THE ONE PAGE LINUX MANUAL
A summary of useful Linux commands
Version 3.0 May 1999 squadron@powerup.com.au
rm name Remove a file or directory called
name
Starting & Stopping
rm -rf name Kill off an entire directory and all it s
includes files and subdirectories
Shutdown the system now and do not
shutdown -h now
reboot cp filename Copy the file called filename to the
/home/dirname /home/dirname directory
halt Stop all processes - same as above
Shutdown the system in 5 minutes and
shutdown -r 5
reboot mv filename Move the file called filename to the
/home/dirname /home/dirname directory
Shutdown the system now and reboot
shutdown -r now
reboot Stop all processes and then reboot - same
cat filetoview Display the file called filetoview
as above
man -k keyword Display man pages containing
startx Start the X system
keyword
more filetoview Display the file called filetoview one
Accessing & mounting file systems
page at a time, proceed to next page
using the spacebar
Mount the device cdrom
mount -t iso9660 /dev/cdrom
head filetoview Display the first 10 lines of the file
and call it cdrom under the
/mnt/cdrom
called filetoview
/mnt directory
Display the first 20 lines of the file
head -20 filetoview
Mount hard disk d as a
mount -t msdos /dev/hdd
called filetoview
msdos file system and call
/mnt/ddrive
tail filetoview Display the last 10 lines of the file
it ddrive under the /mnt
called filetoview
directory
Display the last 20 lines of the file
tail -20 filetoview
Mount hard disk a as a
mount -t vfat /dev/hda1
called filetoview
VFAT file system and call it
/mnt/cdrive
cdrive under the /mnt
directory
Installing software for Linux
umount /mnt/cdrom Unmount the cdrom
Install the rpm package called name
rpm -ihv name.rpm
Finding files and text within files
Upgrade the rpm package called
rpm -Uhv name.rpm
name
Starting with the root directory, look
find / -name fname
Delete the rpm package called
rpm -e package
for the file called fname
package
Starting with the root directory, look
find / -name *fname*
List the files in the package called
rpm -l package
for the file containing the string fname
package
locate missingfilename Find a file called missingfilename
List the files and state the installed
rpm -ql package
using the locate command - this
version of the package called
assumes you have already used the
package
command updatedb (see next)
rpm -i --force package Reinstall the rpm package called
updatedb Create or update the database of files
name having deleted parts of it (not
on all file systems attached to the linux
deleting using rpm -e)
root directory
tar -zxvf archive.tar.gz or Decompress the files contained in
which missingfilename Show the subdirectory containing the
the zipped and tarred archive called
tar -zxvf archive.tgz
executable file called missingfilename
archive
grep textstringtofind Starting with the directory called dir ,
./configure Execute the script preparing the
/dir look for and list all files containing
installed files for compiling
textstringtofind
User Administration
The X Window System
adduser accountname Create a new user call accountname
xvidtune Run the X graphics tuning utility
passwd accountname Give accountname a new password
XF86Setup Run the X configuration menu with
su Log in as superuser from current login
automatic probing of graphics cards
exit Stop being superuser and revert to
Xconfigurator Run another X configuration menu with
normal user
automatic probing of graphics cards
xf86config Run a text based X configuration menu
Little known tips and tricks
Moving, copying, deleting & viewing files
ifconfig List ip addresses for all devices on
List files in current directory using
ls -l
the machine
long format
apropos subject List manual pages for subject
ls -F List files in current directory and
indicate the file type usermount Executes graphical application for
mounting and unmounting file
ls -laC List all files in current directory in
systems
long format and display in columns
/sbin/e2fsck hda5 Execute the filesystem check utility
File permissions
on partition hda5
fdformat /dev/fd0H1440 Format the floppy disk in device fd0
Backup the contents of the current
tar -cMf /dev/fd0
directory and subdirectories to
multiple floppy disks
tail -f /var/log/messages Display the last 10 lines of the system
log.
cat /var/log/dmesg Display the file containing the boot
time messages - useful for locating
problems. Alternatively, use the
dmesg command.
* wildcard - represents everything. eg.
cp from/* to will copy all files in the
from directory to the to directory
? Single character wildcard. eg.
cp config.? /configs will copy all files
beginning with the name config. in
If the command ls -l is given, a long list of file names is
the current directory to the directory
displayed. The first column in this list details the permissions
named configs.
applying to the file. If a permission is missing for a owner,
[xyz] Choice of character wildcards. eg.
group of other, it is represented by - eg. drwxr-x x
ls [xyz]* will list all files in the current
Read = 4 File permissions are altered by giving the
directory starting with the letter x, y,
chmod command and the appropriate
or z. Write = 2
octal code for each user type. eg
linux single At the lilo prompt, start in single user Execute = 1
chmod 7 6 4 filename will make the file
mode. This is useful if you have
called filename R+W+X for the owner,
forgotten your password. Boot in
R+W for the group and R for others.
single user mode, then run the
passwd command. chmod 7 5 5 Full permission for the owner, read and
execute access for the group and others.
ps List current processes
chmod +x filename Make the file called filename executable
kill 123 Kill a specific process eg. kill 123
to all users.
Configuration files and what they do
X Shortcuts - (mainly for Redhat)
/etc/profile System wide environment variables for
Increase or decrease the screen
Control|Alt + or -
all users.
resolution. eg. from 640x480 to
/etc/fstab List of devices and their associated mount
800x600
points. Edit this file to add cdroms, DOS
Alt | escape Display list of active windows
partitions and floppy drives at startup.
Shift|Control F8 Resize the selected window
/etc/motd Message of the day broadcast to all users
at login. Right click on desktop Display menu
background
etc/rc.d/rc.local Bash script that is executed at the end of
login process. Similar to autoexec.bat in Shift|Control Altr Refresh the screen
DOS.
Shift|Control Altx Start an xterm session
/etc/HOSTNAME Conatins full hostname including domain.
/etc/cron.* There are 4 directories that automatically
Printing
execute all scripts within the directory at
intervals of hour, day, week or month.
/etc/rc.d/init.d/lpd start Start the print daemon
/etc/hosts A list of all know host names and IP
/etc/rc.d/init.d/lpd stop Stop the print daemon
addresses on the machine.
/etc/rc.d/init.d/lpd Display status of the print daemon
/etc/httpd/conf Paramters for the Apache web server
status
/etc/inittab Specifies the run level that the machine
lpq Display jobs in print queue
should boot into.
lprm Remove jobs from queue
/etc/resolv.conf Defines IP addresses of DNS servers.
lpr Print a file
/etc/smb.conf Config file for the SAMBA server. Allows
file and print sharing with Microsoft lpc Printer control tool
clients.
man subject | lpr Print the manual page called subject
~/.Xdefaults as plain text
Define configuration for some X-
applications. ~ refers to user s home
Print the manual page called subject
man -t subject | lpr
directory.
as Postscript output
/etc/X11/XF86Confi
printtool Start X printer setup interface
Config file for X-Windows.
g
~/.xinitrc Defines the windows manager loaded by
X. ~ refers to user s home directory.
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