Trees (1997) 11: 316 321 © Springer-Verlag 1997
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Petra Scheidemann ? Astrid Wetzel
Identification and characterization of flavonoids in the root exudate of
Robinia pseudoacacia
Received: 26 July 1996 / Accepted: 9 September 1996
AbstractmEight compounds exuded from young roots of et al. 1989). Induction of the nodulation genes is dependent
black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) were separated by on NodD, a protein in the inner bacterial membrane
two-dimensional HPTLC, by HPLC and GC, and were (Mulligan and Long 1985). Flavonoid compounds that
identified by spectroscopic methods (ultraviolet/visible induce nodulation genes in concert with NodD have been
spectroscopy and mass spectrometry) as 49,7-dihydroxyfla- isolated from exudates of seeds and roots of a wide variety
vone, apigenin, naringenin, chrysoeriol and isoliquiriti- of herbaceous legumes. Compatibility is first determined by
genin. Structural assignments were confirmed by compar- preinfection events involving an exchange of molecular
ison with authentic standards. The capacity to induce ² - signals between the plant and the bacterium, a process that
galactosidase activity in Rhizobium sp. NGR234 containing mediates their mutual differentiation (Fisher and Long
a nod box::lacZ fusion on plasmid pA27 identified these 1992). The chemical structures of these compounds were
flavonoids and the chalcone as nod gene inducers. This found to be host-symbiont specific (Rossen et al. 1987).
indicates the important role of these compounds in nodula- The purpose of our study was to isolate and identify
tion of this legume tree. flavonoid compounds present in the root exudate of the
black locust tree (Robinia pseudoacacia) and to character-
Key wordsmRobinia pseudoacacia ? Rhizobium sp. ize their biological activity in the nod gene induction assay.
NGR234 ? Root exudate ? Flavonoids ? nod Gene induction R. pseudoacacia, first introduced from North America to
France and England in 1701, has become increasingly
important throughout Europe and parts of Asia (Keresztesi
1988). It is one of the most useful trees for controlling
erosion and rebuilding depleted soils. The presence of black
Introduction
locust may favour the development of other vegetation,
probably through amelioration of the micro-climate and
Flavonoid compounds have been reported to be widely
through nitrogen fixation. Growth of black locust trees on
distributed throughout the plant kingdom (Harborne 1967)
poor, nitrogen deficient soils can be enhanced by establish-
and are ubiquitous in roots, leaves and flowers of higher
ing the environmental conditions promoting the develop-
plants. Root flavonoids may play various functions in
ment and maintenance of symbiosis with rhizobia. In
protecting the plants against pests and diseases, by regulat-
contrast to many other legume macrosymbionts, R. pseu-
ing root growth and exerting allelopathic effects.
doacacia is nodulated by very diverse Rhizobium strains
Flavonoids also play a significant role in the symbiotic
(McCray-Batzli et al. 1992; Röhm and Werner 1992;
legume-Rhizobium interaction by (1) enhancing the growth
Schäfers and Werner 1993). This raises an interesting
rate of bacterial cells, (2) promoting bacterial movement
question: is this nonspecific interaction also reflected by a
toward the plant, and (3) inducing transcription of rhizobial
rather nonspecific pattern of nod gene inducing flavonoid
nodulation (nod) genes (Phillips and Tsai 1992). This
metabolites released by this woody legume? A large num-
sequence of events governs the early processes involved
ber of authentic plant derived phenolic compounds were
in nodulating a host plant (Mulligan and Long 1985; Spaink
assayed to determine the characterstics of black locust root
exudate compounds capable of inducing nod gene tran-
scription of the microsymbionts, and the structural features
of the inducing compounds were analyzed.
P. Scheidemann ? A. Wetzel ( )
Philipps-Universität Marburg, FB Biologie, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse,
D-35032 Marburg, Germany
317
ontrile-water gradient elution protocol: 18 55% acetonitrile-H O, pH 3
2
Material and methods
in 25 min, flow rate 1 ml/min. Water was acidified with acetic acid.
