INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION
)45 4
'
(04/97)
TELECOMMUNICATION
STANDARDIZATION SECTOR
OF ITU
SERIES G: TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS AND MEDIA,
DIGITAL SYSTEMS AND NETWORKS
Transmission media characteristics Optical fibre cables
#HARACTERISTICS OF A CUT OFF SHIFTED SINGLE MODE
OPTICAL FIBRE CABLE
ITU-T Recommendation G.654
(Previously CCITT Recommendation)
ITU-T G-SERIES RECOMMENDATIONS
42!.3-)33)/. 3934%-3 !.$ -%$)! $)')4!, 3934%-3 !.$ .%47/2+3
INTERNATIONAL TELEPHONE CONNECTIONS AND CIRCUITS G.100 G.199
).4%2.!4)/.!, !.!,/'5% #!22)%2 3934%-
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS COMMON TO ALL ANALOGUE CARRIER- G.200 G.299
TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS OF INTERNATIONAL CARRIER TELEPHONE G.300 G.399
SYSTEMS ON METALLIC LINES
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF INTERNATIONAL CARRIER TELEPHONE G.400 G.449
SYSTEMS ON RADIO-RELAY OR SATELLITE LINKS AND INTERCONNECTION
WITH METALLIC LINES
COORDINATION OF RADIOTELEPHONY AND LINE TELEPHONY G.450 G.499
42!.3-)33)/. -%$)! #(!2!#4%2)34)#3
General G.600 G.609
Symmetric cable pairs G.610 G.619
Land coaxial cable pairs G.620 G.629
Submarine cables G.630 G.649
/PTICAL FIBRE CABLES ' '
Characteristics of optical components and sub-systems G.660 G.699
$)')4!, 42!.3-)33)/. 3934%-3
TERMINAL EQUIPMENTS G.700 G.799
DIGITAL NETWORKS G.800 G.899
DIGITAL SECTIONS AND DIGITAL LINE SYSTEM G.900 G.999
For further details, please refer to ITU-T List of Recommendations.
ITU-T RECOMMENDATION G.654
CHARACTERISTICS OF A CUT-OFF SHIFTED SINGLE-MODE
OPTICAL FIBRE CABLE
Summary
This Recommendation covers the characteristics of a cut-off shifted single-mode optical fibre cable.
This Recommendation was approved by the WTSC (Helsinki, 1-12 March 1993). Amendments have
been made taking into account the establishment of new Recommendations relevant to the fibres and
systems.
Source
ITU-T Recommendation G.654 was revised by ITU-T Study Group 15 (1997-2000) and was
approved under the WTSC Resolution No. 1 procedure on the 8th of April 1997.
FOREWORD
ITU (International Telecommunication Union) is the United Nations Specialized Agency in the field of
telecommunications. The ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) is a permanent organ of
the ITU. The ITU-T is responsible for studying technical, operating and tariff questions and issuing
Recommendations on them with a view to standardizing telecommunications on a worldwide basis.
The World Telecommunication Standardization Conference (WTSC), which meets every four years,
establishes the topics for study by the ITU-T Study Groups which, in their turn, produce Recommendations
on these topics.
The approval of Recommendations by the Members of the ITU-T is covered by the procedure laid down in
WTSC Resolution No. 1.
In some areas of information technology which fall within ITU-T s purview, the necessary standards are
prepared on a collaborative basis with ISO and IEC.
NOTE
In this Recommendation, the expression "Administration" is used for conciseness to indicate both a
telecommunication administration and a recognized operating agency.
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS
The ITU draws attention to the possibility that the practice or implementation of this Recommendation may
involve the use of a claimed Intellectual Property Right. The ITU takes no position concerning the evidence,
validity or applicability of claimed Intellectual Property Rights, whether asserted by ITU members or others
outside of the Recommendation development process.
As of the date of approval of this Recommendation, the ITU had/had not received notice of intellectual
property, protected by patents, which may be required to implement this Recommendation. However,
implementors are cautioned that this may not represent the latest information and are therefore strongly urged
to consult the TSB patent database.
