Geological Quarterly, 2003, 47 (3): 269 280
Outline of Quaternary glaciations in the Tatra Mts.:
their development, age and limits
Leszek LINDNER, Jan DZIERŻEK, Barbara MARCINIAK and Jerzy NITYCHORUK
Lindner L., Dzierżek J., Marciniak B. and Nitychoruk J. (2003) Outline of Quaternary glaciations in the Tatra Mts.: their development,
age and limits. Geol. Quart., 47 (3): 269 280. Warszawa.
Geomorphological and geological data collected over many years suggest at least eight episodes during which the Tatra Mts. were glaci-
ated during the Quaternary. Evidence of glaciers can be found both in the Slovakian and Polish parts of the mountains as glaciofluvial de-
posits located at different altitudes, and in some cases also as terminal and lateral moraines. There are no moraines for the three oldest
glaciations, Biber, Donau and Gnz, maybe as a result of less intense development of glaciers. During the Mindel (Sanian 2) Glaciation
the glaciers occuped a larger area in the High Tatra Mts. in comparison to the Western Tatra Mts., whereas during the succeeding younger
pre-Riss (Liviecian) Glaciation their development was more restricted. A greater extent of the Tatra Mts. glaciers occurred again during
the Riss I (Odranian) Glaciation, while they were less extensive during the Riss II (Wartanian) Glaciation. During the Wrm (Vistulian)
Glaciation the glaciers were surprisingly large. This might have resulted from many factors, including changes in atmospheric circulation
responsible for the distribution of precipitation, as well as changes in the position of the permanent snow limit due to climatic changes
and/or neotectonic movements. Glaciers finally retreated from the Tatra Mts. by the end of the pre-optimal part of the Holocene.
Leszek Lindner, Jan Dzierżek, and Jerzy Nitychoruk, Institute of Geology, Warsaw University, Al. Żwirki i Wigury 93, PL-02-089
Warszawa, Poland; Barbara Marciniak, Institute of Geological Sciences, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Twarda 51/55, PL-00-818
Warszawa, Poland (received: October 2, 2002; accepted: March 19, 2003).
Key words: Tatra Mts., Pleistocene, Holocene, glaciers stratigraphy.
INTRODUCTION during the last glaciation was constrained by biostratigraphic
and radiocarbon dating of lake deposits (e.g. Wicik, 1979,
1984; Marciniak, 1982; Marciniak and CieSla, 1983;
Krupiński, 1984; Szeroczyńska, 1984; Baumgart-Kotarba and
The history of the Tatra Mts. glaciations outlined here com-
Kotarba, 1993; Lindner, 1994; Obidowicz, 1996).
prises a substantial part of the Quaternary history in the
Slovakian and Polish parts of the Tatra Mts. It has been recon-
structed on the basis of geomorphological-geological analysis
MORAINES AND GLACIOFLUVIAL LEVELS
of glacial and glaciofluvial deposits (e.g. Partsch, 1923; Romer,
AND GLACIER LIMITS
1929; Halicki, 1930, 1951; Klimaszewski, 1961, 1967, 1988;
Luknia, 1968; Halouzka, 1977; Dzierżek et al., 1982a, b, 1987;
Lindner et al., 1990; NemŁok, 1993a, b; Kotarba and The studies noted above allow us to distinguish traces of
Krzemień, 1996; Baumgart-Kotarba and Kotarba, 1997, 2001). eight Quaternary glaciations (Table 1) in the Tatra Mts. and in
The reconstruction began with the morphogenetic, their foreland, for which the Alpine nomenclature (see
morphometric and morphochronologic analysis of the main Lindner, 1992; Mojski, 1993) is proposed. The three older
glaciofluvial levels and terminal and lateral moraines, deter- glaciations (Biber, Donau and Gnz) are represented only by
mining the glacier limits (Figs. 1 and 2). This analysis was inte- glaciofluvial deposits. The five younger glaciations (Mindel,
grated with TL-ages of the glacial and glaciofluvial deposits pre-Riss, Riss I, Riss II and Wrm), with the exception the
(e.g. Prószyńska-Bordas et al., 1988; Butrym et al., 1990; pre-Riss Glaciation, are documented by both glaciofluvial de-
36
Lindner et al., 1993), cosmogenic Cl isotope ages (Dzierżek posits and terminal and lateral moraines, and in the case of the
et al., 1996, 1999) and lithogenetic analyses of tills (Kenig and Wrm Glaciation also by three basal tills and glacially pol-
Lindner, 2001). The retreat of the glaciers from the Tatra Mts. ished rock surfaces.
