4946 J. Agric. Food Chem. 2005, 53, 4946-4953
Harvest Regimen Optimization and Essential Oil Production in
Five Tansy (Tanacetum vulgare L.) Genotypes under a Northern
Climate
STEINAR DRAGLAND, JENS ROHLOFF,*,ż RUTH MORDAL, AND
TOR-HENNING IVERSENż
Apelsvoll Research Centre, Division Kise, The Norwegian Crop Research Institute (Planteforsk),
N-2350 Nes på Hedmark, Norway, and The Plant Biocentre, Department of Biology, Norwegian
University of Science and Technology (NTNU), N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
Tansy (Tanacetum vulgare L.) was cultivated at the Norwegian Crop Research Institute at the Apelsvoll
Research Centre, Division Kise, in the period from 2000 to 2001. The study focused on different
harvesting regimens for high biomass production and essential oil (EO) yield and quality. Two tansy
genotypes from Canada (Richters and Goldsticks) and three Norwegian genotypes (Steinvikholmen,
Alvdal, and Brumunddal) were studied. The Canadian genotypes reached a height of 130-145 cm
and showed a higher dry weight of aerial plant parts compared to the Norwegian plants in 2000.
Similar oil yields could be observed for the Canadian types and genotype Steinvikholmen in the range
of 30.8-34.6 L/ha when the plants were harvested twice during budding and before flowering after
regrowth (year 2001). In contrast, single harvesting at the full bloom stage resulted in higher oil yields,
between 42.1 and 44.5 L/ha (Canadian genotypes), whereas 21.0-38.4 L/ha was obtained from the
Norwegian types. Tansy genotypes could be grouped into the following chemotypes: the mixed
chemotypes Steinvikholmen (thujone-camphor), Alvdal (thujone-camphor-borneol), Goldsticks
(thujone-camphor-chrysanthenyl type), and Brumunddal (thujone-camphor-1,8-cineole-bornyl
acetate/borneol-R-terpineol) and the distinct chemotype Richters, with average concentrations of
(E)-chrysanthenyl acetate >40% in both leaf and flower EO.
KEYWORDS: Tansy; Tanacetum vulgare; biomass production; chemotypes; essential oil (EO); GC-MS;
harvest regimen; hydrodistillation; plant developmental stage
INTRODUCTION
populations show high variability with regard to the EO
composition, and more than 15 distinct chemotypes have been
Tansy (Tanacetum Vulgare L.) is an aromatic plant of the
described from Scandinavia and the Baltic so far: thujone,
Asteraceae family mainly spread in the northern hemisphere in
camphor, artemisia ketone, 1,8-cineole, yomogi alcohol, and (E)-
Europe, Asia, and North America. The plant has finely divided,
chrysanthenyl acetate/chrysanthenone from Norway (3), in
fernlike leaves and yellow, button-like flowers (Figure 1). Due
addition to tricyclene/myrcene, sabinene, borneol, isocamphone,
to its strong scent derived from the essential oil (EO) containing
camphenol, germacrene D, umbellulone, and davanone from
glands in leaves and flowers, the plants have traditionally been
Finland (4-6) and a myrtenol chemotype from Lithuania (7).
used as a repellent and deterrent against flies and other insects.
Other noteworthy chemotypes have been reported from The
Herbal preparations of tansy exert strong biological and
Netherlands and Hungary (lyratol and campholenol; 8, 9) and
medicinal activities, and extracts have been widely applied
from Canadian tansy populations (dihydrocarvone; 10). Despite
against intestinal worms, kidney disease, and respiratory infec-
the great EO variability in tansy, the thujone, camphor, cineole,
tions and as an abortivum. Additionaly, tansy has also been
chrysanthenyl, artemisia, and umbellulone types are the most
shown to serve as a good source for natural antioxidants (1).
Besides secondary metabolites such as polysaccharides, ses- common in Europe, but thujone-rich genotypes have also been
quiterpene lactones, sterols, phenolics, coumarins, and alkaloids reported from Brazil (11).