© ITU 1997
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from the ITU.
ii Recommendation G.654 (04/97)
CONTENTS
Page
1 Scope........................................................................................................................... 1
2 References................................................................................................................... 1
3 Terminology................................................................................................................ 1
4 Abbreviations.............................................................................................................. 1
5 Fibre characteristics .................................................................................................... 2
5.1 Mode Field Diameter (MFD)...................................................................................... 2
5.2 Cladding diameter....................................................................................................... 2
5.3 Mode field concentricity error .................................................................................... 2
5.4 Non-circularity............................................................................................................ 2
5.4.1 Mode field non-circularity............................................................................. 2
5.4.2 Cladding non-circularity................................................................................ 3
5.5 Cut-off wavelength ..................................................................................................... 3
5.6 1550 nm bend loss performance ................................................................................. 3
5.7 Material properties of the fibre ................................................................................... 4
5.7.1 Fibre materials ............................................................................................... 4
5.7.2 Protective materials ....................................................................................... 4
5.7.3 Proofstress level............................................................................................. 4
5.8 Refractive index profile .............................................................................................. 4
5.9 Longitudinal uniformity.............................................................................................. 4
5.10 Examples of fibre design guidelines........................................................................... 4
6 Factory length specifications ...................................................................................... 5
6.1 Attenuation coefficient................................................................................................ 5
6.2 Chromatic dispersion coefficient (D).......................................................................... 5
6.3 Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD) coefficient ...................................................... 5
7 Elementary cable sections........................................................................................... 6
7.1 Attenuation..................................................................................................................6
7.2 Chromatic dispersion .................................................................................................. 6
Recommendation G.654 (04/97) iii
Recommendation G.654
CHARACTERISTICS OF A CUT-OFF SHIFTED SINGLE-MODE
OPTICAL FIBRE CABLE
(revised in 1997)
1 Scope
The purpose of this Recommendation is to provide characteristics of a cut-off shifted single-mode
optical fibre cable.
This Recommendation describes a single-mode fibre which has the zero-dispersion wavelength
around 1300 nm wavelength which is cut-off shifted and loss minimized at a wavelength around
1550 nm and which is optimized for use in the 1500-1600 nm region.
This very low loss Cut-off Shifted Fibre (CSF) can be used for long distance digital transmission
applications. The geometrical, optical (attenuation, cut-off wavelength, dispersion etc.), transmission
and mechanical characteristics of this CSF are described below.
The meaning of the terms used in this Recommendation and the guidelines to be followed in the
measurements to verify the various characteristics are given in Recommendation G.650. The
characteristics of this CSF, including the definitions of the relevant parameters, their test methods
and relevant values, will be refined as studies and experience progress.
2 References
The following ITU-T Recommendations, and other references contain provisions which, through
reference in this text, constitute provisions of this Recommendation. At the time of publication, the
editions indicated were valid. All Recommendations and other references are subject to revision; all
users of this Recommendation are therefore encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the
most recent edition of the Recommendations and other references listed below. A list of the currently
valid ITU-T Recommendations is regularly published.
ITU-T Recommendation G.650 (1997), Definition and test methods for the relevant
parameters of single-mode fibres.
ITU-T Recommendation G.652 (1997), Characteristics of a single-mode optical fibre cable.
ITU-T Recommendation G.653 (1997), Characteristics of a dispersion-shifted single-mode
optical fibre cable.
ITU-T Recommendation G.655 (1996), Characteristics of a non-zero-dispersion shifted
single-mode optical fibre cable.
3 Terminology
For the purposes of this Recommendation, the definitions given in Recommendation G.650 apply.