270 Leszek Lindner, Jan Dzierżek, Barbara Marciniak and Jerzy Nitychoruk
Ta b l e 1
Glaciation (Figs. 1 and 2). The level is also preserved in the
southern part of the Tatra Mts. only. It is represented by the
Main stratigraphic units of the Quaternary in the Alps, Tatra Mts.
Hyba Beds, best preserved in the region of `trbsk Pleso and
and the Polish Lowland
Stary Smokovec, where they are developed as coarse sands
with gravel and boulders up to 40 cm in diameter. The boulders
include strongly weathered granites, in many cases undergoing
degradation into more or less isolated quartz grains. Occa-
sionally, boulders of quartzite are also present.
Deposits of this level occur up to 55 m above the bottoms of
the present-day valleys and reach ca. 6minthickness. Taking
into consideration the fact that boulders of glacial origin prevail
in deposits of this level (particularly in the region of `trbsk
Pleso), it is most possible that during the Donau Glaciation the
glaciers may have had a larger extent than during the earlier
glaciation. The glaciofluvial deposits linked with the Donau
Glaciation in the northern foreland of the Tatra Mts. are pre-
served only as a small patch on a watershed between the valleys
of the Białka and Javorovż creeks (Fig. 1).
The rhythm of climatic changes during the earlier Quater-
nary indicates that the development of the older glaciers may
be correlated with coolings such as the Eburonian (corre-
sponding to the preglacial accumulation of the Otwock series
of sediments in the Polish Lowlands), and most probably also
with the younger, more distinct cooling, influencing the de-
velopment of the Scandinavian ice sheet during the Narevian
Glaciation (Table 1).
GNZ GLACIATION (NIDANIAN? + SANIAN 1)
BIBER (PRE-TEGELEN) GLACIATION
Slovakian scientists (NemŁok, 1993a, b) have linked the
The glaciofluvial level (terrace) of this glaciation, consid-
Gnz Glaciation with the formation of the lower glaciofluvial
ered as the oldest Quaternary glaciation in the Tatra Mts., was
level (terrace) preserved in the southern foreland of the West-
identified only in their Slovakian part, in the area of the
ern Tatra Mts. (westwards from the junction between the Bela
Sub-Tatra Basin, where it is described as the Now Lesn de-
and RaŁkov Creeks), as well as in the southern foreland of the
posits (Halouzka, 1979). It is represented by poorly sorted
High Tatra Mts. (southwards of Stary Smokovec) (Figs. 1
sands with eroded and strongly kaolinized granite grains. These
and 2). The level forms here distinct terrace surfaces on the
sands forms the highest terrace surfaces (Figs. 1 and 2) in the
slopes of the creek valleys. It comprises up to 14 m of gravels
southern part of the Western Tatra Mts. foreland, on the south-
and sands. Numerous weathered granite boulders occur within
eastern slope of the Bela Creek Valley, as well as in the south-
them. In the southern foreland of the Tatra Mts., in the
ern and southeastern foreland of the High Tatra Mts. They are
Szaflary Wapiennik section (16 km north of Zakopane) in
represented by watersheds separating the valleys of most
Podhale, accumulation of the lower gravels with material
creeks running southwards from `trbsk Pleso, Stary
from the Tatra Mts., underlying the palynologically docu-
Smokovec and eastwards from Tatranska Lomnica. Slovakian
mented deposits of the Gnz/Mindel Interglacial (Birkenmajer
scientists correlate the glaciofluvial deposits of this level, and
and Stuchlik, 1975), most probably took place.