[reviewed by Dragland (2)], the EO of tansy comprises a large
To establish successful cultivation of oil-rich tansy genotypes
number of monoterpene and sesquiterpene structures. Tansy
(or provenances), one might select early-flowering plants with
a high number of single flowers in the flower heads, because
* Corresponding author (telephone 0047 73590174; fax 0047 73590177;
generative plant organs show higher contents of EO compared
e-mail jens.rohloff@bio.ntnu.no).
to the leaves (reviewed in ref 12). However, morphological traits
The Norwegian Crop Research Institute (Planteforsk).
ż
Norwegian University of Science and Technology. such as plant height, number of branches, leaf shape, and flower
10.1021/jf047817m CCC: $30.25 © 2005 American Chemical Society
Published on Web 05/04/2005
Biomass and Oil Production of Tansy J. Agric. Food Chem., Vol. 53, No. 12, 2005 4947
Figure 1. Tansy (T. vulgare L.) cultivated at Planteforsk, Apelsvoll Research Centre, Division Kise.
Table 1. Plant Development and Percentage of Dry Matter in Different Parts of Tansy Harvested on September 12th in Trial Year 2000
genotype
parameter Steinvikholmen Alvdal Brumunddal Richters Goldsticks LSD5%a
plant height (cm) 114 111 127 145 130 15
flowering stage (1-9)b 5.3 7.0 6.0 6.0 5.3 0.6
dry matter in flowers (%) 22.9 24.4 23.2 23.3 23.3 nsc
dry matter in leaves (%) 21.6 21.3 22.9 20.4 21.1 ns
dry matter in stems (%) 35.9 39.0 38.6 35.9 37.6 ns
a b
LSD, least significant difference (R)0.05). Flower developmental stage was visually assessed by grouping into the following categories: 1-3 ) green buds; 4-6
c
) yellow flowers; 7-9 ) late flowering/brownish flowers. ns, no significant difference.
and biomass production might be directly related to chemo- Goldsticks, from the seed company Richters (Goodwood, ON, Canada).
Seeds were sown in fertilized soil (L. O. G. Gartnerjord; 1.2 kg of
typical variation (13-15). The cultivation of distinct chemotypes
NPK 15-4-12 and 0.2 kg of micronutrients per m3) in growth trays
rather than oil-rich genotypes might be more important for
(2 g of seeds/tray) at Planteforsk, Apelsvoll Research Centre, Division
productive purposes. Keskitalo (12) pointed out that the fol-
Kise, in March 2000, and kept in a cold room at 0-2 °C for 4 weeks
lowing tansy chemotypes seem to be the most important with
before the trays were moved to a greenhouse for germination. The
regard to commercial and biotechnological aspects: artemisia
young plants were transferred to plug trays (40 × 60 cm; 77 cells)
ketone, camphor, (E)-chrysanthenyl acetate, 1,8-cineole, da-
with fertilized soil and grown in a greenhouse (night, 12 °C, day, 15-
vanone, and thujone.
25 °C) for 8 weeks. When reaching an average height of 10 cm, the
To obtain well-defined, chemotypical oils for commercial
plants were established in the trial field area on gleyed melanic brunisol
purposes with regard to EO quality and compositional stan-
soil type on June 5, 2000.
dardization, field trials with five tansy genotypes (three prov-
Tansy plants were planted on a biodegradable mulch film (Mater-
enances from Norway and two genotypes from Canada) were
Agro) in rows with 50 cm of space between the rows and 25 cm of
carried out by investigating morphological traits, biomass, and
within-row space, that is, 80000 plants/ha. Plants were arranged in a
EO production. Our study was aimed at answering questions randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications. Each
plot (block) covered an area of 6 m2 (4 × 1.5 m) and comprised 48
about the optimal harvest regimen to obtain high EO yields with
plants. The trial field dimension was 180 m2 (20 × 9 m), and replicates
special focus on the differences of EO accumulation in leaves
were separated by 100 cm of extra space. The plants were fertilized in
and flowers. As a completion of chemotaxonomical analyses
2001 with 500 kg of 15-4-12 (Hydro), that is, 75 kg of N, 20 kg of
of Norwegian tansy collections from wild populations (3), the
P, and 60 kg of K per hectare.
present investigation mainly focuses on agricultural aspects of
Harvest Regimen. In trial year 2000, 10 different plants for each
tansy herb and essential oil production.
