Materials & Loading Tutorial 2-1
Materials & Loading Tutorial
This tutorial will demonstrate how to model a more complex multi-
material slope, with both pore water pressure and an external load.
MODEL FEATURES:
" multiple material slope, with weak layer
" pore pressure defined by water table
" uniformly distributed external load
" circular slip surface search (Grid Search)
The finished product of this tutorial can be found in the Tutorial 02
Materials and Loading.sli data file, located in the Examples >
Tutorials folder in your Slide installation folder.
Model
If you have not already done so, run the Slide Model program by double-
clicking on the Slide icon in your installation folder. Or from the Start
menu, select Programs Rocscience Slide 5.0 Slide.
If the Slide application window is not already maximized, maximize it
now, so that the full screen is available for viewing the model.
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Limits
Let s first set the limits of the drawing region, so that we can see the
model being created as we enter the geometry.
Select: View Limits
Enter the following minimum and maximum x-y coordinates in the View
Limits dialog. Select OK.
Figure 2-1: View Limits dialog.
These limits will approximately center the model in the drawing region,
when you enter it as described below.
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Project Settings
Although we do not need to set any Project Settings for this tutorial, let s
briefly examine the Project Settings dialog.
Select: Analysis Project Settings
Figure 2-2: Project Settings dialog.
Select the Groundwater tab.
Notice the various methods of defining pore pressure conditions in Slide.
For this tutorial, we will be using the default (Groundwater Method =
Water Surfaces). This allows pore pressure to be calculated from a Water
Table or Piezometric surfaces.
We will be using all of the default selections in Project Settings, however,
select the General tab, and enter a Project Title Materials & Loading
Tutorial. Select OK.
Entering Boundaries
The first boundary that must be defined for every Slide model, is the
External Boundary (see the Quick Start Tutorial for a definition of the
External Boundary in Slide).
To add the External Boundary, select Add External Boundary from the
toolbar or the Boundaries menu.
Select: Boundaries Add External Boundary
Enter the following coordinates in the prompt line at the bottom right of
the screen.
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Materials & Loading Tutorial 2-4
Enter vertex [esc=quit]: 5 0
Enter vertex [u=undo,esc=quit]: 100 0
Enter vertex [u=undo,esc=quit]: 100 34
Enter vertex [c=close,u=undo,esc=quit]:100 36
Enter vertex [c=close,u=undo,esc=quit]:100 40
Enter vertex [c=close,u=undo,esc=quit]: 67 40
Enter vertex [c=close,u=undo,esc=quit]: 43 28
Enter vertex [c=close,u=undo,esc=quit]: 5 28
Enter vertex [c=close,u=undo,esc=quit]: 5 18
Enter vertex [c=close,u=undo,esc=quit]: 5 16
Enter vertex [c=close,u=undo,esc=quit]: c
Note that entering c after the last vertex has been entered, automatically
connects the first and last vertices (closes the boundary), and exits the
Add External Boundary option.
Add Material Boundaries
Material boundaries are used in Slide to define the boundaries between
different material zones within the External Boundary. Let s add two
material boundaries, to define the location of a weak layer.
Select: Boundaries Add Material Boundary
Since we planned ahead, there are already vertices on the External
Boundary, which we can graphically snap to.
1. First make sure that the Snap option is enabled on the Status Bar.
When Snap is enabled, the cursor will change to a circle when it is
positioned over a vertex, allowing you to snap exactly to the vertex.
2. Position the cursor over the External Boundary vertex at ( 5 , 18 )
and click the left mouse button.
3. Position the cursor over the External Boundary vertex at ( 100 , 36 )
and click the left mouse button.
4. Right-click the mouse and select Done.
The first material boundary has been added. Now add a second material
boundary.
Select: Boundaries Add Material Boundary
Repeat steps 2 4, to add a second material boundary, by snapping to the
External Boundary vertices at ( 5 , 16 ) and ( 100 , 34 ). Your model
should look as follows:
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Materials & Loading Tutorial 2-5
Figure 2-3: External and material boundaries added.
