Dynamic Performance of a Microturbine Connected to a Low Voltage Network
E. Torres1, J.M. Larragueta1, P.Eguia1, J. Mazón1, J.I. San Martn2 and I. Zamora1
1
Department of Electrical Engineering
E.T.S.I.-Bilbao, UPV/EHU
Alda. Urquijo s/n , 48013 Bilbao (Spain)
Phone number:+0034 94 6017332, e-mail: esther.torresi@ehu.es
2
Department of Electrical Engineering
E.U.I.T.I.-Eibar, UPV/EHU
Av. Otaola 29 , 20600 Eibar (Spain)
e-mail: iepsadij@sb.ehu.es
generation is mainly connected to the distribution
network, which implies smaller network losses. It is also
Abstract. Nowadays there is a great interest for the use of
frequently based on renewable resources so they have a
microturbines as sources of distributed generation, particularly
lower environmental impact than traditional generation.
in areas where demand is both electricity and heat. In these
areas microturbines reach very high efficiency rates.
Combined heat and power or cogeneration is, at present,
Microturbines can operate both stand-alone and grid connected.
the most significant type of distributed generation. The
The second one of the mentioned possibilities is which deserves
simultaneous production of electrical power and useful
a much deeper study, to analyse the interaction of the
heat at the location where they are to be consumed
microturbine with the distribution network it is connected to.
increases the overall efficiency in the use of fuel. There
are different technologies for combined heat and power.
In this paper a dynamic model of a microturbine is developed
One of them is based on the use of microturbines, which
with Matlab/Simulink/Simpowersystems. The model has been
allows to reach overall thermal efficiencies of around
included within a low voltage network model and several
90%.
dynamic simulations have been performed to study the response
to step changes in the power control references. Also, the
performance of the microturbine to faults in the network has
Microturbines can operate both stand-alone and grid
been analysed.
connected. The second one deserves a much deeper
study, to analyse the interaction between the microturbine
Key words
and the distribution network it is connected to. The
connection of microturbines to the current medium and
low voltage distribution networks modifies the electrical
Distributed generation, Microturbine, Dynamic model,
parameters in the network operation, as distribution
Simulation.
networks were designed for radial operation and supply
from a power transformer located at the sending end.
1. Introduction
In addition to the modifications in the voltage profile and
In recent years, the search for generation systems more
the influence on power losses, the modification both in
efficient and less harmful to the environment have helped
fault levels and in the distribution of fault currents must
to introduce distributed generation within the electric
be considered. This is an aspect that needs to be studied
networks, as opposed to the traditional large generation
because the network protection scheme may be affected,
plants.
being influenced both the individual operation of each
existing protection device and their coordination.
Traditional power plants involve high investment and
maintenance costs and the energy produced must be
This paper analyses the connection of microturbines to
delivered across long transmission lines with losses of
the low voltage distribution network from the viewpoint
about 2% of the energy transmitted. In addition,
of its transient behaviour during fault situations. With
nowadays there is also a strong social rejection to the
this purpose, a microturbine model is developed to carry
extension of traditional generation.
out dynamic studies and to analyse the microturbine
performance when it is connected to the network under
In contrast, distributed generators are small power plants,
different fault conditions.
with lower costs than traditional units. This type of
BOILER/CHILLER
HEAT EXCHANGER
2. Gas Microturbines
EXHAUST
Microturbines are small combustion turbines, with
GAS H OH O
2 2
COMBUSTOR
installed capacity from 25 to 300 kW and very high
HEATING/COOLING
rotation speeds (between 50.000 and 120.000 rpm). They
can be used as a support device to satisfy demand peaks,
COMPRESSOR
GENERATOR
or as distributed generator in microgrids. Table I shows
FUEL
the more important characteristics of various
SINGLE SHAFT
microturbine models.
~
Table I. Microturbines characteristics
TURBINE
AIR
RECTIFIER INVERTER
DC LINK
=
~ 3 PHASE
= ~ OUTPUT
Figure 1. Gas microturbine operation scheme
Brayton thermodynamic cycle with regeneration, allows
giving the expression of the thermal efficiency (1)
# ł -1ś#
Microturbines can work according to a simple or a
ś# ź#
(1)
regenerative cycle. In the first one, of lower cost, r# ł #
= 1-
compressed air is mixed with fuel and the combustion is
t
carried out under constant pressure. Hot gases expand
inside the turbine producing work. The regenerative cycle Efficiency () depends strongly on the pressures ratio (r),
requires an interchanger to recover exit turbine heat and
typology of gas (ł=Cp/Cv) and the temperatures ratio
transfer it to the air entrance. The preheated air is used
(t=T3/T1). With 3 < r < 5, efficiencies above 60% are
lately in the combustion process, saving between 30%
obtained. These r values are low compared with the big
and 40% of fuel [3-4]. The combination of microturbines
machines ones, and therefore the axial compressors are
with energy recover equipments allows duplicating the
not justified.