genotype from single plots (replicate 4) were harvested randomly four
times (July 6, August 9, September 12, and October 2). Additionally,
MATERIALS AND METHODS
plant material from half plots (each 3 m2; three replicates) was harvested
Plant Material and Cultivation. Five different genotypes of tansy on September 12 to describe the statistical variation of plant growth
(T. Vulgare L.) were used in the study: three Norwegian genotypes of parameters among the investigated genotypes (Tables 1 and 2A). In
wild populations, Steinvikholmen (Nord-Trłndelag county), Alvdal, and general, plants were cut 10 cm above the ground. Both plant height
Brumunddal (both from Hedmark county), which showed vigorous and fresh (FW) and dry weight (DW) of stems, leaves, and flowers
growth in earlier studies, and two Canadian genotypes, Richters and were recorded. The flowers of the remaining plants (not sampled) were
4948 J. Agric. Food Chem., Vol. 53, No. 12, 2005 Dragland et al.
Table 2. Dry Weight and Biomass of Tansy Table 3. Biomass Production of Tansy Leaves and Flowers (g/m2 DW)
under Different Harvest Regimes in Trial Year 2001 (Two Cuts, One in
genotype
June/July and One in August/September, or One Cut in August)
Steinvik- Brum- Gold-
genotype
parameter holmen Alvdal unddal Richters sticks LSD5%a
Steinvik- Brum- Gold-
(A) Dry Weight of Tansy Harvested Sept 12, 2000
date dry wt holmen Alvdal unddal Richters sticks LSD5%a
leaf (g/m2) 179 127 203 177 217 nsb
June/July leaf 379 292 325 390 333 58
stem (g/m2) 195 192 260 398 370 90
flower
flower (g/m2) 70 120 83 177 121 34
Aug/Sept leaf 88 135 114 106 147 21
total wt (g/m2) 444 438 546 752 708 178
flower 32 7 18 25 7
(B) Tansy Biomass Produced at Three Harvest Dates
sum, leaf 467 427 439 496 480
in Trial Year 2000c
sum, flower 32 7 18 25
leaf
sum, total 467 459 446 514 505
Aug 9 56 38 52 34 41
Sept 12 40 29 37 24 31
Aug leaf 316 269 315 344 292 nsb
Oct 2 39 27 36 20 27
flower 334 388 358 346 455 ns
av 45a 31b 42c 26d 33be
sum, total 650 657 673 690 747
stem
Aug 9 39 45 43 55 51
a b
LSD, least significant difference (R )0.05). ns, no significant difference.
Sept 12 44 44 48 53 52
Oct 2 41 38 41 50 46
av 41a 42a 44a 53b 50b
Table 4. EO Content and Yield of Tansy Leaves and Flowersa
flower
Aug 9 5 17 5 11 8
genotype
Sept 12 16 27 15 23 17
Steinvik- Brum- Gold-
Oct 2 20 35 23 30 27
date holmen Alvdal unddal Richters sticks
av 14a 26b 14a 21c 17a
(A) EO Content (mL/100 g of DW)
a b
July 6 leaf 0.70 0.20 0.30 0.30 0.10
LSD, least significant difference (R )0.05). ns, no significant difference.
c flower
Data represent average values from 10 plants. Statistical analysis was done by
Student s pairwise t test; different letters in rows indicate significant differences. Aug 9 leaf 0.30 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.23
flower 1.10 0.38 0.27 0.68 0.83
Sept 12 leaf 0.48 0.20 0.06 0.23 0.34
detached to avoid seed dispersal in the field; remaining stems were
flower 0.99 0.28 0.68 0.60 0.73
removed in early spring. Sampled plant material was dried at 35-40
°C in drying chambers prior to distillation and chemical analyses at Oct 2 leaf 0.30 0.08 0.08 0.30 0.30
flower 0.23 0.38 1.43 0.08 0.30
The Plant Biocentre at NTNU, Trondheim.
In 2001, the half plots (3 m2) not treated in 2000 (three replicates)
av, leaf 0.45a 0.15b 0.14bc 0.23abc 0.24abc
were divided into two sections. Half (1.5 m2 H" 12 plants) was harvested
av, flower 0.77ac 0.35abc 0.79bc 0.45ab 0.62c
twice with a first cut between June 18 and July 3 right before budding,
av, sum 1.22 0.50 0.93 0.68 0.86
and, after regrowth, a second cut between August 16 and September 5
at the early bloom stage. Both leaves and buds/flowers were harvested
(B) EO Yield (L/ha)
together without separation. The other half of the plots (1.5 m2 H" 12
Aug 9 leaf 7.5 1.4 1.9 1.7 4.3
plants) was harvested only once at the full bloom stage in the period
flower 2.6 2.4 0.5 3.9 2.9
of August 6-14 by separately collecting leaves and flowers. Finally, sum 10.1 3.8 2.3 5.7 7.2
the plant raw material was dried and further handled as described above.
