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Japanese is Possible!
Week 32
Part 32
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The Causative Verb "U0[0�0" (saseru)
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The Causative Verb "U0[0�0"
The causative verb "U0[0�0" is used to express the idea of "causing
someone or something to do something," whether that is "letting /
allowing" or "making / causing" it to happen.
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Let's take a look at how we can form this verb and use it in
conjunction with other verbs.
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Group 1 Verbs / Godan ("N�k / 5 Steps) Verbs
Group 1 Verbs are characterized by the fact that the
end of the verb changes depending on what form it is
in. Let's look at a few typical Group 1 Verbs to see
where the term "5 Steps" comes from:
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�zd0 (tatsu / to stand)
�z0d0(-u form)
�z0_00j0D0 (plain negative form)
�z0a00~0Y0�0~0W0_0�0
~0[0�0�0~0[0�0g0W0_0 (formal forms)
�z0c00f0�0_0 (-te / -ta form)
�z0f0 0(imperative form)
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łfO0 (kaku / to write)
łf0O0 (-u form)
łf0K00j0D0 (plain negative form)
łf0M00~0Y0�0~0W0_0�0~0[0�0�0~0[0�0g0W0_0 (formal
forms)
łf0D00f0�0_0 (-te / -ta form)
łf0Q00(imperative form)
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Group 2 Verbs / Ichidan (N�k - 1 Step) Verbs
Group 2 Verbs are easily recognized because the stem
of the verb stays the same no matter how the verb is
conjugated. Here is an example of a Group 2 Verb:
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�Śy0�0 (taberu / to eat)
�Śy0�0�0�Śy0f0�0�Śy0_0�0�Śy0j0D0�0�Śy0j0K0c0_0�0
�Śy0~0Y0
�0�Śy0~0W0_0�0�Śy0~0[0�0�0�Śy0~0[0�0g0W0_0
notice how the "_0y0" stem stays the same, while the endings
change.
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Group 3 Verbs / Irregular
There are only a few irregular verbs that do not fit into
the above two categories. They are as follows:
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Y0�0 (suru / to do)
Y00�00(-u form)
W00j0D0 (plain negative form)
W00~0Y0�0~0W0_0�0~0[0�0�0~0[0�0g0W0_0 (formal
forms)
W00f0�0_0 (-te / -ta form)
[00H0 (imperative form)
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eg�0 (kuru / to come)
eg�O0 �0�00(-u form)
eg�S0 �0j0D00(plain negative form)
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eg�M0 �0~0Y0�0~0W0_0�0
~0[0�0�0~0[0�0g0W0_0 (formal forms)
eg�M0 �0f0�0_00(-te / -ta form)
eg�S0 �0D0 (imperative form)
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Verbs + Causative " U0[0�0"
Now that we have looked at the regular verb conjugations,
let's take a look at how to combine verbs with " U0[0�0".
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Group 1 Verbs (Godan) + Causative " U0[0�0"
For Group 1 Verbs, you simply take the stem of the plain
negative form of the verb, and add " [0�0". You're
probably wondering what happened to " U0[0�0". Well,
the " U0[0�0" is still intact, and you will see it below in the
Group 2 sections. Also, "U0[0�0" is actually the Causative
form of the verb "Y0�0". Technically, the causative verb for
Group 1 is only the "-aseru" or "-seru," because the plain
negative form of Group 1 Verbs already end in "-a." Let's
take a look at some examples.
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base negative root (minus "nai") + -seru final
conjugation (meaning)
łf0O00 0łf0K00�Xj0D0X
�0�0 [0�00 0łf0K00[0�00�00łfK0[0�0
(to cause/let/make write)0
�z0d00 0�z0_00�Xj0D0X
�0�0 [0�00 0�z0_00[0�00�00�z_0[0�0
(to cause/let/make stand)
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q�0Y00 0q�0U00�Xj0D0X
�0�0 �[0�00 0q�0U00[0�00�00q�U0[0�0
(to cause/let/make speak)
L�0O00 0L�0K00�Xj0D0X
�0�0 �[0�00 0L�0K00[0�00�00L�K0[0�0
(to cause/let/make go)
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Group 2 Verbs (Ichidan) + Causative "-U0[0�0"
Group 2 Verbs simply require the addition of "-U0[0�0" to
the main stem. Let's take a look at some examples.