Add Water Table
Now let s add the water table, in order to define the pore pressure
conditions.
Select: Boundaries Add Water Table
You should still be in Snap mode, so use the mouse to snap the first two
vertices to existing External Boundary vertices, and enter the rest of the
vertices in the prompt line.
Enter vertex [esc=quit]: use the mouse to snap to the vertex at
5 28
Enter vertex [u=undo,esc=quit]: use the mouse to snap to the
vertex at 43 28
Enter vertex [u=undo,esc=quit]: 49 30
Enter vertex [c=close,u=undo,esc=quit]: 60 34
Enter vertex [c=close,u=undo,esc=quit]: 66 36
Enter vertex [c=close,u=undo,esc=quit]: 74 38
Enter vertex [c=close,u=undo,esc=quit]: 80 38.5
Enter vertex [c=close,u=undo,esc=quit]: 100 38.5
Enter vertex [c=close,u=undo,esc=quit]:press Enter or right-
click and select Done
You will now see the Assign Water Table dialog.
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This dialog allows you to assign the Water Table to the materials in your
model, by selecting the checkbox for the desired materials. The Water
Table must be assigned to materials, so that the program knows how pore
pressure is to be calculated for each material.
By default, when you add a Water Table, all checkboxes in the dialog are
selected. This is sufficient for our purposes, so just select OK. The Water
Table will be added to the model, and automatically assigned to all
materials in the model.
As you can see, we have added a Water Table coincident with the ground
surface at the foot of the slope, and slightly below ground surface towards
the crest.
NOTE:
" The assigning of the Water Table to materials, can also be done in
the Define Material Properties dialog. The Assign Water Table
dialog is simply a convenient shortcut which allows you to assign
the Water Table to all materials at once, rather than individually
with the Define Material Properties dialog.
" IMPORTANT NOTE: the Water Table MUST BE DEFINED
ACROSS ALL MATERIALS for which pore pressure is to be
calculated using the Water Table. If it is not, then the analysis will
not be able to calculate the pore pressure for slip surfaces where the
Water Table is not defined, and a safety factor will NOT BE
CALCULATED. Therefore, always make sure that the Water Table
spans all applicable material zones of the model, or the slope will
not be analyzed where the Water Table is undefined.
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Materials & Loading Tutorial 2-7
Add Distributed Load
In Slide, external loads can be defined as either concentrated line loads,
or distributed loads. For this tutorial, we will add a uniformly distributed
load near the crest of the slope. Select Add Distributed Load from the
toolbar or the Loading menu.
Select: Loading Add Distributed Load
You will see the Add Distributed Load dialog.
Enter:
Orientation = normal
Magnitude = 50
Type = constant
Enter a Magnitude = 50 kN/m2. Leave all other parameters at their
default settings. Select OK.
Now as you move the cursor, you will see a small red cross which follows
the cursor and snaps to the nearest point on the nearest boundary.
You may enter the location of the load graphically, by clicking the left
mouse button when the red cross is at the desired starting and ending
points of the distributed load. However, to enter exact coordinates, it is
easier in this case to enter the coordinates in the prompt line.
Enter first point on boundary [esc=quit]: 70 40
Enter second point on boundary [esc=quit]: 80 40
The distributed load will be added to the model after you enter the second
point. The distributed load is represented by red arrows pointing normal
(downwards, in this case) to the External Boundary, between the two
points you entered. The load magnitude is also displayed.
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Slip Surfaces
For this tutorial, we will be performing a circular surface Grid Search, to
attempt to locate the critical slip surface (i.e. the slip surface with the
lowest safety factor).
A Grid Search requires a grid of slip centers to be defined. We will use
the Auto Grid option, which automatically locates a grid for the user.
Select: Surfaces Auto Grid
You will see the Grid Spacing dialog.
Enter an interval spacing of 20 x 20. Select OK.
The Grid will be added to the model, and your screen should appear as
follows:
Figure 2-4: Water table, external load and grid added to model.
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NOTE: slip center grids, and the circular surface Grid Search, are
discussed in more detail in the Quick Start Tutorial. Please refer to that
tutorial, or the Slide Help system, for more information.