4 Abbreviations
This Recommendation uses the following abbreviations:
CSF Cut-off Shifted Fibre
Recommendation G.654 (04/97) 1
D Chromatic Dispersion Coefficient (ps/nm · km)
GPa GigaPascals
MFD Mode Field Diameter (µm)
PMD Polarization Mode Dispersion (ps, ps km )
Fibre Cut-Off Wavelength (nm)
c
Cable Cut-Off Wavelength (nm)
cc
Jumper Cable Cut-Off Wavelength (nm)
cj
S Dispersion Slope (ps/nm2 · km)
SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
STM Synchronous Transfer Module
Ü Group Delay per unit fibre length (ns/km)
WDM Wavelength Division Multiplexing
5 Fibre characteristics
Only those characteristics of the fibre providing a minimum essential design framework for fibre
manufacture are recommended in this clause. Of these, the cabled fibre cut-off wavelength may be
significantly affected by cable manufacture or installation. Otherwise, the recommended
characteristics will apply equally to individual fibres, fibres incorporated into a cable wound on a
drum and fibres in installed cable.
This Recommendation applies to fibres having a nominally circular mode field.
5.1 Mode Field Diameter (MFD)
The nominal value of the mode field diameter at 1550 nm shall be 10.5 µm. The MFD deviation
should not exceed the limits of Ä… 10% of the nominal value.
5.2 Cladding diameter
The recommended nominal value of the cladding diameter is 125 µm. The cladding deviation should
not exceed the limits of Ä… 2 µm.
For some particular jointing techniques and joint loss requirements, other tolerances may be
appropriate.
5.3 Mode field concentricity error
The recommended mode field concentricity error at 1550 nm should not exceed 1 µm.
NOTE For some particular jointing techniques and joint loss requirements, tolerances up to 3 µm may be
appropriate.
5.4 Non-circularity
5.4.1 Mode field non-circularity
In practice, the mode field non-circularity of fibres having nominally circular mode fields is found to
be sufficiently low that propagation and jointing are not affected. It is therefore not considered
2 Recommendation G.654 (04/97)
necessary to recommend a particular value for the mode field non-circularity. It is not normally
necessary to measure the mode field non-circularity for acceptance purposes.
5.4.2 Cladding non-circularity
The cladding non-circularity should be less than 2%. For some particular jointing techniques and
joint loss requirements, other tolerances may be appropriate.
5.5 Cut-off wavelength
Three useful types of cut-off wavelength can be distinguished:
a) fibre cut-off wavelength ,
c
b) cable cut-off wavelength ,
cc
c) jumper cable cut-off wavelength
cj
.
The correlation of the measured values of , and depends on the specific fibre and cable
c cc cj
design and the test conditions. While in general < < , a general quantitative relationship
cc cj c
cannot easily be established.
The importance of ensuring single-mode transmission in the minimum cable length between joints at
the minimum system operating wavelength is paramount. This can be approached in two alternate
ways:
1) recommending to be less than 1600 nm: when a lower limit is appropriate should be
c c
greater than 1350 nm;
2) recommending the maximum value of to be 1530 nm.
cc
NOTE The above values ensure single-mode transmission at around 1550 nm. For WDM applications
requiring operation at a wavelength of (1550 nm-x), the above values should be reduced by x nm.
These two specifications need not both be invoked. Since specification of is a more direct way of
cc
ensuring single-mode cable operation, it is the preferred option. When circumstances do not readily
permit the specification of (e.g. in single-fibre cables such as jumper cables or cables to be
cc
deployed in a significantly different manner than in the RTM), then the specification of is
cc c
appropriate.
When the user chooses to specify as in 2), it should be understood that may exceed 1600 nm.
cc c
When the user chooses to specify as in 1), then need not be specified.
c cc
In the case where the user chooses to specify , it may be permitted that be higher than the
cc c
minimum system operating wavelength relying on the effects of cable fabrication and installation to
yield values below the minimum system operating wavelength for the shortest length of cable
cc
between two joints.
In the case where the user chooses to specify , a qualification test may be sufficient to verify that
cc
the requirement is being met.
cc
5.6 1550 nm bend loss performance
The loss increase for 100 turns of fibre, loosely wound with a 37.5 mm radius and measured at
1550 nm shall be less than 0.5 dB.