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�Śy00�00 0�Śy00�0U0[0�0
0 0�Śy0U0[0�0 (to cause/let/make eat / tabe(ru))
��Q00�00 0��Q00�0U0[0�0
0 0��Q0U0[0�0 (to cause/let/make open / ake(ru))
�OX00�00 0�OX00�0U0[0�0
0 0�OX0U0[0�0 (to cause/let/make believe / shinji(ru))
wćM00�00 0wćM00�0U0[0�0
0 0wćM0U0[0�0 (to cause/let/make wake up / oki(ru))
�bR00�00 0�bR00�0U0[0�0
0 0�bR0U0[0�0 (to cause/let/make throw / nage(ru))
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Group 3 Verbs (Irregular) + Causative " U0[0�0"
Here are the conjugations for the Group 3 Verbs.
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Y00�00 0U0[0�0 (to cause/let/make do)
eg0�00 0eg�S0 ��0U0[0�00 0egU0[0�0 (to cause/let/
make come)
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Using the Causative form
Here are the basic conjugations of "U0[0�0" itself. These do
not change no matter what type of verb they are connected to.
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U0[00�0
U0[00j0D0
U0[00f0�0_0
U0[00~0Y0�0etc
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Pretty simple, huh? Here's a little quiz: What type of verb is "U0[0
�0" (Group 1 / Godan, or Group 2 / Ichidan) ?
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Now that you know how to form causative verbs, let's look at how
they are actually used. As the name implies, causative verbs are
verbs of "causing / letting / allowing / making." You may be saying
to yourself "How do I know which meaning it is, "let" or "make" ?"
Well, that depends on the context, how the verb is used, and how the
person being caused to do the verb feels about it. There isn't a
distinction in Japanese like there is in English, so you only have to
learn one thing to say both in Japanese. Let's look at some simple
examples.
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6ro00J0DQU0�0k00�0ó0�0
ł00�Ź0[0_0�0�Ź0[0~0W0_0.
"My father made/let my older brother learn the piano."
a0a0o00J0k0D0U0�0k00�0ó0�0
ł00j0�0Ź0[0_0�0j0�0Ź0[0~0W0_0.
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�ko00�yk0 (orł0)0�0ń0�0x00L�
K0[0_0�0L�K0[0~0W0_0.
My mother made/let me go to the concert.
o0o0o00Ź0_0W0k0(orł0)0�0ń0�0
x00D0K0[0_0�0D0K0[0~0W0_0.
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So for these first two examples, the difference between "made" and
"let" isn't clear. The only way to tell is by judging whether the
activity is something that the parent would "let" the child do, or
"make" the child do, or if the person being caused to do the activity
is in favor of it or against it.
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Here are some other uses.
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6ro00�y_0a0k00ó0ń0ą0Ż0�0br>śh[ą0ł0
0�Śy0U0[0_0�0�Śy0U0[0~0W0_0.
My father let us eat ice cream.
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a0a0o00Ź0_0W0_0a0k00ó0ń0ą0Ż0
ę0�0ą0ł00_0y0U0[0_0�0_0y0U0[0~0W0_0.
(It's pretty clear that it is "let," unless you know that the "us"
hates ice cream.)
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ą�P[o00*Yΐk00M0c0w0ł00�ŚŹ0
[0_0�0�ŚŹ0[0~0W0_0.
Hanako made/let Tarou buy the tickets.
o0j0S0o00_0ć0F0k00M0c0w0ł00
K0Ź0[0_0�0K0Ź0[0~0W0_0.
0
J0�kU0�0
0Ć0�0Ó0ł00��U0[0f00
O0`0U0D0.
Mom, please let me watch TV.
J0K0B0U0�0
00Ć0�0Ó0ł000U0[0
f00O0`0U0D0.
(Here it's clearly "let," because no one would ask to be made
to watch TV.)
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�0F00*YΐTk00�0ó0Ź0ł00��~0
[0j0D0�0��~0[0~0[0�0.
I won't let Tarou read comics anymore.
�0F00_0ć0F0O0�0k00�0ó0Ź0ł00
�0~0[0j0D0�0�0~0[0~0[0�0.
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(Here, Tarou's mother doesn't want him to read comics
anymore, so she is saying "I won't let him& ")
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Just for fun, here are a few examples of "-U0[0�0" from the comic
�eN}(W0�0[0D0M0)�0�0Ą0ó0�0ę0�0ó0.
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This first one is from near the beginning, the first time Shinji gets
into the Eva.
"{kl0n00j0�0K00P`O0o00j0D00�0
`000
6rU0�0k00Ć��u�0j0�0f00�Ź0[0j0
D0."
"I'm not afraid of dying. I won't let dad call me a coward."
"W0l0n00j0�0K00S0Ź0O0o00j0D00�0`00
0h0F0U0�0k00J0O0s0�0F0�0n00j0�0f00D0Ź0
[0j0D0."