electric efficiency with respect to simple cycle
microturbines. Figure 1 presents a block diagram of a
The Electric Efficiency is defined as the quotient between
microturbine with regenerative cycle.
electric power supplied to the network or loads (kW) and
the gas consumption (kg/h). In [5], graphical results are
presented to different temperatures and it is observed that
Microturbines have got regulation units that allow doing
the fuel consumption is lower at lower temperatures and
the following functions: control of the fuel flow,
consequently the microturbine efficiency increases. Also,
adaptation of the electrical signals for their use in the
it can be appreciated that the electric efficiency decreases
conventional electric network, voltage and frequency
considerably with the output power, so it seems advisable
regulation, etc.
working at full load during most of the time. In this kind
of tests, batteries can be used only to start up under
It usually has sealed batteries that can be recharged with
black start conditions and to cover the load peaks
commercial chargers or connection to the network. They
during the transient periods, but not to provide additional
allow managing the power transients, supplying electric
energy during a normal operation.
energy during high peaks and absorbing energy when
power decreases quickly.
The Thermal Power is the heat power recovered from the
Different fuels can be used: natural gas, LPG
microturbine outlet as hot water. This hot water can be
(commercial butane and propane), diesel, kerosene,
used for heating of buildings, production of industrial
biogas, hydrogen, etc. Besides, related to air emissions,
cold, etc.
they are very low when operating at full load or even
above 60-70% of full load. The main primary pollutants
The Global Efficiency is defined as the quotient between
emitted by microturbines are nitrogen oxides NOX and
the sum of electric output power (We) and heat power
carbon monoxide CO. CO emissions are strongly
recovered (Qhr) to the heat power supplied for the
dependent of the load operation, showing peaks during
natural gas (Qf) (2).
the starting up.
A. Microturbine
(
We + Qhr
Eg =
(2)
Qf
A dynamic model for a combustion gas turbine is widely
discussed in [10-11]. In this research a simplified single
Numerical analysis developed for different ambient
shaft gas turbine has been implemented to represent its
temperatures [5] show that efficiencies increase notably
dynamics, with a power output reference as input and
at colder temperatures. On the other hand, although the
rotor speed as output.
electric efficiency of the gas microturbine is lower than
the corresponding to industrial gas turbines, it must be
B. Electric Generator
kept in mind that microturbines will be used mainly in
combined systems (thermal and electric power) and the
The mechanical power generated drives a permanent
global efficiency parameter plays an important role in
magnet synchronous generator (PMSG). The permanent
this case.
magnets supply to the generator the excitation, replacing
the conventional DC field winding of rotor, thus
Additionally, a key parameter to define power quality of eliminating problems such as brush/slip ring system or
copper losses in the excitation system. The study and
the generated energy is the harmonic content in the
development of new magnetic materials, such as
generated signal. Analyses developed for different public
neodyum-iron-boron or salarium-cobalt, have made
and private entities show a light distortion in the voltage
possible to obtain more powerful and compact magnets,
and current waveforms (third harmonic), although the
capable of being used in multiple applications, such as
power generated complies with the voltage distortion
generators for microgeneration.
limits indicated in standards [6-7]. It can also be observed
that with low loads, waveform has a bigger but not very
The PMSG model used in this study consists of a non-
significant distortion. Finally, no fluctuations in voltage
salient rotor directly linked to the microturbine gas shaft,
stability have been recorded in any test at any electrical
with two poles. Its power is 30kW, reaching speeds up to
load. No difference has been found between the power
96,000 rpm. On this way the generator provides a three-
quality supplied when the turbine is operated stand-alone
phase variable frequency signal up to 1600 Hz and a
or grid connected.
voltage level between 400 and 480 V.
For the model of PMSG their mechanical and electrical
3. Microturbine Dynamic Model
equations have been used, obtaining a second-order state-
space model. The model considers that the permanent
This section describes the dynamic model of the
magnets generate a sinusoidal magnetic field, wich
microturbine. The model incorporates the AC/AC VSC
implies that the electromotive forces are also sinusoidal.
converter and the primary motor as well as the controls
In the electrical equations of the model, the currents and
associated with both components. Figure 2 shows a
voltages are expressed in the rotor dq-frame, being
simplified model of the microturbine structure.
translated to the abc-frame through the Park Transform.
The mechanical and electrical equations can be taken
MICROTURBINE
GENERATOR from [13-14].