The absorption spectra of the eluting compounds were analyzed with a
diode array detector (Spectra Focus, Spectra-Physics, San Jose, Calif.,
Chemicals
USA).
For gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, dry
4 ,7-Dihydroxyflavone and chrysoeriol were purchased from Apin
flavonoid samples were derivatized by incubation with 100 µ l bis
(Abingdon, UK). Naringenin and apigenin were purchased from Roth
(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA) contaning 1% trimethyl-
(Karlsruhe, Germany). Isoliquiritigenin was synthesized in our labo-
chlorosilane (TMCS) (Sigma, Dorset, UK) in a sealed glass tube for
ratory following the procedure of Kape et al. (1992).
15 h at 60 ° C to obtain the trimethylsilyl (TMS)- derivatives. GC-MS
was performed according to Greenaway et al. (1989) with slight
modifications: the derivatized samples were separated and analysed
Plant material and growth conditions
in a Finnigan ITD 800 automated GC-MS system; the GC system
(Varian 3400) was fitted with a 30 m × 0.25 mm ID J&W Scientific
Seeds of R. pseudoacacia (supplied by B. Keresztesi, Hungary) were
silica column with 0.25 µ m DB-1, and a splitless injector with a flush
washed with 0.1% Tween 20 (polyoxyethene sorbitan monolaurate;
30 s after sample injection to remove residual gases. The outlet of the
Serva, Heidelberg, Germany) for 3 min, rinsed several times with
column was introduced directly into the mass spectrometer manifold.
sterile tap water, and surface-sterilized for 10 min in 30% hydrogen
The system was operated under the following conditions: helium
peroxide. Both procedures were carried out in an ultrasonic bath
pressure 15 psi; injector temperature 280 ° C, GC-temperature
(35 kHz, Sonorex RK 510S, Bandelin Electronic, Germany). After
70 300 ° C at 5 ° C min 1. The mass spectrometer was set to scan
sterilization, seeds were washed ten times with sterile tap water and
200 650 a.m.u. per nominal second with an ionizing voltage of 7 eVor
allowed to germinate on NB-agar (nutrient broth 8 g/l, agar 15 g/l). The
70 eV when using a Taylor disk.
preparation of the black locust root exudate was performed according
to Kape et al. (1992): 2 days after germination 100 seedlings were
individually transferred onto a stainless steel mesh, which was placed
in a glass petri dish (diameter, 22 cm; height, 7 cm) supplied with a Identification of compounds
cellulose acetate filter (SM111, Sartorius, Göttingen). The roots of the
seedlings grew through the holes of the mesh and then along the Peaks were identified by computer search of user-generated reference
surface of the cellulose acetate filter. This filter material most effec- libraries, either based on GC retention times and mass spectra, or on
tively bound the nod gene-inducing compounds as compared with HPLC retention times and UV-spectra. After tentative identifications,
several other filters (Recourt et al. 1991). Plants were grown in a commercial standards were compared by spectroscopic analysis and
controlled environmental chamber under a 16/8 light/dark cycle, 25/ co-chromatography to confirm R retention times and spectra.
f-values,
20 ° C, 70% relative humidity and a photosynthetically active radiation
of 124 µ Em 2 s 1 provided by fluorescent tubes (Sylvania, cool white,
F195 W/CW/VHO, USA).
Preparation of flavonoid stock solutions and nod gene induction assays
Quantification of substances on HPTLC plates was done by compar-
Preparation of root exudate
ison of UV-absorption with flavonoid spots of known concentrations.
Silica gel corresponding to the spots was scratched from the plates,
After 7 days the cellulose acetate filters were first rinsed with distilled
eluted with methanol and aliquots were transferred into 2-ml glass vials
water to remove all water soluble compounds and the cell debris, and
with Teflon-lined screw caps (Renner, Darmstadt, Germany). After
were then rinsed with hexane to remove lipids. The washed filters were
vaporizing of the methanol in a Speedvac concentrator, flavonoids
extracted three times with methanol. The methanolic extracts were
were diluted with RMM medium (Broughton et al. 1986) to concen-
pooled, filtered through a glass fiber filter (Whatman GF/C, Maidstone,
trations from 0.1 to 100 µ M.