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And this quote is from the scene where Misato is telling Shinji and
Asuka that they have to learn the dance routine together in order to
defeat the Angels.
"S0Ś0ł00ą_�^"vk00SOk00��H0
U0[0�00S0h0."
"It's to make your bodies memorize this perfectly."
"S0Ś0ł00f0c0f0D0f0M0k00K0�0�0br>~�k00J0|0
H0U0[0�00S0h0."
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One Last Note
"U0[0�0" is often used in "-f0" form in conjunction with verbs of
receiving, such as "O0`0U0D0," "D0_0`0O0," "�0�0F0," and "O0Ś0
�0". This is especially the case when asking someone to let you do
something with "U0[0�0." Verbs of giving can also be used, when
the situation calls for it. However, this is a complex topic, we'll leave
that alone for now.
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Self-Test
Here is a little self-test that you can try, to see how well you know
"U0[0�0." The verbs are given in plain form, so see if you can tell
what type (Group 1 or 2) they are, and how they would be
conjugated with "U0[0�0."0There is a list of 230 basic Japanese
verbs, complete with different conjugate forms, at CosCom Japanese
Language School. Feel free to check your answers there, and refer to
it any time you want to check verb conjugation (if your verb is on
the list).
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ż^�0 �00W0�0y0�00�00mF0 �0�0br>@ikO0
0�00Ż[�00�00J0i0�00�00LkF00�00"0
�0
0
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verbs in hiragana, plus meaning:
Y0Ź0�0 (to sit)�0W0�0y0�0 (to talk/chat)�0B0�0F0 (to wash)�0
B0�0O0 (to walk)�0m0�0 (to sleep)�0J0i0�0 (to dance)�0F0_0
F0 (to sing)�0"0�0 (to do)
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Written by Brian Dunn
Setting Up Your Computer For
Japanese
If you can't read the Japanese text on this page, or on any other
website on the internet, or if you can already display Japanese but
want to be able to type it on your own, we hope you will be able to
find something here to suit your needs0
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Global IME for Japanese with Language Pack is a free plug-in that
will allow users of Microsoft Internet Explorer 4.x+ to browse
WWW pages in Japanese, and enter Japanese text in search engines,
bulletin boards, and online e-mail pages, and send/receive Japanese
e-mail messages in MS Outlook Express.
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Windows 2000 comes equipped with Japanese support for all
applications.
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NJStar is a popular Japanese word processing freeware application.
NJStar Communicator reportedly works for both MS Internet
Explorer and Netscape Messenger, as well as many other software
applications. With lots of great features, this Japanese word
processor is a great tool.
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Pacific Software Publishing's Kanji Kit is a true Japanese add-on
system to English Windows. Kanji Kit allows you to use Japanese in
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all your applications inside of your English Windows environment.
A 60-day free trial version is also available on the Web. They also
carry a lot of other Japanese software on their site, including
learning software and Japanese word processors, many with free
demos.
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UnionWay International Corporation This company's Asian Suite 97
runs on English Windows 98/95/NT/3.x. Asian Suite 97 will allow
the users to use many English-based applications to process
Japanese, Korean and Chinese (both traditional and simplified).
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Lava Software Japanese Word Mage for Mac OS and Windows
95/98/NT is a Japanese application suite designed specifically for
students of Japanese as a second/foreign language. This application
includes a word processor, multi-lingual HTML editor, and kanji/
vocabulary study system.
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Jim Breen's Japanese Page is a great overall site for finding
information on setting your computer up to run and type Japanese,
and also a ton of links to online dictionaries (cut and paste words
you don't know for quick and easy look-up, etc.) and Japanese-
related sites.
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The Guide to Japanese Computing on the University of
Washington's Technical Japanese Program Homepage also has links
to Japanese software, even for the Mac.
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Monash University ACCESS-J Japanese WWW Page Viewer This
allows internet users without Japanese language software capabilities
to view regular Japanese web pages and mailing lists (if you can't get
Japanese on your computer, or if you only use public computers
where it's impossible to install Japanese software). It does this by
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going through a special program that loads the pages in its own
window and loads small .gif files for every Japanese character on the
page. It's not perfect; I had trouble with logging into my online e-
mail website running through this window. But I was able to access
my www.egroups.com groups, Yahoo Japan, Jim Breen's
WWWJDIC, and many other sites, with no problems at all. The one
drawback is the speed - it takes a long time to load pages. However,
I'm sure as you keep browsing and it caches characters, it will speed
up. And if this is your only choice, it's better than nothing, right? For
a test run, here is the JIP Lessons Page, seen through the viewer.
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Written by Brian Dunn
Copyright i� 2001 Maktos.com. All Rights Reserved.
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