Properties
It s time to define our material properties. Select Define Materials from
the toolbar or the Properties menu.
Select: Properties Define Materials
With the first (default) tab selected in the Define Materials dialog, enter
the following properties:
Enter:
Name = soil 1
Unit Weight = 19
Strength Type = Mohr-Coul
Cohesion = 28.5
Phi = 20
Water Surf. = Water Table
Hu = 1
Enter the parameters shown above. Notice that the Water Surface = Water
Table, because we already assigned the Water Table to all materials in the
model, with the Assign Water Table dialog, when we created the Water
Table. When all parameters are entered for the first material, select the
second tab, and enter the properties for the weak soil layer.
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Materials & Loading Tutorial 2-10
Enter:
Name = weak layer
Unit Weight = 18.5
Strength Type = Mohr-Coul
Cohesion = 0
Phi = 10
Water Surf. = Water Table
Hu = 1
Enter the properties, and select OK when finished.
Note the following about the Water Parameters:
" Water Surface = Water Table means that the Water Table will be
used for pore pressure calculations for the material.
For users unfamiliar with the Hu Value:
" In Slide, the Hu coefficient is defined as the factor by which the
vertical distance to a water table (or piezo line) is multiplied to obtain
the pressure head. It may range between 0 and 1. Hu = 1 would
d
indicate hydrostatic conditions. Hu = 0 would indicate a dry soil, and
hp
intermediate values are used to simulate head loss due to seepage, as
shown in the margin figure.
Hu = hp / d
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Assigning Properties
Since we have defined two materials, it will be necessary to assign
properties to the correct regions of the model, using the Assign Properties
option.
Select Assign Properties from the toolbar or the Properties menu.
Select: Properties Assign Properties
You will see the Assign Properties dialog, shown in the margin.
Before we proceed, note that:
" By default, when boundaries are created, Slide automatically assigns
the properties of the first material in the Define Material Properties
dialog, to all soil regions of the model.
" Therefore, in this case, we only need to assign properties to the weak
layer of the model. The soil above and below the weak layer, already
has the correct properties, of the first material which we defined.
To assign properties to the weak layer will only take two mouse clicks:
1. Use the mouse to select the weak layer soil, in the Assign
Properties dialog (notice that the material names are the names you
entered in the Define Material Properties dialog).
2. Now place the cursor anywhere in the weak layer of the model (i.e.
anywhere in the narrow region between the two material
boundaries), and click the left mouse button.
That s it, properties are assigned. Notice that the weak layer zone now
has the colour of the weak layer material. Close the Assign Properties
dialog by selecting the X in the upper right corner of the dialog (or you
can press the Escape key to close the dialog).
We are now finished creating the model, and can proceed to run the
analysis and interpret the results.
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Compute
Before you analyze your model, save it as a file called ml_circ.sli. (Slide
model files have a .SLI filename extension).
Select: File Save
Use the Save As dialog to save the file. You are now ready to run the
analysis.
Select: Analysis Compute
The Slide COMPUTE engine will proceed in running the analysis. When
completed, you are ready to view the results in INTERPRET.
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Interpret
To view the results of the analysis:
Select: Analysis Interpret
This will start the Slide INTERPRET program. You should see the
following figure:
Figure 2-5: Results of Grid Search.
As you can see, the Global Minimum slip circle, for the Bishop analysis
method, passes through the weak layer, and is partially underneath the
distributed load.
The weak layer and the external load clearly have an influence on the
stability of this model, and the Global Minimum safety factor (Bishop
analysis) is 0.798, indicating an unstable situation (safety factor < 1).
This slope will require support, or other design modifications, if it is to be
stabilized.
Using the drop-down list in the toolbar, select other analysis methods,
and view the Global Minimum surface for each. In this case, the actual
surface, for the methods used (Bishop and Janbu) is the same, although
different safety factors are calculated by each method.
In general, the Global Minimum surface will not necessarily be the same
surface, for each analysis method. See the Quick Start Tutorial for
further discussion about the Global Minimum surface.