England) concentrated under vacuum at 60 ° C to a volume of 2 ml and
The nod gene induction assay was done according to Miller (1972).
further concentrated to dryness using a Speedvac concentrator (Savant
The following changes were introduced. Rhizobium sp. NGR234
Instruments, Farmingdale, N.Y.). The residues were stored at 20 ° C
(pA27) containing a nod box::lac Z construct and resistant to tetra-
in the dark for later analysis.
cycline was used to monitor nod gene induction (Lewin et al. 1990).
Purification and separation of flavonoids was done by two dimen- The bacteria were grown in TY medium (tryptone 5 g/l, yeast extract
sional high performance thin-layer chromatography (2D-HPTLC) on
3 g/l, CaCl 0.4 g/l, agar 15 g/l) containing 10 mg/l tetracycline.
2
silica gel plates (nano-Sil 20 UV254, Machery & Nagel, Germany).
Cultures were incubated at 28 ° C on a rotary shaker (100 rpm) for 16 h
The above residues were dissolved in 50 µ l methanol, and 3 µ l of the
in the presence of varying concentrations of the test compounds as
solution was spotted on to nano-Sil layers. Separation of the flavonoids
given above.
was performed with chloroform-methanol-formic acid (93:6:1, v:v:v)
Nod gene induction was measured as ² -galactosidase activity and
in the first dimension and toluol-ethyl acetate-methanol-acetic acid
reported as Miller units, which indicate enzyme activity standardized
(75:25:4:1, v:v:v:v) in the second dimension. All chromatographic
for bacterial cell number (Miller 1972).
steps were carried out at 28 ° C in a saturated chamber. The migration
Background activity was determined with extracts of silica gel
distance chosen was 8 cm. HPTLC plates were evaluated with a
from portions of the plates that did not contain spots. Constitutive
Desaga CD60 densitometer (Desaga, Heidelberg, Germany), which
expression of ² -galactosidase was tested as a control with Rhizobium
allowed us to record UV-visible absorption spectra of single spots
sp. NGR234 (pMP220) containing a promotorless lacZ gene. The orgin
without prior elution from the HPTLC plate.
of the strains have been published by Lewin et al. (1990).
Crude extracts dissolved in 50 µ l methanol were purified prior to
HPLC by column chromatography (column length, 70 mm; diameter,
5 mm). The column packing was Sephadex LH 20 (Pharmacia,
Uppsala, Sweden). Flavonoids were eluted with an increasing metha-
Results
nol-water gradient (20 to 100% methanol). Fractions of 1 ml were
collected and their identities as flavonoids confirmed by HPTLC.
Flavonoid containing fractions were dried in a Speedvac concentrator
Detection of flavonoids in root exudate
and dissolved in 50 µ l methanol before injection to HPLC.
For high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) 20 µ l ali-
Cultivation of black locust seedlings in the presence of
quots of the extracts were injected into a LKB system equipped with a
cellulose acetate filters allowed the rapid preparation of a
reversed phase C 18 column (ODS-Hypersil, 250 × 4 mm, 5 µ m,
Hewlett Packard, Böblingen, Germany) and separated using an acet- flavonoid containing root exudate fraction from tree seed-
318
Table 1mThin layer chromatography data of compounds from root
exudates of Robinia pseudoacacia, and of authentic standards. R
f
values (R = 1st dimension, R = 2nd dimension). Spot colours were
f1 f2
observed upon irradiation at 366 nm in the dark
Unknown compound R R Spot colour
f1 f2
standard (366 nm)
Compound 1 0.20 0.18 blue
49,7-dihydroxyflavone 0.22 0.17 blue
Compound 2 0.29 0.18 light blue
Compound 3 0.26 0.29 yellow
Compound 4 0.30 0.30 dark purple
Apigenin 0.28 0.30 dark purple
Compound 5 a 0.32 0.41 fluor.extinct
Naringenin 0.31 0.41 fluor.extinct
Compound 5 b 0.31 0.43 dark purple
Isoliquiritigenin 0.32 0.42 dark purple
Compound 6 0.33 0.32 dark purple
Chrysoeriol 0.33 0.32 dark purple
Compound 7 0.34 0.28 yellow
lings. Separation of the metabolite fraction by 2D-HPTLC
resulted in a total of 34 spots. Ten of these spots were
selected for further characterisation. Spot no. 5 contained
two compounds named compounds 5a and 5b.