Sept 12 leaf 8.6 2.5 1.2 4.1 7.4
Hydrodistillation of EO. The dried plant material was coarsely flower 6.9 3.4 5.6 10.6 8.8
sum 15.5 5.9 6.9 14.7 16.2
crushed by hand prior to hydrodistillation. The distillation apparatus
consisted of a heating mantle, a 5Ldistillation bottle, a 3mLgraduated
Oct 2 leaf 11.3 1.5 2.1 6.4 9.5
receiver (Clevenger type), and a condenser (jacketed coil). H2O (2.5
flower 4.5 9.4 24.7 2.6 9.5
L) was used, and the distillation was carried out for 1.5 h after the sum 15.8 10.9 26.9 9.0 19.0
mixture had reached the boiling point. Finally, the volume of the
av, leaf 9.1a 1.8b 1.7b,c 4.1bd 7.0a
collected EO was recorded (mL/100 g of DW). Ten microliters of each
av, flower 4.7ns 5.1ns 10.3ns 5.7ns 7.1ns
EO sample was dissolved in 1 mL of EtOH, and 1 µL was analyzed
av, sum 13.8 6.9 12.0 9.8 14.1
using an automatic GC injector.
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis (GC-MS).
a
Data represent average values from 10 plants. Statistical analysis was done
A Varian Star 3400 CX gas chromatograph coupled with a Varian
by Student s pairwise t test; different letters in rows indicate significant differences.
Saturn 3 mass spectrometer were used for all analyses. The GC was
ns, no significant difference.
equipped with a fused silica capillary column: Chrompack CP-Wax
52CB (30 m × 0.32 mm i.d. with a film thickness of 0.25 µm). The
Statistical Analyses. Data from biomass, EO production, and EO
carrier gas was He (5 psi) at 50 mL/min through the injector (split
composition were subjected to statistical analysis by one-way analysis
mode).
of variance (ANOVA) with least significance difference (LSD) testing
The injector temperature was 220 °C for all of the analyses done.
(R )0.05). Additionally, Student s t test (R )0.05) was applied on
The GC temperature program was ramped from 60 to 210 °C at a rate
successive sample data from trial year 2000 (Tables 2B and 4).
of 2 °C/min with a final hold at 210 °C for 5 min. The MS detector
was set at 170 °C, and a mass range of m/z 40-300 was recorded. All
mass spectra were acquired in EI mode. The compounds were identified RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
by the use of a combination of mass spectrum database search (IMS
Field Trials in 2000. Plant Growth and HarVest Regimen.
Terpene Library, 1989; NIST MS, 1998), Kovats retention indices based
After field establishment in early June 2000, the five tansy
on a series of n-alkanes (C10-C24), and comparison of mass spectra
genotypes showed variations in their biomass production and
found in the literature. Quantitative analysis (in percent) was performed
by peak area normalization measurements [total ion current (TIC)]. the development of vegetative and reproductive plant organs
Biomass and Oil Production of Tansy J. Agric. Food Chem., Vol. 53, No. 12, 2005 4949
Figure 2. Variation of (E)-chrysanthenyl acetate and chrysanthenone (peak area percent) detected in leaves and flowers of tansy from three harvest
dates in trial year 2000. Data represent average values from 10 plants.
Figure 3. Variation of R- and -thujone (peak area percent) detected in leaves and flowers of tansy from three harvest dates in trial year 2000. Data
represent average values from 10 plants.