the development of the corresponding glaciers, with the
The lower position of deposits representing this
pre-Tegelen climatic cooling (NemŁok, 1993a, b). It is repre-
glaciofluvial level in relation to the terminal moraines of the
sented in the Polish Lowlands (Table 1) by the pre-glacial de-
Mindel Glaciation in the southern foreland of the Tatra Mts.
posits of the Różce series (see Lindner et al., 1995). The lack of
(NemŁok, 1993a, b) suggest that they are equivalents of the
terminal moraines associated with this glaciation in the Tatra
Gnz Glaciation, which had a smaller extent than the Mindel
Mts. may indicate their smaller extent in comparison with
Glaciation. Furthermore, analysing the position of the lower
younger glaciations.
gravels from the Szaflary Wapiennik section in relation to the
succeeding younger glaciofluvial levels in the Biały Dunajec
DONAU GLACIATION (EBURONIAN + NAREVIAN?)
River valley (see Birkenmajer and Stuchlik, 1975), and their
position in relation to the high terraces of the Dunajec River
Slovakian scientists (NemŁok, 1993a, b) refer the accumu- (see Zuchiewicz, 1985), a correlation of this glaciofluvial level
lation of the lower glaciofluvial level (terrace) with the Donau with the climatic cooling influencing the development of the
Fig. 1. Limits of glaciers and glaciofluvial levels in the Tatra Mts., after NemŁok (1993b), simplified with later supplements
Biber Glaciation: 1 glaciofluvial level; Donau Glaciation: 2 glaciofluvial level; Gnz Glaciation: 3 glaciofluvial level; Mindel Glaciation: 4 glacier limit, 5 glaciofluvial level; pre-Riss Glaciation: 6
glaciofluvial level; Riss I Glaciation: 7 glacier limit, 8 glaciofluvial level; Riss II Glaciation: 9 glacier limit, 10 glaciofluvial level; Wrm Glaciation: 11 glacier limit (solid line) and firn fields limit
(dashed line); 12 glaciofluvial level; Late Glacial and Early Holocene: 13 extent of glaciers, dead ice and rock glaciers; 14 main mountain ridges; 15 main peaks; 16 river valleys
Outline of Quaternary glaciations in the Tatra Mts.: their development, age and limits
271
272 Leszek Lindner, Jan Dzierżek, Barbara Marciniak and Jerzy Nitychoruk
from `trbsk Pleso, Stary Smokovec and Tatranska Lomnica,
where they reach 10 15 m in thickness and lie up to 16 18 m
above the valley bottoms (NemŁok, 1993a, b).
The distribution of the terminal moraines marking the gla-
cier limits during the Mindel Glaciation in the southern part of
the Tatra Mts. indicates that the glaciers had much greater ex-
tents in comparison to the earlier glaciations, and in some
cases they mark the maximal limit of glaciers in the Tatra Mts.
The Mindel Glaciation correlates with the global climatic
cooling associated with the development of the Scandinavian
ice sheet of the Elsterian 2 = Sanian 2 Glaciation in the Polish
Lowlands (Table 1).
In the northern and western foreland of the Tatra Mts. the
deposits representing the Mindel Glaciation form the highest
surface of the glaciofluvial deposits in the valley (Fig. 1). They
are preserved in the lower parts of the RohaŁskż and
Chochołowski Creek valleys, lying over a dozen metres above
their present-day bottoms. In the vicinity of Zakopane they also
form the highest glaciofluvial level on both sides of the Bystra
valley and in the western part of the Sucha Woda Valley, as
well as occurring on the watershed between these creeks. They
were considered by Halicki (1930) as fragments of a
glaciofluvial level from the first (I) glacial period and were
TL-dated at 443 ą 36 ka (Lindner et al., 1993). They have also
been recognised on the western slopes of the Javorovż Creek
valley in the northeastern foreland of the High Tatra Mts.