Identification of compounds
The R values and spot colours on HPTLC-plates of the 8
f
spots with flavonoid specific UV-spectra are given in Table
1. The overlay graphs of the UV spectra revealed good Fig. 1mUV spectra of putative flavonoids and authentic standards
obtained by direct densitometry of spots HPTLC plates. Upper spectra
correspondence (Fig. 1) between putative flavonoids and
represent the natural metabolite except for spot 5b. The chemical
the authentic standards.
structures are also given
HPLC analysis confirmed these results. Comparable
retention times were obtained for 4 ,7-dihydroxyflavone
and compound 1 (15:70 min vs 15:82 min), naringenin and
Table 2mGC/MS data of compounds in root exudates of Robinia
compound 5a (19:43 min vs 19:65 min), isoliquiritigenin
pseudoacacia, and of authentic standards. Retention time, calculated
and compound 6 (21:75 min vs 21:84 min), and the identity
molecular masses of the trimethylsilylderivatives and the m/z values
of the paired compounds was supported by on-line diode
observed are given. The reverse fit (Rfit) value quantifies the degree to
array spectroscopy.
which the unknown spectrum is included in the library spectrum. A
The flavonoid metabolites of the root exudate were Rfit of more than 700 implies a close resemblance between the
components
further identified as their TMS-derivatives by comparison
of their GC and MS characteristics with those of known
Unknown compound Retention Mol mass Mol mass Rfit
reference standards (Table 2). The identification of 4 ,7- standard time calculated observed
(min : sec) (Da) (m/z)
dihydroxyflavone, naringenin and the chalcone isoliquirti-
genin was confirmed, while compounds 4 and 6 were
Compound 1 20:12 399 384 728
additionally identified as apigenin and chrysoeriol, respec-
497-dihydroxyflavone 20:06 399 384
tively. Three samples were analysed and in each sample
Compound 4 21:10 487 472 741
these five flavonoids could be identified.
Apigenin 21:06 487 472
Compound 5 a 18:52 489 474 712
Naringenin 18:54 489 474
Nod gene-inducing activities of compounds
Compound 5 b 19:06 473 458 786
Isoliquiritigenin 19:02 473 458
Eleven distinctive spots, separated on HPTLC-plates, were
Compound 6 22:00 516 502 729
analysed for their nod gene inducing activity. Eight root
Chrysoeriol 22:00 516 502
exudate compounds, namely 1, 2, 3, 4, 5a, 5b, 6, and 7,
319
Comparison of the biological activity of commercial
standards with isolated compounds (10 µ M) from the root
exudate revealed corresponding nod gene inducing activity
within a variation coefficent of less than 10% (data not
shown).
Unfractionated root exudate, reflecting the original fla-
vonoid concentration in the cultivation system, resulted in a
nod gene inducing activity of 452 Miller units (mean value
of two independent experiments).
