barcelona s call sign  the Edifici F�rum (p97 ) A strange blue triangle hovers
was one built without the ulterior motive of
unfinished La Sagrada Fam�lia (p104). His inspiration in the first instance was Gothic. But he also sought to emulate the by the beach like an enormous UFO.
trying to pull the surrounding area up by its

harmony he observed in nature. Straight lines were out. The forms of plants and stones were in. Gaud� used complex Esgl�sia de Santa Maria del Mar (p83) Broad
bootstraps. One of the most emblematic of
string models weighted with plumb lines to make his calculations (you can see examples in the upstairs mini-museum and noble, and constructed in record time, this is
these projects is the gleaming white, undulat-
in La Pedrera, p106). The architect s work is at once a sublime reaching-out to the heavens, and yet an earthy appeal Barcelona s proudest Gothic church.
ing Museu d Art Contemporani de Barcelona

to sinewy movement. Hospital de la Santa Creu i de Sant Pau (p111) With
(Macba; p79), which opened in 1995.
This is as much the case in La Sagrada Fam�lia as in other key works, like La Pedrera and Casa Batlló (p107), where its dainty pavilions, ceramic d�cor and gardens, this
Ricard Bofill s (1939 ) team designed the
all appears a riot of the unnaturally natural, or the naturally unnatural. Not only are straight lines eliminated, but the hospital works artistic as well as medical wonders.
Teatre Nacional de Catalunya (p219)  a mix

lines between real and unreal, sober and dream-drunk,  good sense and play are all blurred. La Pedrera (p106) Its detractors called it  the
of neoclassical and modern design. Across
For contrast, look from Casa Batlló to Puig i Cadafalch s Casa Amatller (p107) next door, where the straight line is quarry for its wavy stone structure.
the road, the l Auditori (p217) was designed

very much in evidence. This architect also looked to the past (observe the fanciful Gothic-style sculpture) and to foreign La Sagrada Fam�lia (p104) Gaud� s unfinished
by Madrid-based Rafael Moneo (1937 ).
influence (the gables are borrowed from the Dutch), and created a house of startling beauty and invention. DomŁnech masterpiece is still in construction.
Though not the prettiest of buildings, it has

i Montaner, too, looked into the Gothic past. He never simply copied, as shown by the Castell dels Tres Dragons  built Palau de la Mśsica Catalana (p87) This Modernista
become one of the city s top venues for clas-
as a caf�-restaurant for the Universal Exhibition in 1888 and now home to the Museu de Zoologia (p88) or the Hospital caprice is home to Catalan music.
sical music.

de la Santa Creu i de Sant Pau (p111). In these buildings, DomŁnech i Montaner put his own spin on the past, in both Pavelló Mies van der Rohe (p145) A touch of
Henry Cobb s (1926 ) World Trade
decoration and structure. In the case of the Castell dels Tres Dragons, the main windows are more of a neoclassical interwar German new wave building brought back
Center, at the tip of a quay jutting out into
borrowing, and Islamic touches can be made out in the detail. to life.
the waters of Port Vell, is like a cruise ship