In Podhale, within the Szaflary Wapiennik section, depos-
its of the Mindel glaciofluvial terrace cover the organic depos-
its of the Gnz/Mindel Interglacial and are referred to as the
upper gravels (see Birkenmajer and Stuchlik, 1975). They
contain strongly weathered boulders of granites and of
Fig. 2. Scheme of main glacial features in the Tatra Mts.
cherry-coloured Werfenian quartzites, randomly distributed in
clays which formed by chemical weathering of the feldspars
Scandinavian ice sheet during the Sanian 1 Glaciation in the from the granite material. The TL-age of these deposits, deter-
Polish Lowlands (see Lindner et al., 1993), or even the mined at 328 ą 49 ka (Lindner et al., 1993), indicates that they
Nidanian Glaciation (Table 1), is plausible. may also have accumulated during the younger glaciation of
the Tatra Mts., determined by NemŁok (1993a) as the pre-Riss.
MINDEL GLACIATION (SANIAN 2)
PRE-RISS GLACIATION (LIVIECIAN)
This glaciation is represented by the oldest terminal and lat-
eral moraines in the Tatra Mts. They occur only in the Slovakian
This glaciation is documented in the Slovakian Tatra Mts.
part of the Tatra Mts., in three main localities (Fig. 1) between
as the oldest glaciofluvial level (step) of the Riss Glaciations
Tatranska Lomnica and Stary Smokovec south of Lomnica,
(NemŁok, 1993a, b). Its presence has been determined only in
east of `trbsk Pleso on the left bank of the Poprad River val-
the valley system of the BobroveŁskż Creek (Fig. 1), in the
ley, and on the left bank of the Koprovskż Creek near the con-
northern foreland of the Western Tatra Mts. It is composed of
fluence with the Tichż Creek. The moraines comprise strongly
sandy-gravel deposits with partly weathered boulders compris-
weathered and disintegrating granite boulders, occurring within
ing granites and Mesozoic sedimentary rocks from the Western
a silty-sandy deposit with clasts 5 15 cm in diameter. The total
Tatra Mts. Most probably, part of the glaciofluvial deposits
thickness of these deposits locally reaches 4 m (NemŁok,
hitherto identified north of the Tatra Mts. (e.g. in the
1993a). Sandy-gravel deposits with boulders, forming a
Szaflary Wapiennik section) as representatives of the older
glaciofluvial terrace, are also linked with this glaciation (Figs. 1
glaciation could equally be attributed to this glaciation. The
and 2). They are preserved both in the southern and northern part
lack of terminal moraines of the pre-Riss Glaciation in the Tatra
of the Tatra Mts. In the southern foreland of the Western Tatra
Mts. suggests a lesser extent of the glaciers during this glaci-
Mts., they form well-developed flat surfaces on the eastern
ation. In the European Lowland its equivalent is probably the
slopes of the Bela, SmreŁianka and Jalovskż Creeks. They also
Fuhne = Liviecian Glaciation (Table 1), during which the Scan-
occur in the southern and eastern foreland of the High Tatra Mts.,
dinavian ice sheet had a smaller extent than during older and
in most cases on both sides of the valleys opening southwards
younger glaciations (see Lindner, 1988, 1992).
Outline of Quaternary glaciations in the Tatra Mts.: their development, age and limits 273
RISS I (ODRANIAN) GLACIATION
slope of the Javorovż Creek valley and in the Sucha Woda
drainage basin east of Zakopane. In this region and in Podhale,
This glaciation is indicated by terminal moraines, as well as
Halicki (1930) treated them as the evidence of the IIa glacial
by a separate glaciofluvial terrace in the southern and northern
period (Riss II). They were also TL-dated at 185 ą 27 ka, 172 ą
part of the Tatra Mts. (Figs. 1 and 2). In the southern foreland
25 ka, 160 ą 24 ka and 143 ą 21 ka and correlated with the
the moraines are particularly well developed in the upper part
Wartanian Glaciation in the Polish Lowland (Table 1).