(Tables 1 and 2). First, in September, the Canadian genotypes Goldsticks, 145 cm) compared to the Norwegian genotypes
had significantly higher plant heights (Richters, 130 cm; (111-127 cm). The genotype Alvdal flowered earlier than all
4950 J. Agric. Food Chem., Vol. 53, No. 12, 2005 Dragland et al.
Figure 4. Variation of camphor, 1,8-cineole, and bornyl acetate (peak area percent) detected in leaves and flowers of tansy from three harvest dates
in trial year 2000. Data represent average values from 10 plants.
other types at this time point (Table 1), whereas vigorous, increased EO levels in September and October. Highest EO
yellow flowers were still observed for Steinvikholmen, Bru- contents were measured in leaves of the genotype Steinvikhol-
munddal, and Goldsticks in early October. Significantly higher men, with 0.70 mL/100 g of DW. About 3 times higher EO
biomass production was recorded for the Canadian genotypes levels were recorded for flowerheads compared to leaves in
(Table 2A). Due to their plant height, relative stem portions August and September (all genotypes), with highest EO contents
>50% were observed in the period from August to September in the Brumunddal genotype. Except for the genotypes Alvdal
(Table 2B). In contrast, the relative portions (sum) of leaves and Brumunddal, tansy plants showed decreasing EO levels in
and flowers in the Norwegian genotypes showed higher levels flowers from August to October. EO accumulation in tansy is
between 52 and 62% compared to the Canadian genotypes (45- limited to the leaves and especially the flowers, whereas stems
54%). Leaf portions generally decreased from August to October produce neglible amounts (16), which is reflected in Table 4B.
and, vice versa, flower portions increased as an effect of plant Although the Canadian genotypes showed by far the highest
aging. The relative portions of the stems remained quite stable biomass production on September 12 (Table 2A), the recorded
throughout the season, thus underscoring the importance of
EO yield from leaves and flowers showed similar levels in all
solely leaves and flowers for the overall EO production.
genotypes. All genotypes except for Steinvikholmen had on
EO Yield. The EO content of tansy leaves and flowers was average higher EO yields from flowers compared to the leaves,
recorded at four harvest dates throughout the 2000 season (Table thus underscoring that high EO levels in leaves might compen-
4A). In the Norwegian genotypes, higher EO levels in leaves sate for a lack of biomass production when leaf portions are
were observed in July, whereas the Canadian genotypes showed relatively high and, simultaneously, stem portions are low.
Biomass and Oil Production of Tansy J. Agric. Food Chem., Vol. 53, No. 12, 2005 4951
Table 5. EO Content and Yield of Tansy Leaves and Flowers in 2001
genotype
harvest Steinvikholmen Alvdal Brumunddal Richters Goldsticks LSD5%a
(A) EO Content (mL/100 g of DW) from First and Second Cuts
June/July first cut 0.67 0.37 0.38 0.68 0.58 0.26
Aug/Sept second cut 0.89 0.59 0.81 0.80 0.79 0.13
sum, total 1.56 0.98 1.19 1.48 1.37
Aug one cut, leaves 0.71 0.44 0.51 0.73 0.57 0.15
one cut, flowers 0.49 0.22 0.47 0.49 0.60 nsb
sum, total 1.20 0.66 0.98 1.22 1.17
(B) EO Yield (L/ha) from First and Second Cuts and When Harvested Only Once at Full Bloom
June/July first cut 25.1 10.7 12.1 26.1 19.3 0.84
Aug/Sept second cut 7.8 7.9 9.1 8.5 11.6 0.17
sum, total 32.9 18.6 21.3 34.6 30.8 0.80
Aug one cut, leaves 22.4 11.8 15.9 24.8 16.7 0.64
one cut, flowers 15.9 9.2 16.9 17.4 27.8 1.10
sum, total 38.4 21.0 32.9 42.1 44.5 1.58
a b
LSD, least significant difference (R )0.05). ns, no significant difference.