RECTIFIER INVERTER LV GRID
DC LINK
~ =
G
= ~
C. Power Conditioner System
The variable frecuency signal provided by the generator
Figure 2. Microturbine model
must be converted by a power electronic system to
connect to the low-voltage distribution grid (50-60 Hz).
The model is based on the Capstone C30HP microturbine
The system consists of a uncontrolled three-phase
[18-19], whose characteristics are shown in Table II.
rectifier, and a voltage source inverter, interconnected by
TABLE II. Capstone C30HP main characteristics a DC-link.
Electrical Power Output 30 kW
The three-phase rectifier converts the high-frecuency
Electric Efficiency 26 %
signal to DC signal. For the model, it has been chosen a
Voltage 400-480 V
three-phase diode rectifier for being a simple model
Frequency 50/60 Hz Grid Connected
which does not require a control unit. The dc link is
10-60 Hz Stand Alone
composed of a capacitor to reduce the ripple of the DC
Maximum Output Current 46 A Grid Connected
signal.
54 A Stand Alone
115 kW
Natural Gas Consumption
The DC signal is converted to low frecuency AC voltage
Exhaust Gas Flow 0,31 kg/s
by a voltage source inverter (VSI). The VSI is
Exhaust Gas Temperature 275 C
implemented with IGBT transistors (Insulated Gate
Termal Power Output 60 kW
Bipolar Transistor), which are capable of working at high
0,22 kg/MWh
NOX Emissions
frequency with low switching losses. This has made them
Speed 96.000 rpm
to be the most commonly used semiconductor in
distribution voltage level, especially in inverters. The set
of IGBT transistors with its protection circuits (snubbers)
are integrated into a block, called IPM (Intelligent Power
w P_ref
Modules). The output voltage of the VSI is achieved
Step
Vabc
MICROTURBINE
w
using the procedure called pulse width modulation Pulses Iabc
A
Vdc
m
(PWM).
B
CONTROLLER
+
C
v
-
In order to control the grid connected microturbine a PQ
control strategy has been used, where the inverter must
A g
+
control active and reactive power. To implement this
+
Vabc
A A A A
B Iabc
control a dq-reference frame is used, which decouples the
B B a
B B
-
b
active and reactive power in order to make two -
C
C C
C C
c
independent control loops, extensively described in [12- UN-CONTROLLED
LC FILTER
VOLTAGE SOURCE
RECTIFIER BRIDGE
INVERTER
16-17].
A
B
On one hand, the active power control loop, regulates the
C
LOW -VOLTAGE
DC bus voltage with a PI controller from a VDC_ref set-
DISTRIBUTION GRID
point. On the other hand, the reactive power control loop,
A A
A
regulates the iq current with a PI controller from a iq_ref
B B
B
set-point, which should be 0 when reactive power is not
C C
C
FAULT
LOAD
required.
Figure 4. Matlab/Simulink microturbine model
A phase lock loop (PLL) is used to implement the park
transformer for the dq_frame, synchronizing the
converter with the grid. The control scheme is shown in
4. Simulation and results
the Figure 3.
Simulation has been performed in order to study the
response of the grid connected microturbine to a variation
id_ref in the power set-point, as well as the microturbine
Vd
+ +
PI PI response with a three phase fault produced at the output
VDC_ref - -
terminals. Simulations have been run in discrete time
with a fixed-step size of 0.5 źseg.
Vd=Vd -wLiq
VDC id
Vq=Vq +wLid
A. Step increase in power set-point
Vq
+
PI
iq_ref -
In this first simulation, the microturbine is working in
floating mode, when the power set-point is increased
from 0 to 20 kW at t=1seg (green line). Figure 5 shows
iq
the response of the microturbine, which increases its
Vd Vq
active power output to deliver 20 kW.
Va
IGBTs PWM
Vb dq abc
Control Pulses 4
Microturbine Power Output
x 10
Transformation
Pulses Generator
3
Vc
2.5
2
Figure 3. VSI control scheme
1.5
1
The output signal of the inverter contains high frecuency
0.5
components generated by the high frecuency operation of
the inverter, so a LC filter is placed at the microturbine
0
output terminals.
-0.5
The microturbine operates in the grid connected mode,
-1
0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
connected to a low-voltage distribution grid (400 V, 50
time (seg)
Hz), which is modelled as an infinite bus. Finally, the
Figure 5. Active power output of microturbine with power set-
model is completed with a three phase load and a fault
point increase
block. Figure 4 shows the developed model with the
elements previously described.
Figures 6 and 8 show the three phase voltage and current
at microturbine terminals. Figures 7 and 9 show the
voltage and current corresponding to the phase A
(colored blue), and their 50 Hz fundamental components
Power (W)
(colored green), where the similarity of the signal Microturbine A Phase Current Output
100
generated by the inverter with the LV grid signal
80
reference can be seen.