of the Bela valley, beneath the junction of the Tichy and the
Koprovskż Creeks, as well as in the vicinity of `trbsk Pleso,
WRM (VISTULIAN) GLACIATION
where they mark the maximum extent of the glaciers in the
Tatra Mts. (Fig. 1), and where most moraines are in contact
Both in the Slovakian and Polish Tatra Mts. the deposits
with the glaciofluvial deposits. The glaciofluvial level is devel-
and glacial surface features (moraines), as well as glaciofluvial
oped here as a distinct step preserved over a dozen metres
features of the Wrm = Vistulian Glaciation (Table 1) are
above the present-day valley bottoms.
well-preserved and easily recognised. Glaciers developed here
North of the Tatra Mts. the moraines of this glaciation are
during three stadials, the youngest subdivided into 3 4 phases
largely considered (e.g. Halicki, 1930; Klimaszewski, 1967) as
(e.g. Luknia, 1973; Włodek, 1978; Dzierżek et al., 1986;
the oldest preserved terminal moraines. Their presence was
Halouzka, 1989; Lindner, 1994; Lindner et al., 1990, 1993;
noted (see NemŁok, 1993b) in the upper parts of the
Lindner and Marks, 1995; Baumgart-Kotarba and Kotarba,
Chochołowska and KoScieliska Valleys, in the middle part of the
1997; Gądek, 1998; Kenig and Lindner, 2001).
Sucha Woda Valley and in the middle part of the Białka Valley
Terminal and lateral moraines of this glaciation recognised
(Fig. 1). The relatively low location of these deposits in the west-
by the character of the deposits (see NemŁok, 1993a, b) are the
ern part of KoScieliska Valley may suggest, though, a younger
basis for the reconstruction of the maximum limits of Wrm
age. As in the Slovakian part of the Tatra Mts. they comprise
glaciers and firn fields in the Tatra Mts. (Fig. 1). The map
boulder-clay-sandy beds, within which the coarse material is
shows that in many cases, both in the Western Tatra Mts. and in
represented by the Tatra granites and Mesozoic rocks. In the case
the High Tatra Mts., the extents of the glaciers overlapped those
of the Hurkotny moraine, earlier correlated to the Riss I Glaci-
of older glaciations. This fact can be explained in several ways.
ation, TL-datings suggest a younger age and thus link it with the
For instance, during the last glaciation this area was subjected
youngest glaciation (Lindner et al., 1990, 1993).
to more intense precipitation due to changes in the atmospheric
The glaciofluvial level of the Riss I Glaciation is preserved
circulation, which resulted in a faster and more extensive for-
in fragments in the northern foreland of the Tatra Mts. (Fig. 1).
mation of the snow-firn cover, leading thus to a greater devel-
It forms narrow shelves of sandy-gravel-clayey material in the
opment of glaciers. In the period directly preceding and during
upper parts of the RohaŁskż Creek, BobroveŁskż Creek, Sucha
glaciation, this area may have been subjected to a more intense
Woda and Javorovż Creek valleys, where their surfaces occur
uplift, causing an increase in the area above the permanent
over a dozen metres above the valley bottoms. In the Podhale
snow boundary. It can also be assumed that, during the last gla-
area in the Biały Dunajec valley, deposits of this level were
ciation, intense cooling may have caused a more rapid and
TL-dated at 228 ą 44 ka, 287 ą 43 ka and 263 ą 36 ka (Lindner
long-term lowering of the snow-line in mountains of Central
et al., 1993). According to Halicki (1930) this level is evidence
Europe in comparison to the situation during the older
of the development of glaciers during the second (II) glaciation
glaciations. The most probable scenario includes a combination
period (Riss I), which currently is correlated with the Drenthian
of all these factors.
= Odranian Glaciation (Table 1) of the European Lowland.