Table 6. Distribution of the Most Abundant EO Compounds (Peak Area Percent) of Tansy Leaves and Flowers When Harvested Only Once (at Full
Bloom in August) in Trial Year 2001a
genotype
Steinvikholmen Alvdal Brumunddal Richters Goldsticks LSD5%b
KIc compound leaf flower leaf flower leaf flower leaf flower leaf flower leaf flower
1032 R-pinene 1.5 0.9 6.6 2.8 5.4 5.3 1.4 1.0 1.4 1.2 4.4 1.3
1083 camphene 3.5 3.1 3.3 4.2 2.0 4.8 0.1 0.2 4.3 2.9 1.4 2.7
1226 1,8-cineole 7.3 2.4 10.1 5.1 16.4 8.3 0.3 -d 3.9 1.0 4.2 2.8
1410 artemisia ketone - - - - - - 8.0 20.7 - - - -
1446 R-thujone - - 0.8 - 9.2 11.4 - - - - - -
1451 -thujone 16.8 23.7 9.6 11.1 8.5 9.0 1.1 - 21.9 28.2 nse ns
1522 chrysanthenone 1.6 1.7 - - - 0.3 12.7 11.6 5.0 5.2 - -
1529 camphor 26.8 33.6 8.4 34.3 0.2 18.2 1.6 0.6 32.3 40.7 9.3 11.3
1565 (E)-chrysanthenyl acetate - - - - 3.2 - 54.0 58.3 3.0 3.6 - -
1675 (E)-verbenol 4.6 5.6 0.9 1.1 2.8 2.2 0.8 0.8 1.9 1.9 ns ns
1680 borneol 8.3 2.3 26.4 15.7 10.4 8.0 0.3 - 0.8 - 5.0 3.8
1690 R-terpineol 1.1 0.3 3.3 2.1 10.1 5.7 0.2 - 0.3 - 4.0 3.1
2205 thymol - - - - 0.5 - 6.9 0.7 3.3 0.7 - -
a b c d
Data represent average values from three replications. LSD, least significant difference (R )0.05). Kovats indices on a polar column (CP-Wax 52 CB). -, not
e
detected or not calculated (LSD5%). ns, no significant difference.
EO Composition. The composition of EO obtained from the September and October (Figure 3) in accordance with earlier
five tansy genotypes in 2000 showed chemotypical variation reports (7, 11), whereas R-thujone concentrations (Brumunddal)
(see Figures 2-4). All types contained -thujone as one of the did not exceed 12%. The third main EO constituent, camphor
major compounds, with highest average amounts detected in (Figure 4), showed high concentrations in the leaves when
Steinvikholmen, Brumunddal, and Goldsticks (3-6), being also harvested in July (up to 30%), whereas highest amounts in
characterized by distinct levels of camphor. Plants from Alvdal flowers (g30%) were detected in September in accordance with
and Brumunddal had more complex oil matrices (Table 6), and Czuba and co-workers (17). All camphor-rich genotypes showed
several monoterpenes (R-pinene, camphene) and oxygenated also appreciable amounts of 1,8-cineole, reaching levels of over
structures [1,8-cineole, bornyl acetate, borneol, and (E)-verbenol] 12 and 7% in leaves and flowers (Brumunddal genotype) in
could be detected in appreciable amounts. Brumunddal espe- September.
cially contained high average amounts of R-thujone as reported Field Trials in 2001. Plant Growth and HarVest Regimen.
earlier from other genotypes (3, 11). Richters showed high levels In the second trial year, two harvest regimens were investigated
of (E)-chrysanthenyl acetate, g50%, in both leaf and flower to meet conditions of a short summer season typical for
material (3, 4, 6, 8). Scandinavian agricultural systems. The leaf and flower produc-
The variation of major monoterpenic compounds is presented tion was distinctly higher when tansy plants were harvested only
in the Figures 2-4. The chrysanthenyl-type compounds of the once in full bloom (August), compared to two cuts in June/
Canadian genotypes showed especially high concentrations in July (budding) and August/September (early bloom) (Table 3).
August, September, and October (Figure 2), which is also true Plant raw material from two cuts comprised mainly leaves, with
for those Norwegian genotypes containing appreciable amounts a distinctly lower yield for the second cut (regrowth). In contrast,
of these structures. With the exception of early sampling in July flower/leaf ratios of g1 could be observed in all genotypes when
(leaves), thujone structures reached highest levels in flowers in harvested only once, with highest flower portions in the
4952 J. Agric. Food Chem., Vol. 53, No. 12, 2005 Dragland et al.
Figure 5. Distribution of FW of stems, flowers, and leaves (percent portion) when harvested only once (at full bloom stage) in trial year 2001. Statistical
analysis was done by ANOVA testing; different letters inidicate significant differences between the samples (R )0.05).
genotypes Alvdal and Goldsticks (Figure 5). Again, the and leaf oils (Figures 2-4; Table 6) were observed, which is
Canadian genotypes had highest stem portions and, vice versa, in accordance with results obtained by Holopainen (21).
lowest leaf portions in the harvested plant material. In conclusion, harvest date and regimen should be based on
high biomass production and EO content of leaves and flowers.