For SDH and WDM applications the fibre may be used at wavelength exceeding 1550 nm. The
1.0 dB maximum loss shall apply at the maximum wavelength of anticipated use (which would be
d" 1580 nm). The loss at the maximum wavelength may be projected from a loss measurement at
Recommendation G.654 (04/97) 3
1550 nm, using either spectral loss modelling or a statistical database for that particular fibre design.
Alternatively, a qualification test at the longer wavelength may be performed.
NOTE 1 A qualification test may be sufficient to ensure that this requirement is being met.
NOTE 2 The above value of 100 turns corresponds to the approximate number of turns deployed in all
splice cases of a typical repeater span. The radius of 37.5 mm is equivalent to the minimum bend-radius
widely accepted for long-term deployment of fibres in practical system installations to avoid static-fatigue
failure.
NOTE 3 If for practical reasons fewer than 100 turns are chosen to implement this 37.5 mm radius test, it is
suggested that not less than 40 turns, and a proportionately smaller loss increase be used.
NOTE 4 If bending radii smaller than 37.5 mm are planned to be used in splice cases or elsewhere in the
system (for example, R = 30 mm), it is suggested that the same loss value of 0.5 dB shall apply to 100 turns
of fibre deployed with this smaller radius.
NOTE 5 The 1550 nm bend-loss recommendation relates to the deployment of fibres in practical
single-mode fibre installations. The influence of the stranding-related bending radii of cabled single-mode
fibres on the loss performance is included in the loss specification of the cabled fibre.
NOTE 6 In the event that routine tests are required a small diameter loop with one or several turns can be
used instead of the 100-turn test, for accuracy and measurement ease of the 1550 nm bend sensitivity. In this
case, the loop diameter, number of turns, and the maximum permissible bend loss for the several-turn test,
should be chosen, so as to correlate with the 0.5 dB loss recommendation of the 37.5 mm radius 100-turn
functional test.
5.7 Material properties of the fibre
5.7.1 Fibre materials
The substances of which the fibres are made should be indicated.
NOTE Care may be needed in fusion splicing fibres of different substances. Provisional results indicate that
adequate splice loss and strength can be achieved when splicing different high-silica fibres.
5.7.2 Protective materials
The physical and chemical properties of the material used for the fibre primary coating, and the best
way of removing it (if necessary) should be indicated. In the case of single jacketed fibre, similar
indications shall be given.
5.7.3 Proofstress level
The specified proofstress à shall be at least 0.35 GPa which corresponds to a proofstrain of
p
approximately 0.5%. Proofstress is often specified as 0.69 GPa.
NOTE The definitions of the mechanical parameters are contained in 1.2/G.650 and 2.6/G.650.
5.8 Refractive index profile
The refractive index profile of the fibre does not generally need to be known.
5.9 Longitudinal uniformity
Under study.
5.10 Examples of fibre design guidelines
Supplement No. 33 to the Blue Book gives an example of fibre design guidelines for the cut-off
shifted fibres used by one organization (KDD).
4 Recommendation G.654 (04/97)
6 Factory length specifications
Since the geometrical and optical characteristics of fibres given in clause 5 are barely affected by the
cabling process, this clause will give recommendations mainly relevant to transmission
characteristics of cabled factory lengths.
Environmental and test conditions are paramount and are described in the guidelines for test
methods.
6.1 Attenuation coefficient
Optical fibre cables covered by this Recommendation generally have attenuation coefficient in the
1550 nm region below 0.22 dB/km.
NOTE The lowest values depend on fabrication process, fibre composition and design, and cable design.
Values of 0.15 to 0.19 dB/km in the 1550 nm region have been achieved.
6.2 Chromatic dispersion coefficient (D)
The measured group delay per unit fibre length Ä ( ) versus wavelength shall be fitted by the
quadratic expression:
Ä ( ) =Ä + (S1550 / 2)( - 1550)2+ D1550 ( - 1550)
1550
Here, Ä is relative group delay per unit fibre length minimum (ns/km) at wavelength = 1500 nm.