Geological analysis and the geomorphological position of
the moraines marking the ranges of glaciers from the last glaci-
RISS II (WARTANIAN) GLACIATION
ation in the Tatra Mts. indicate that the features are often
10 20 m high, and the boulder material (mainly granite)
Moraines of this glaciation have not yet been recognised in
reaches 2 3 m in diameter. The moraines form parallel ridges,
the northern part of the Tatra Mts. In their southern foreland
particularly easily recognisable in the High Tatra Mts. They are
they occur in the upper part of the Bela Creek valley, directly
best developed in the vicinity of `trbsk Pleso, Stary
below the junction of the Koprovskż and the Tichż Creeks, as
Smokovec, Tatranska Lomnica and south-east of Zakopane
well as in the vicinity of `trbsk Pleso, Stary Smokovec and
within the lower parts of large postglacial valleys, from which
Tatranska Lomnica (Fig. 1). In all cases they are preserved as
they flowed outwards, emphasising their shapes and determin-
distinct banks built of boulder-gravel material with boulders of
ing the limits of the particular tongues.
poorly weathered granite rocks, 0.5 1.5 m in diameter
The moraines constrained the gravel-sandy deposits of the
(NemŁok, 1993a). In older papers the moraines were treated as
Wrm glaciofluvial outwash. In this paper these deposits are
traces of the glacier limits from the older stadial of the Wrm
presented as a single glaciofluvial level preserved at the outlets
Glaciation (Luknia, 1973; Halouzka, 1977).
of almost all valleys once filled with glaciers. They are particu-
In the southern foreland of the Tatra Mts. the moraines are
larly well recognisable as wide terrace shelves, 6 10 m high on
accompanied by a contemporaneous glaciofluvial level. Its
the right slopes of the Smreczanka and Bela valleys and on both
fragments are distinguishable in the vicinity of Stary Smokovec
sides of the valleys formed by creeks flowing on the southeast-
and in the Jalovsky Creek valley (Fig. 1). They also form
ern foreland of the High Tatra Mts.
shelves on the northern slopes of the RohaŁsky Creek valley
In the northern and northwestern foreland of the Tatra Mts.
and in the northern foreland of the Tatra Mts., mainly on the left
fragments of this glaciofluvial level are typically not very wide
274 Leszek Lindner, Jan Dzierżek, Barbara Marciniak and Jerzy Nitychoruk
Fig. 3. Chronostratigraphic scheme of deposits of the last glaciation in the northern slopes of the High Tatra Mts. and Podhale, based on various au-
thors, compiled by Lindner (1994)
L lithology; P palynological scheme (DR1 oldest Dryas, B B lling, DR2 older Dryas, AL Aller d, DR3 younger Dryas, PB
Preboreal, BO Boreal, AT Atlantic, SB Subboreal, SA Subatlantic); D diatom phases; Cl Cladocera phases
due to their confinement in existing valleys. According to to Birkenmajer and Rrodoń (1960) the older interglacial within
Halicki (1930) deposits of this level are evidence of the III glacial the last glaciation, referred to as Interstadial I of the Miętusia
period (Wrm) in this part of the Tatra Mts. TL-dates of the Cave (Lindner, 1994). The Bystra stadial is documented in this
glaciofluvial deposits vary from 89 ą 13 ka to 25 ą 3 ka, whereas part of the Tatra Mts. by deposits of the younger ( b on Figs. 3
those of the terminal moraines bounding them to the south vary and 4) part of the Wrm glaciofluvial level. These deposits are
between 42ą6kaand14.2 ka (Fig. 3). These relationships and TL-dated here at 57 ą 8 ka, whereas the till of this stadial gives
the results of TL-datings of the basal till preserved in the upper results between 57ą9kaand42ą6ka(Fig. 3). A site of organic
36
part of the Bystra valley at 57ą9ka(Fig. 3) and Cl datings of deposits, the age of which is related to the younger (Paudorf?)
boulders on the main terminal moraines of this glaciation in the interstadial (Sobolewska and Rrodoń, 1961; Stupnicka and
Sucha Woda Valley at 21 11.6 ka, as well as terminal moraines Szumański, 1957), referred to as Interstadial II of the Miętusia
and glacially polished surfaces of rock and boulders in the upper Cave (Figs. 3 and 4) was documented at Białka Tatrzańska (20
part of the Białka drainage basin between 17.3 and 6.5 ka km north-eastwards of Zakopane).
