Linux IP Masquerade mini HOWTO: Background Knowledge
2. Background Knowledge
2.1 What is IP Masquerade?IP Masquerade is a developing networking function in Linux. If a Linux host is connected to the Internet with IP Masquerade enabled, then computers connecting to it (either on the same LAN or connected with modems) can reach the Internet as well, even though they have no official assigned IP addresses.This allows a set of machines to invisibly access the Internet hidden behind a gateway system, which appears to be the only system using the Internet. Breaking the security of a well set-up masquerading system should be considerably more difficult than breaking a good packet filter based firewall (assuming there are no bugs in either).2.2 Current StatusIP Masquerade is still at its experimental stages. However, kernels since 1.3.x had built-in support already. Many individuals and even companies are using it, with satisfactory results.Browsing web pages and telnet are reported to work well over IP Masquerade. FTP, IRC and listening to Real Audio are working with certain modules loaded. Other network streaming audio such as True Speech and Internet Wave work too. Some fellow users on the mailing list even tried video conferencing software. Ping is now working, with the newly available ICMP patchPlease refer to section 4.3 for a more complete listing of software supported.IP Masquerade works well with 'client machines' on several different OS and platforms. There are successful cases with systems using Unix, Windows 95, Windows NT, Windows for Workgroup(with TCP/IP package), OS/2, Macintosh System's OS with Mac TCP, Mac Open Transport, DOS with NCSA Telnet package, VAX, Alpha with Linux, and even Amiga with AmiTCP or AS225-stack.2.3 Who Can Benefit From IP Masquerade?If you have a Linux host connected to the Internet, andif you have some computers running TCP/IP connected to that Linux box on a local subnet, and/orif your Linux host has more than one modem and acts as a PPP or SLIP server connecting to others, whichthose OTHER machines do not have official assigned IP addresses. (these machines are represented by OTHER machines hereby)And of course, if you want those OTHER machines to make it onto the Internet without spending extra bucks :)2.4 Who Doesn't Need IP Masquerade?If your machine is a stand-alone Linux host connected to the Internet, then it is pointless to have IP Masquerade running, orif you already have assigned addresses for your OTHER machines, then you don't need IP Masquerade,and of course, if you don't like the idea of a 'free ride'.2.5 How IP Masquerade Works?From IP Masquerade FAQ by Ken Eves:
Here is a drawing of the most simple setup:
SLIP/PPP +------------+ +-------------+
to provider | Linux | SLIP/PPP | Anybox |
<---------- modem1| |modem2 ----------- modem | |
111.222.333.444 | | 192.168.1.100 | |
+------------+ +-------------+
In the above drawing a Linux box with ip_masquerading installed and
running is connected to the Internet via SLIP/or/PPP using modem1. It has
an assigned IP address of 111.222.333.444. It is setup that modem2 allows
callers to login and start a SLIP/or/PPP connection.
The second system (which doesn't have to be running Linux) calls into the
Linux box and starts a SLIP/or/PPP connection. It does NOT have an assigned
IP address on the Internet so it uses 192.168.1.100. (see below)
With ip_masquerade and the routing configured properly the machine
Anybox can interact with the Internet as if it was really connected (with a
few exceptions).
Quoting Pauline Middelink:
Do not forget to mention the ANYBOX should have the Linux box
as its gateway (whether is be the default route or just a subnet
is no matter). If the ANYBOX can not do this, the Linux machine
should do a proxy arp for all routed address, but the setup of
proxy arp is beyond the scope of the document.
The following is an excerpt from a post on comp.os.linux.networking which
has been edited to match the names used in the above example:
o I tell machine ANYBOX that my slipped linux box is its gateway.
o When a packet comes into the linux box from ANYBOX, it will assign it
new source port number, and slap its own ip address in the packet
header, saving the originals. It will then send the modified packet
out over the SLIP/or/PPP interface to the Internet.
o When a packet comes from the Internet to the linux box, if the port
number is one of those assigned above, it will get the original
port and ip address, put them back in the packet header, and send the
packet to ANYBOX.
o The host that sent the packet will never know the difference. An IP Masquerading Exampletypical example is given in the diagram below:-
+----------+
| | Ethernet
| abox |::::::
| |2 :192.168.1.x
+----------+ :
: +----------+ PPP
+----------+ : 1| Linux | link
| | ::::| masq-gate|:::::::::// Internet
| bbox |:::::: | |
| |3 : +----------+
+----------+ :
:
+----------+ :
| | :
| cbox |::::::
| |4
+----------+
<-Internal Network->In this example there are 4 computer systems that we are concerned
about (there is presumably also something on the far right that your
IP connection to the internet comes through, and there is something
(far off the page) on the internet that you are interested in exchanging
information with). The Linux system masq-gate is the
masquerading gateway for the internal network of machines
abox, bbox and cbox to get to the internet.
The internal network uses one of the assigned private network
addresses, in this case the class C network 192.168.1.0, with the
linux box having address 192.168.1.1 and the other systems having
addresses on that network.The three machines abox, bbox and cbox
(which can, by the way, be running any operating system as long as
they can speak IP - such as Windows 95, Macintosh
MacTCP or even another linux box) can connect to other machines
on the internet, however the masquerading system masq-gate
converts all of their connections so that they appear to originate
from masq-gate, and arranges that data coming back in to a
masqueraded connection is relayed back to the originating system - so
the systems on the internal network see a direct route to the internet
and are unaware that their data is being masqueraded.2.6 Requirements for Using IP Masquerade on Linux 2.x** Please refer to IP Masquerade Resource for the latest information, since it is difficult to update the HOWTO frequently. **Kernel 2.0.x source available from ftp://ftp.funet.fi/pub/Linux/kernel/src/v2.0/(Yes, you'll have to compile your kernel with certain supports.... The latest stable kernel is recommended)Loadable kernel modules, preferably 2.0.0 or newer available from http://www.pi.se/blox/modules/modules-2.0.0.tar.gz(modules-1.3.57 is the minimal requirement)A well set up TCP/IP networkcovered in Linux NET-2 HOWTO and the Network Administrator's GuideConnectivity to Internet for your Linux hostcovered in Linux ISP Hookup HOWTO, Linux PPP HOWTO and Linux PPP-over-ISDN mini-HOWTOIpfwadm 2.3 or newer available from ftp://ftp.xos.nl/pub/linux/ipfwadm/ipfwadm-2.3.tar.gzmore information on version requirement is on the Linux Ipfwadm pageYou can optionally apply some IP Masquerade patches to enable other functionality. More information availabe on IP Masquerade Resources (these patches apply to all 2.0.x kernels)
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