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Now select the Minimum Surfaces option from the toolbar or the Data
menu, in order to view the minimum surface calculated at each grid point
in the slip center grid.
Select: Data Minimum Surfaces
The effect of the weak layer is even more dramatically visible. The
minimum circles with the lowest safety factors are all tending to pass
through the weak layer, as illustrated in the figure below.
Figure 2-6: Minimum slip surfaces, passing through weak layer.
To view all circles generated by the analysis:
Select: Data All Surfaces
The effect of the weak layer is visible with all circles displayed. Now
switch back to viewing the Minimum Surfaces, and we will discuss how
to view detailed analysis results, for individual surfaces, using the Query
menu options.
What is a Query?
A Query, in the Slide INTERPRET program, is simply a slip surface
which has been selected with the Add Query option, for the purpose of
viewing and plotting detailed analysis results along the slip surface (e.g.
Base Normal Stress, Mobilized Shear Resistance, Pore Pressure,
Interslice forces, etc).
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It is important to note that the Data Output option in Project Settings,
determines which surfaces will be available for creating a Query:
" If Data Output = Standard, then detailed analysis data is saved in
If Data Output = Standard,
then a Query can only be the Slide output file, for the Global Minimum surface ONLY.
created for the Global
Minimum.
" If Data Output = Maximum, then detailed analysis data is saved for
the minimum surface at each grid point (for a circular surface Grid
Search).
In this tutorial, we have used the default Data Output = Standard, and
can therefore only create a Query for the Global Minimum surface. See
the suggested exercises at the end of this tutorial, for a discussion of the
Data Output = Maximum option.
Add Query
A Query can be created by selecting the Add Query option from the
toolbar or the Query menu.
This allows you to select any slip surface for which detailed analysis
results are available. For the current example, detailed analysis results
are only available for the Global Minimum slip surface, as discussed in
the previous section.
When it is only required to create a Query for the Global Minimum, there
are several time-saving shortcuts available to the user. For example:
1. Right-click the mouse anywhere on the Global Minimum slip surface.
TIP: a short-cut for adding a
NOTE: you may click on the slip surface, or on the radial lines joining
Query on the Global Minimum
right-click on the Global
the slip center to the slip surface endpoints.
Minimum, and select Add
Query from the popup menu.
2. Select Add Query from the popup menu, and a Query will be created
for the Global Minimum.
3. NOTE that the colour of the Global Minimum surface changes to
black, to indicate that a query has been added. (Queries are displayed
using black. The Global Minimum, before the query was added, was
displayed in green.)
You will find this a useful and frequently used shortcut for adding a
Query for the Global Minimum.
Other shortcuts for adding and graphing Queries are described in the
following sections.
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Graph Query
The main reason for creating a Query, is to be able to graph detailed
analysis results for the slip surface.
This is done with the Graph Query option in the toolbar or the Query
menu.
Select: Query Graph Query
NOTE:
" If only a single query exists, as in the current example, it will
automatically be selected as soon as you select Graph Query, and you
will immediately see the Graph Slice Data dialog, shown below. If
more than one query exists, you will first have to select one (or more)
queries, with the mouse.
Figure 2-7: Graph Slice Data dialog.
1. In the Graph Slice Data dialog, select the data you would like to plot
from the Primary data drop-down list. For example, select Base
Normal Stress.
2. Select the Horizontal axis data you would like to use (Distance, Slice
number, or X coordinate).
3. Select Create Plot, and Slide will create a plot as shown in the
following figure.
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Materials & Loading Tutorial 2-17
Figure 2-8: Base Normal Stress vs. Distance.
More Query Shortcuts
Here are more useful shortcuts for adding / graphing Queries (these are
left as optional exercises after completing this tutorial):
" If you right-click on the Global Minimum BEFORE a query is
created, you can select Add Query, or Add Query and Graph from the
popup menu. Or if you right-click AFTER a Query is created, you can
select Graph Query or other options.