(Dzierżek et al., 1999), indicate that the last glaciation in the Within these sites the deposits are covered by gravels and
Tatra Mts. area corresponds to the Vistulian Glaciation of the sands ( c on Figs. 3 and 4) of the youngest part of the Wrm
European Lowland (Figs. 3 and 4, Table 1). glaciofluvial level, TL-dated at Podhale at 27ą4kaand25ą3
In the northern foreland of the Tatra Mts. the glaciation was ka (Fig. 3). Most probably they are in most cases contemporary
subdivided into three stadials: Sucha Woda, Bystra and Białka. to deposits building two northwards jutting terminal moraines
The oldest deposits of the Wrm glaciofluvial level ( a of Figs. of the Wrm Glaciation in the Białka Valley (32 ą 5 ka at the
3 and 4) document the Sucha Woda stadial. They are older than Hurkotne site and 23 ą 3 ka at the Roztoka site), as well as to the
the organic deposits preserved higher at the Poronin site (7 km external terminal moraines in the Sucha Woda Valley
northwards of Zakopane), which according to Halicki (1930) (28 ą 4 ka) and in the Mała Łąka Valley (between 31ą5kaand
represent the terminal part of the last interglacial, and according 25 ą 3 ka). They document the ages of the two older phases
Outline of Quaternary glaciations in the Tatra Mts.: their development, age and limits 275
Fig. 4. Stratigraphic scheme of the last glaciation in the High Tatra Mts. and Podhale, after
Lindner (1994), simplified
(Hurkotne and Łysa Polana) within the Białka stadial of the interphases in the wider part of the Polish High Tatra Mts.
Wrm Glaciation (Fig. 4). The two younger phases (Kenig and Lindner, 2001).
(Włosienica and Pięciu Stawów) within this stadial occur in the
form of terminal moraines TL-dated at 16ą2kaand14ą2ka,
POSTGLACIAL AND THE HOLOCENE
respectively (Fig. 3). All four phases are separated by three
interphases (Lindner, 1994), considered as glacier retreats in In the Slovakian and Polish Tatra Mts. the final retreat of
the area, and determined in the Polish Tatra Mts. and in Podhale the Wrm glaciers took place by the end of the Early Holocene.
as the Waksmund, Polana pod Wołoszynem and Roztoka The glaciers possibly persisted in the higher cirques up to the
interphases (Fig. 4). beginning of the Atlantic phase (ca. 8500 years ago), character-
Recent drilling carried out in the upper part of the ising the Holocene optimum. Some of the patches, as well as
KoScieliski Creek drainage basin, directly south of the Ornak part of the older glacial deposits, may have been transported
mountain hut (Kenig and Lindner, 2001), show three tills pre- down the slopes by early and late Holocene periglacial pro-
served in one section (Fig. 5). These represent the three older cesses as stony glaciers (NemŁok and Mahr, 1974), referred
glacier phases of the Białka stadial determined as the Ornak I, II to also as rock glaciers (Dzierżek and Nitychoruk, 1986;
and III phases, separated by the Dolina KoScieliska 1 and 2 Kotarba, 1991 1992). Some of them may still have been active
interphases, documented by intercalations of weathered debris when sedimentation in the nearby lakes had already begun.
(Fig. 5). These phases and interphases, as well as the still youn- Therefore, line no. 13 on Figure 1 indicates the total extent of
ger glacier episode of the Białka stadial, documented by termi- glacial features (lobes, moraines, rock glaciers, dead ice) that
nal moraines above Ornak, may be correlated with the stagna- existed during Late Glacial and Early Holocene times. How-
tion of glacier tongues distinguished by Baumgart-Kotarba and ever, this can not be identified as the limit of the Holocene con-
Kotarba (1997) in the Biała Woda Valley and Baumgart- tinuous glacial cover, as suggested by NemŁok (1993a).