60
Microturbine Voltage Output
40
800
20
600
0
400
-20
200 -40
-60
0
-80
-200
-100
0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3
-400
Time (seg)
Figure 9. Phase A current output of microturbine with power
-600
set-point increase
-800
0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3
Time (seg)
B. Three phase fault
Figure 6. Voltage output of microturbine with power set-point
increase In this simulation case, a three phase fault is generated at
the output terminal of the microturbine at t=1.9 seg.
Microturbine A Phase Voltage Output Figures 10 and 11 show active power and the voltage in
800
the microturbine output terminals. The voltage decreases
600 strongly because of the fault and this causes the active
power output to fall. Figure 12 shows the fault current
400
generated.
200
4
Microturbine Active Power Output
x 10
3
0
2.5
-200
2
-400
1.5
-600
1
-800
0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3
Time (seg)
0.5
Figure 7. Phase A voltage output of microturbine with power
0
set-point increase
-0.5
Microturbine Current Output
100
-1
0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
80
Time (seg)
60
Figure 10. Active power output of microturbine with a three
phase fault
40
20
Microturbine Voltage Output
800
0
-20
600
-40
400
-60
200
-80
0
-100
0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3
Time (seg)
-200
Figure 8. Current output of microturbine with power set-point
-400
increase
-600
-800
0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Time (seg)
Figure 11. Voltage output of microturbine with a three phase
fault
Current (A)
Voltage (V)
Voltage (V)
Power (W)
Current (A)
Voltage (V)
Conference on Renewable Energy and Power
Quality. Vigo, Spain. 2003.
Microturbine Current Output
[6] 519-IEEE, Recommended Practices and
600
Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electrical
Power Systems , 1992.
400
[7] CENELEC EN-50160 Voltage Characteristics of
Electricity Supplied by Public Distribution
200
Systems , 1999.
[8] N. Jenkins et al., Embedded generation , The
0
Institution of Electrical Engineers, London, 2000.
-200
[9] B.F. Kolanowski, Guide to microturbines , Ed.
Marcel Dekker, New York, 2004.
-400
[10] W.I.Rowen, Simplified mathematical
representations of a heavy duty gas turbines , ASME
-600
Trans. Journal of Engineering for Power, Vol. 105,
0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
no. 4, pp.865-869, Oct. 1983.
Time (seg)
[11] S.Banetta, M.Ippolito, D.Poli, A,Possenti, A Model
Figure 12. Current output of microturbine with a three phase
of Cogeneration Plants Based on Small-Size Gas
fault
Turbine , CIRED.16th International Conference and
Exhibition, Amsterdam, 2001, Vol.1, pp. 266.
5. Conclusions
[12] A.Bertani, C.Bossi, F.Fornari, S.Massuco, S.spelta,
F.Tivegna, A Microturbine Generation System for
A microturbine simplified model has been developed by
Grid Connected and Islanding Operation , Power
using Matlab/Simulink/Simpowersystems software. The
Systems Conference and Exposition, 2004. IEEE
model has been simulated working in grid connected
PES, Oct. 2004, Vol. 1, pp. 360 365.
mode and different operation conditions have been
[13] D.N.Gaonkar, R.N.Patel, Modelling and Simulation
analysed (Step change, fault,& ). The simulation results
of Microturbine Based Distributed Generation
have showed that the microturbine works properly
System , Power India Conference. 2006 IEEE, April
connected to a low voltage distribution grid. Next
2006.
developments in this field will be the improvement and
[14] D.N.Gaonkar, R.N.Patel, Dynamic Model of
optimization of the microturbine model as well as the
Microturbine Generation System for Grid
analysis of multiple operation conditions, mainly related
Connected/Islanding Operation , Industrial
to different fault situations and the definition of the
Technology, 2006. ICIT 2006. IEEE International
settings of protection relays.
Conference, Mumbai, India, Dec. 2006, pp. 305-
310.
Acknowledgements
[15] W.G.Rioja, M.G.Molina, P.E.Mercado,
W.I,Suemitsu, Dynamic Model of a Gas
Microturbine for Distributed Generation in
The work presented in this paper has been carried out by
Simpowersystems of Matlab/Simulink , 9th Bazilian
the research team of Project ENE2006-15700-CO2-
Power Electronics Conference COBEP2007,
02/CON, supported by the Ministry of Education and
Oct.2007, pp. 747-752.
Science of Spain.
[16] H. Nikkhajoei, R. Iravani, Electromagnetic
transients of a micro-turbine based distributed
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