Torre Agbar (p96) Jean Nouvel s multicoloured
Materials & Decoration ready to weigh anchor. With its offices, luxury
cucumber illuminates Barcelona s night sky.
hotel and restaurant, it is an attractive port-
Modernista architects relied on the skills of artisans that have now been all but relegated to history. There were no
side business hub.
concrete pours (contrary to what is being done at La Sagrada Fam�lia today). Stone, unclad brick, exposed iron and steel
One of the biggest recent projects is
frames, and copious use of stained glass and ceramics in decoration, were all features of the new style  and indeed it
Diagonal Mar. A whole district has been built (work continues) in the northeast coastal corner
is often in the d�cor that Modernisme is at its most flamboyant.
of the city where before there was a void. High-rise apartments, waterfront office towers and
The craftsmen required for these tasks were the heirs of the guild masters and had absorbed centuries of know-
five-star hotels  among them the as yet unfinished Hotel Habitat Sky (Map pp98 9) by Dominique
how about just what could and could not be done with these materials. Forged iron and steel were newcomers to the
Perrault, one of two towers by the Frenchman in the area  mark this new district. There s also
scene, but the approach to learning how they could be used was not dissimilar to that adopted for more traditional
a sprawling shopping centre and two key structures. One is the blue, triangular Edifici F�rum
materials. Gaud�, in particular, relied on these old skills and even ran schools in La Sagrada Fam�lia workshops to keep
(p97) by Swiss architects Herzog & de Meuron. The other is Josep Llu�s Mateo s (1949 ) Centre
them alive.
de Convencions Internacional de Barcelona (CCIB; p97), a huge convention centre. Add a tree-
Iron came into its own in this period. Nowhere is this more evident than in Barcelona s great covered markets: Mercat
lined marina, the future waterfront zoo, swimming areas, green zones along the nearby Riu
de la Boqueria (p61), Mercat de Sant Antoni and Mercat de la Llibertat (p119), just to name the main ones. Their grand
Bes�s and a new marina across the river in Sant Adrią del Bes�s and the extent of the project
metallic vaults not only provided shade over the produce, but were also a proclamation both of Barcelona s dynamism
becomes clear.
and the success of  ignoble materials in grand building.
The most visible addition to the skyline came in 2005. The shimmering, cucumber-shaped
The Rome-trained sculptor Eusebi Arnau (1864 1934) was one of the most popular figures called upon to decorate
Torre Agbar (p96) is a product of the imagination of French architect Jean Nouvel (1945 ),
Barcelona s Modernista piles. The appearance of the Hospital de la Santa Creu i de Sant Pau is one of his legacies and
a big step in the regeneration of the area around Pla�a de les Gl�ries Catalanes in the city s
he also had a hand in the Palau de la Mśsica Catalana (p87) and Casa Amatller.
northeast.
Digging For Modernista Gems
Southwest, on the way to the airport, the new Fira 2 trade fair along Gran Via de les Corts
Barcelona has plenty of Modernista traces. All of the major Modernista buildings are discussed in more detail in the Catalanes (see p44) will by 2009 be marked by two landmark twisting towers (one a hotel, the
Neighbourhoods chapter (p56). The city has organised a Ruta del Modernisme (www.rutadelModernisme.com), a other offices) designed by Japanese star architect and confessed Gaud� fan, Toyo Ito (1941 ).
planned route that takes you to the major sights and many lesser known ones; see p113 for details. Tourist offices can The jellyfish-like entrance to the new fairgrounds is especially eye-catching. Nearby, Arata
provide pamphlets and other material on a great range of Modernista sights. Many Modernista buildings are private Isozaki has contributed a building to the business park development known as D38, on Passeig
houses and/or offices and cannot be entered. de la Zona Franca. Lord Richard Rogers (1933 ), long an admirer of Barcelona s systematic
architectural reinvention of itself, had a hand in the process with the landmark business hotel,
Hesperia Tower, in L Hospitalet, virtually over the road from Ito s towers. It is topped by a
In the run-up to the 1992 Olympics, more than 150 architects beavered away on almost 300 flying saucer shaped restaurant run by Santi Santamaria (see p255).
building and design projects. The Port Vell waterfront was transformed with the creation of The heart of La Ribera got a fresh look with its brand-new Mercat de Santa Caterina (p87).
the Maremągnum shopping and entertainment complex (p159). The long road to resurrecting The market is quite a sight, with its wavy ceramic roof and tubular skeleton, designed by one
52 53
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ARCHITECTURE BARCELONA TODAY
ARCHITECTURE BARCELONA TODAY
� Lonely Planet Publications
of the most promising names in Catalan architecture until his premature death, Enric Miralles
(1955 2000). Miralles Edifici de Gas Natural, a 100m glass tower near the waterfront in La
Barceloneta, is extraordinary for its mirror-like surface and weirdly protruding adjunct buildings,
which could be giant glass cliffs bursting from the main tower s flank. The nearby beachside Parc
de Recerca BiomŁdica de Barcelona (PRBB, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park), designed by
Manel Brullet and Albert de la Pineda, is running as a European centre of research excellence.
Its central building, just back from the beach, is an eye-catching elliptical affair.
& AND BARCELONA TOMORROW
Planned but with an uncertain finishing date is the complete overhaul of the Pla�a de les Gl�ries
Catalanes roundabout and surrounding area (the Torre Agbar represents a startling debut, and
other towers are springing up nearby). The area will be transformed in a series of projects by
MBM (Martorell, Bohigas & Mackey). Their design museum, which will contain several of the
city s collections, is a daring project that looks something like a tip-truck. Beneath the rounda-
bout they will create a Cripta del Tresor (Treasure Crypt) as part of the museum space. Zaha
Hadid (1950 ) will chime in with her redesign of Pla�a de les Arts in front of the Teatre Nacional
de Catalunya. Hadid has designed another characteristically novel building, which will look like
so many rectangular dinner plates stacked in precarious fashion and serve as the campus of the
Universitat del Llevant in the F�rum area. In the same vicinity, the national telecommunications
company, Telefónica, will get a daring new sliver of a skyscraper headquarters for its Catalonia
operations, designed by Enric Massip-Bosch. Elsewhere in the nascent hi-tech zone of 22@, a
giant cube of a building with partly inflatable fa�ade (to reduce energy consumption) will be
part of the Parc Barcelona MŁdia multimedia complex, and is due to open in late 2009.
Further away from the centre, in the much-neglected (until now) district of La Sagrera, con-
struction of a major transport interchange for the high-speed AVE train from Madrid, metro
and buses will be complemented by a characteristically out-there project from Frank Gehry
(1929 ). He will finally get to leave a more substantial mark on the city than his Peix sculpture
at the Port Ol�mpic, with five twisting steel and glass towers that will feature a large degree of
solar energy self-sufficiency.
Meanwhile, Lord Richard Rogers is busy transforming the former Les Arenes bullring on
Pla�a d Espanya into a singular, circular leisure complex, with shops, cinemas, jogging track
(!) and more. The complex renovation that aims to maintain the fa�ade is due for completion
by the end of 2008.
Not to be left out, Sir Norman Foster won the design competition for FC Barcelona s planned
new-look Camp Nou stadium in 2007 . The overhaul will create a kind of glow-in-the-dark
sponge cake affair and is planned for completion in 2012. FC Barcelona s rival team, Espanyol,
is also to get a new stadium, considerably less spectacular, outside the Barcelona municipality
in Cornellą.
Local boy Ricardo Bofill is creating an 88m spinnaker-shaped hotel (Hotel W, owned by the
Starwood chain) right on the Mediterranean shoreline at the southern end of the Barceloneta
beaches. It is due to open in 2009. Bofill, who has handled much of the restructuring of the
city s airport down the years, also designed the new south terminal.
� Lonely Planet Publications. To make it easier for you to use, access to this chapter is not digitally
restricted. In return, we think it s fair to ask you to use it for personal, non-commercial purposes
only. In other words, please don t upload this chapter to a peer-to-peer site, mass email it to
everyone you know, or resell it. See the terms and conditions on our site for a longer way of saying
the above -  Do the right thing with our content.
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ARCHITECTURE ...AND BARCELONA TOMORROW


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