" Another very quick shortcut if NO Queries have been created, and
you select Graph Query from the toolbar, Slide will automatically
create a Query for the Global Minimum, and display the Graph Slice
Data dialog.
" Similarly, if you select Show Slices or Query Slice Data, a query will
automatically be created for the Global Minimum, if it did not
already exist.
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Customizing a Graph
After a slice data graph has been created, many options are available to
the user to customize the graph data and appearance.
Chart Properties
Right-click the mouse on a graph, and select Chart Properties. The Chart
Properties dialog allows you to change axis titles, minimum and
maximum values, etc. This is left as an optional exercise for the user to
explore.
Change Plot Data
Right-click the mouse on a graph, and select Change Plot Data. This will
display the Graph Slice Data dialog (Figure 2-7), allowing you to plot
completely different data, if you wish, while still remaining in the same
view.
Grayscale
Right-click the mouse and select Grayscale. The view will be grayscaled,
suitable for black and white image capture. Grayscale is also available in
the toolbar, and in the View menu, and can be toggled on or off at any
time.
Changing the analysis method
After a graph is created, you can even change the analysis method.
Simply select a method from the toolbar, and data corresponding to the
method will be displayed.
NOTE:
" Depending on the data being viewed, results may or may not vary
with analysis method. For example, Slice Weight will NOT vary with
analysis method. Base Normal Stress will vary with analysis method.
" Also, No Data may be displayed, if the minimum surface for the
analysis method chosen, is different from the surface on which you
originally added the query.
Close this graph, so that we can demonstrate a few more features of the
Slide query menu.
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Show Slices
The Show Slices option is used to display the actual slices used in the
analysis, on all existing queries in the current view.
Select: Query Show Slices
The slices are now displayed for the Global Minimum.
Use the Zoom Window option to get a closer view, so that your screen
looks similar to Figure 2-10.
Figure 2-10: Slices displayed on query.
The Show Slices option can also be used for other display purposes, as
configured in the Display Options dialog. For example:
1. Right-click the mouse and select Display Options. Select the Slope
Stability tab.
2. Turn OFF Slice Boundaries, and turn ON Hatch background.
Observe the 45 degree hatch pattern which now fills the failure mass.
3. Change the Fill colour, and select a different Hatch pattern.
Experiment with different combinations of Slice Display Options, and
observe the results.
Remember that the Show Slices option only displays the Slice options
that are turned ON in the Display Options dialog.
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NOTE: the current Display Options can be saved as the program
defaults, by selecting the Defaults button in the Display Options dialog,
and then selecting Make current settings the default in the Defaults
dialog.
Query Slice Data
The Query Slice Data option allows you to view detailed analysis results
FOR INDIVIDUAL SLICES IN A SLIDING MASS.
Select: Query Query Slice Data
1. You will see the Slice Data dialog, which prompts you to Click on a
slice to view slice data .
2. Click on any slice, and the data for the slice will be displayed in the
dialog, as illustrated below:
Figure 2-11: Slice Data dialog.
3. Force arrows will be displayed on the slice, representing the various
forces acting on the slice, such as slice weight, interslice forces and
base forces.
4. Select different slices, and observe the changing data. You can click
directly on the model, or you can use the left / right arrow buttons at
the top of the dialog, to select slices.
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5. Select Zoom in the Slice Data dialog. The currently selected slice is
zoomed to the middle of the view.
6. Select the roll-up 5 arrow in the upper right corner of the Slice
Data dialog (do not select the X), and the dialog will roll-up
(minimize without closing), allowing you to view the full screen.
(NOTE: you can also double-click on the title bar of the dialog, to
minimize / maximize the dialog). For example, after rolling-up and
moving the Slice Data dialog out of the way, your screen may appear
as follows:
Figure 2-12: Slice forces displayed with Query Slice Data.
7. Maximize the Slice Data dialog, by selecting the roll-down 6 arrow,
or double-clicking on the title bar of the dialog. Select the Hide / Show
buttons, and view the results.
8. The Copy button will copy the current slice data to the Windows
clipboard, where it can be pasted into another Windows application
(e.g. for report writing).