Discussion
R. pseudoacica has been found to be primarily associated
with fast-growing Rhizobium strains, but it may also form
nodules with slow-growing Bradyrhizobium strains
(McCray-Batzli et al. 1992). Rhizobial diversity may be
favoured by the fact that black locust nodules are perennial
(Allen and Allen 1981), maintaining distinct rhizobia in
Fig. 2mRhizobium nod gene induction by 4 , 7-dihydroxyflavone (4 , nodules from year to year without repeated competition for
7-DHF), apigenin, naringenin, isoliquiritigenin and chrysoeriol. Rhi-
reinfection sites with other strains in the soil. It is also
zobium sp. NGR234 (pA27) containing a nod Box:lacZ fusion was
possible for more than one strain of Rhizobium to occupy
used as a test organism, and induced ² -galactosidase was measured.
one and the same black locust nodule (McCray-Batzli et al.
The background level of ² -galactosidase was subtracted. Errors bars
1992). Differences in strain preferences may be influenced
show standard deviations
by the fact that different soil microsite conditions, such as
aeration, nutrient availability, moisture content, tempera-
induced ² -galactosidase activity in Rhizobium sp. NGR234
ture, and competition, may favour different serotypes (Post-
(pA27) at least two times higher than the background
gate 1982). In root systems of woody and perennial plants
activity (data not shown).
the complexity and spatial variability of microsites may be
After successful identification of spots 1, 4, 5a, 5b and 6,
more pronounced than in annual herbs. In R. pseudoacacia
quantitative tests were performed with the respective com-
this variability is possibly reflected by a very complex
mercial standards. Results are shown in Fig. 2 (mean values
pattern of exuded flavonoids.
of three independent experiments). Apigenin was the sub-
Recent analysis of extracts of black locust organs
stance with the highest I and the lowest I value
max 50
identified robinetin, dihydrorobinetin, dihydrofisetin, fise-
(0.3 µ M). It can therefore be regarded as the most active
tin, robtin, butin, robtein and robinin in the heartwood, and
nod gene inducer of Rhizobium sp. NGR234 (pA27) in this
acacetin, quercetin and apigenin in the leaves of the tree
test system. At a concentration of 100 µ M, apigenin showed
(Smith et al. 1989a, b), but there was so far no information
a significant inhibition of ² -galactosidase activity, as did
on flavonoids in the root exudate of R. pseudoacacia. Since
the same concentrations of 49,7 dihydroxyflavone and
it is impossible to collect exudate from an adult tree, our
chrysoeriol. The background activity determined was 102
special cultivation system was designed for R. pseudoaca-
Miller units. The control strain Rhizobium sp. NGR234
cia seedlings. The cultivation period of 7 days allowed the
(pMP220) showed the same level of ² -galactosidase activ-
preparation of metabolites at amounts sufficient for struc-
ity (data not shown).
tural elucidation in a short time.
Table 3mCollected data on flavonoids present in root exudates of various legumes, and presence or absence of nod gene inducing activity in the
appropriate microsymbionts (+ = flavonoid produced/nod gene induction; = no flavonoid produced/no nod gene induction; ? = no data available)
Flavonoid Exuded by macrosymbiont/effective in microsymbiont
T. repens/ V. sativa P. vulgaris/ M. sativa/ G. max/ R. pseudoacacia/
R. leg. trifolii supsp.nigra/ R. leg. R. meliloti B. japonicum R. NGR 234
R. leg. viciae phaseoli
49,7-DHF +/+b ?/? ?/? +/+c, d ?/? +/+a
Apigenin +/+d, e ?/+d, e ?/+d, e ?/+d, e ?/? +/+a
Naringenin ?/+e +/+e g +/+e g ?/+e ?/? +/+a
Isoliquiritigenin ?/+g +/+g ?/? ?/? +/+h +/+a
Chrysoeriol ?/? ?/? ?/? +/+i ?/? +/+a
a b c d e f g
this work; Djordjevic et al. 1987; Redmond et al. 1986; Sadowsky et al. 1988; Rolfe 1988; Hungria et al. 1991; Recourt et al. 1991;
h i
Kape et al. 1992; Hartwig et al. 1991
320
We used three different methods to analyse the UV-
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