EO Yield. Although the EO content increased from the first
Variability in tansy EO composition from different plant
to the second cut, the EO yield from the second cut was
developmental stages and under different harvest regimens
decreased due to a weak regrowth (Table 5). Steinvikholmen,
greatly depends on the individual chemotype. Chemotype-
Richters, and Goldsticks were the most EO-productive genotypes
determining compounds were detected in leaves and flowers,
under both harvest regimens (Table 5B). Because the biomass
thus favoring the use of both plant organs for EO production.
production of the Norwegian genotypes showed little variation
In contrast to earlier reports (16), a harvest regimen with only
in 2001 (Table 3), the total EO yield was determined by the
one cut in full bloom favors highest EO yield, independent of
EO content of the plant raw material.
the chosen genotype under the given environmental conditions,
EO Composition. Similar chemotypical patterns in EO
whereas the Canadian genotypes showed highest EO yield. To
composition as in 2000 could also be observed under the new
obtain a standardized oil, one has to rely on the genotypical
harvest regimens in trial year 2001. The genotype Richters
determination of terpene accumulation when cultivating and
showed distinct average amounts of the irregular monoterpene
harvesting tansy for EO production purposes.
(E)-chrysanthenyl acetate and also high levels of the irregular
monoterpene artemisia ketone (3, 4, 18-20); up to 21% was
LITERATURE CITED
detected in our study (Table 6). The genotypes Steinvikholmen,
(1) Dragland, S.; Senoo, H.; Wake, K.; Holte, K.; Blomhoff, R.
Alvdal, and Goldsticks were characterized by similar levels of
Several culinary and medicinal herbs are important sources of
-thujone and camphor. Higher average camphor levels could
dietary antioxidants. J. Nutr. 2003, 133, 1286-1290.
be detected in the flowers compared to the leaves, and high
(2) Dragland, S. Reinfannsbotanikk, innholdsstoff og dyrking
borneol concentrations could be measured in leaves and flowers
(Tansysbotany, actiVe compounds and cultiVation); Grłnn
of the genotypes Alvdal and Brumunddal. Results from 2001
Forskning 07/2000; Norwegian Crop Research Institute: Kise,
emphasize the EO characteristics of the investigated genotypes,
Norway, 2000; 22 pp.
which can be grouped into the following chemotypes: mixed
(3) Rohloff, J.; Mordal, R.; Dragland, S. Chemotypical variation of
chemotypes (3, 4, 10) such as Steinvikholmen (thujone- tansy (Tanacetum Vulgare L.) from 40 different loacations in
Norway. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2004, 52, 1742-1748.
camphor), Alvdal (thujone-camphor-borneol), and Goldsticks
(4) Keskitalo, M.; Pehu, E.; Simon, J. E. Variation in volatile
(thujone-camphor-chrysanthenyl type) and the most complex
compounds from tansy (Tanacetum Vulgare L.) related to genetic
EO of the genotype Brumunddal (thujone-camphor-1,8-
and morphological differences of genotypes. Biochem. System.
cineole-bornyl acetate/borneol-R-terpineol). The genotype
Ecol. 2001, 29, 267-285.
Richters can be classified as a typical strong chemotype based
(5) Holopainen, M.; Kauppinen, V. Antimicrobial activity of essential
on the occurrence of a single compound in average concentra-
oils of different chemotypes of tansy (Tanacetum Vulgare L.).
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113 pp.
Received for review December 23, 2004. Revised manuscript received
(13) Keskitalo, M. K.; Linden, A.; Valkonen, J. P. T. Genetic and
April 9, 2005. Accepted April 10, 2005. Financial funding for the project
morphological diversity of Finnish tansy (Tanacetum Vulgare
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som råvare (Regional Processing and Product Development based on
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Development Fund (SND) and Research Allocations from the National
1994, 2, 85-92.
Agricultural Agreement in the period from 1999 to 2002 is gratefully
(15) Bernath, J. Vadon termö és termesztett gyógynöVények; Me-
acknowledged.
zögazda Kiadó: Budapest, Hungary, 1993; 566 pp (ISBN 963
816059 4). JF047817M
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