1550
The chromatic dispersion coefficient D( ) = dÄ /d (ps/nm · km) can be determined from the
differentiated quadratic expression:
D( ) = S1550 ( - 1550)+ D1550
Here, S1550 is the dispersion slope (ps/nm2 · km) at 1550 nm wavelength, i.e. the value of the
dispersion slope S1550 ( ) = dD/d at = 1550 nm. Also D1550 denotes the dispersion values at
= 1550 nm.
NOTE 1 These equations for Ä ( ) and D( ) are sufficiently accurate over the 1500-1600 nm range. They
are not meant to be used in the 1310 region.
NOTE 2 Alternatively, the chromatic dispersion coefficient can be measured directly, for example by the
differential phase shift method. In this case, a straight line shall be fitted directly to dispersion coefficient for
determining S1550 and D1550.
The maximum chromatic dispersion coefficient D1550 and the maximum dispersion slope S1550 at
1550 nm in single-mode fibres covered in this Recommendation shall be around 20ps/(nm · km) and
around 0.07ps/(nm2 · km), respectively.
6.3 Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD) coefficient
Under study.
NOTE Optical fibre cables covered by this Recommendation generally have a PMD coefficient below
05ps / km . This corresponds to a PMD-limited transmission distance of about 400 km for STM-64
.
systems.
Systems with lower bit rate distance products can tolerate higher values of PMD coefficient without
impairment.
Recommendation G.654 (04/97) 5
7 Elementary cable sections
An elementary cable section usually includes a number of spliced factory lengths. The requirements
for factory lengths are given in clause 6. The transmission parameters for elementary cable sections
must take into account not only the performance of the individual cable lengths, but also, amongst
other factors, such things as splice losses and connector losses (if applicable).
In addition, the transmission characteristics of the factory length fibres as well as such items as
splices and connectors, etc. will all have a certain probability distribution which often needs to be
taken into account if the most economic designs are to be obtained. The following subclauses should
be read with this statistical nature of the various parameters in mind.
7.1 Attenuation
The attenuation A of an elementary cable section is given by:
m
A = Ä… Å" Ln +Ä… ÇÅ" Ä…+ Å" y
"
n s c
n=1
Where:
Ä… n
= coefficient of nth fibre in elementary cable section;
Ln = length of nth fibre;
m = total number of concatenated fibres in elementary cable section;
Ä… s
= mean splice loss;
Ç = number of splices in elementary cable section;
Ä… = mean loss of line connectors;
c
y = number of line connectors in elementary cable section (if provided).
A suitable allowance should be allocated for a suitable cable margin for future modifications of cable
configurations (additional splices, extra cable lengths, ageing effects, temperature variations, etc.).
The above expression does not include the loss of equipment connectors.
The mean loss is used for the loss of splices and connectors. The attenuation budget used in
designing an actual system should account for the statistical variations in these parameters.
7.2 Chromatic dispersion
The chromatic dispersion in ps can be calculated from the chromatic dispersion coefficients of the
factory lengths, assuming a linear dependence on length, and with due regard for the signs of the
coefficients and system source characteristics (see 6.2).
6 Recommendation G.654 (04/97)
ITU-T RECOMMENDATIONS SERIES
Series A Organization of the work of the ITU-T
Series B Means of expression: definitions, symbols, classification
Series C General telecommunication statistics
Series D General tariff principles
Series E Overall network operation, telephone service, service operation and human factors
Series F Non-telephone telecommunication services
Series G Transmission systems and media, digital systems and networks
Series H Audiovisual and multimedia systems
Series I Integrated services digital network
Series J Transmission of television, sound programme and other multimedia signals
Series K Protection against interference
Series L Construction, installation and protection of cables and other elements of outside plant
Series M TMN and network maintenance: international transmission systems, telephone circuits,
telegraphy, facsimile and leased circuits
Series N Maintenance: international sound programme and television transmission circuits
Series O Specifications of measuring equipment
Series P Telephone transmission quality, telephone installations, local line networks
Series Q Switching and signalling
Series R Telegraph transmission
Series S Telegraph services terminal equipment
Series T Terminals for telematic services
Series U Telegraph switching
Series V Data communication over the telephone network
Series X Data networks and open system communication
Series Z Programming languages
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