9. The Filter List button allows you to customize the list of data which
appears in the dialog.
10. Close the Slice Data dialog by selecting the X in the upper right-
corner of the dialog, or Done.
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Deleting Queries
Queries can be deleted with the Delete Query option in the toolbar or the
Query menu.
A convenient short-cut for deleting an individual query, is to right-click
on a query, and select Delete Query. For example:
1. Right-click on the Global Minimum query. (You can right-click
anywhere on the slip surface, or on the radial lines joining the slip
center to the slip surface endpoints).
2. Select Delete Query from the popup menu, and the query will be
deleted. (The Global Minimum is now displayed in green once again,
indicating that the query no longer exists).
Graph SF along Slope
Finally, we will demonstrate one more data interpretation feature of
Slide.
Select: Data Graph SF along Slope
In the following dialog, select Create Plot:
This will create a plot of the factor of safety along the surface of the slope.
The factor of safety values are obtained from each slip surface / slope
intersection point.
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Figure 2-13: Factor of safety along slope surface.
This graph is useful in determing areas of the slope which correspond to
slip surfaces with low safety factors, and may possibly be involved in
failure. You may find it useful to tile the views horizontally, to view the
graph and the slope together.
Select: Window Tile Horizontally
Use the Zoom options as necessary, to achieve the desired view of the
slope, relative to the graph. (Tip: first select Zoom All. Then use Zoom
Mouse, and Pan, if necessary, to zoom the slope to the same scale as the
graph).
Additional Exercises
A safety factor graph, such as Figure 2-13, can be used to help refine a
critical surface search, with the Define Slope Limits option, as suggested
in the optional exercise below.
1. Return to the Slide MODEL program.
2. Use the Define Slope Limits dialog (see the Quick Start tutorial), to
define two sets of Slope Limits, corresponding approximately to the
low safety factor areas of the graph in Figure 2-13.
3. Re-run the analysis, and see if a lower safety factor Global Minimum
surface has been located.
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Other Search Methods
The Grid Search is not the only search method available in Slide for
circular slip surfaces. Other methods can be used. Re-run the analysis
using:
" Slope Search method
" Auto Refine Search method
and compare results. Experiment with different search method
parameters. See the Slide Help system for information about the search
methods.
Maximum Data Output Option
While demonstrating the Query options in this tutorial, we have pointed
out that a Query could only be created for the Global Minimum surface.
This is because we used the Data Output = Standard option in the
Project Settings dialog.
If we use the Data Output = Maximum option, then a Query can be
created for the minimum safety factor surface at any grid point, since
detailed analysis data is then saved for all of these surfaces, and not just
for the Global Minimum.
The following suggested exercise will demonstrate the capabilities of
Slide when Data Output = Maximum.
1. Return to the Slide Model program, and set Data Output = Maximum
in Project Settings.
2. Re-run the analysis.
3. In Slide Interpret, select Add Query from the toolbar or the menu.
4. Now hover the mouse (without clicking) over the slip center grid, or
over the slip surfaces within the slope. As you move the mouse, notice
that the nearest corresponding slip surface is highlighted. (Note: it is
helpful to turn on the Minimum Surfaces option first, since these are
all of the surfaces for which you can create a Query).
5. When a desired slip surface has been located, click the left mouse
button, and a Query will be created for that surface.
6. You may repeat steps 3-5, to add any number of Queries for different
slip surfaces.
7. When using the Graph Query option (selected from the toolbar or the
menu), you may graph multiple Queries on the same plot, by simply
selecting the desired queries with the mouse.
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Materials & Loading Tutorial 2-25
NOTE: when Data Output = Maximum, the apparent compute speed will
be significantly slower than when Data Output = Standard. Also, the size
of the output files will be much larger, due to the large amount of data
being stored. Depending on the number of slip surfaces you are
analyzing, these differences can be very significant. Data Output =
Maximum option should only be used when you wish to view detailed
data for surfaces other than the Global Minimum.
That concludes this tutorial. To exit the program:
Select: File Exit
Slide v.5.0 Tutorial Manual
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