Kotarba and Kotarba (2001) in Sucha Woda Valley and The Holocene history of the Tatra Mts. has been most com-
Pańszczyca Valley, as well as with these phases and pletely documented by studies of the postglacial lakes of the
276 Leszek Lindner, Jan Dzierżek, Barbara Marciniak and Jerzy Nitychoruk
Fig. 5. Borehole sections from the upper part of the KoScieliski Creek drainage basin in the
Western Tatra Mts., after Kenig and Lindner (2001)
area. The investigations began in the late 1970 s and continue to present encountered in north Alpine and Arctic environments
today. The investigation of the bottom deposits from the Przedni (Marciniak and CieSla, 1983).
Staw Lake (Fig. 3) in the Pięć Stawów Polskich Valley showed The following warming during the Allerłd interphase is
that their accumulation lasted from the terminal part of the registered in the deposits of the Przedni Staw Lake (Fig. 3) by
Oldest Dryas to the Subatlantic Phase, and in its oldest part (up to an increase of Pinus montana and Betula carpatica, anda de-
the Boreal Period) was probably contemporary with the younger crease of Gramineae and Artemisia (Krupiński, 1984). In dia-
phases of the glacier retreat during the Pięć Stawów Phase. toms this warming is registered by diatom phase 4, initially re-
The analyses indicate that the beginning of the accumula- flected by an increase of Fragilaria, followed by an increase in
tion of these deposits took place during the Błlling warming. Cyclotella (Marciniak and CieSla, 1983). The youngest late gla-
The tree flora was dominated by mountain-pine (Pinus cial cooling, taking place in the Younger Dryas (Fig. 3), is reg-
montanus) with a small admixture of Betula carpatica and istered in the deposits of the Przedni Staw Lake as a return of
Salix and a large admixture of herbaceous plants (Krupiński, severe climatic conditions, reflected by palynological data
1984). Among the diatom flora of the late-glacial lake, the (Krupiński, 1984) as well as in the diatom flora of diatom phase
Fragilaria flora developed and than was replaced by one domi- 5 (Marciniak and CieSla, 1983). The further development of the
nated by Cyclotella (Marciniak and CieSla, 1983). The later Przedni Staw Lake took place in the Preboreal Period (Fig. 3),
cooling of the Older Dryas was reflected by an increase of her- as seen by an increase in Pinus to 65% and Betula to 30%, a
baceous plants, mainly Gramineae and Artemisia, by a small culmination of moss and the appearance of Picea and
decrease of Pinus and an increase of Betula. The appearance of thermophilous deciduous trees (Alnus, Ulmus, Quercus). This
Selaginella selaginoides (Krupiński, 1984) is an important fea- floral assemblage indicates the presence of the upper boundary
ture. Within diatoms the cooling is registered by a third diatom, of forests at altitudes of ca. 1100 m a.s.l. (Krupiński, 1984). In
characterised by the decline of the Cyclotella flora and con- the diatom flora this period is documented by diatom phase 6,
comitant increase of diatoms which dwell on rocks and moss, at reflected as the rapid increase of Fragilaria pseudoconstruens,
Outline of Quaternary glaciations in the Tatra Mts.: their development, age and limits 277
followed by Fragilaria pinnata and F. elliptica (Marciniak and 1993 1994) indicates that the most crucial phase of climatic ex-
CieSla, 1983). The considerable quantity of phytoplankton fa- tremes took place in 1550 1700 AD, and after 1860 AD a dis-
voured the development of a Cladocera fauna (Szeroczyńska, tinct decrease of alluvial processes on slopes surrounding the
1984). The Boreal Period in the lake deposits analysed (Fig. 3) lakes took place. A reshaping of slopes took place up till 1905
is documented by the older and middle part of diatom phase 7, AD, as evidenced (see Kotarba, 1992) by numerous debris
registering the development of Fragilaria as well as by the in- flows, dated by lichens, in the vicinity of the Hala Gąsienicowa,
crease of the upper forest boundary to about 1650 m a.s.l. located in the highest part of the Sucha Woda drainage basin.
(Marciniak and CieSla, 1983; Krupiński, 1984). The Atlantic
warming (climatic optimum of the Holocene) caused the fur-
ther increase of the upper forest boundary to 1850 1950 m a.s.l.
FINAL REMARKS
(Krupiński, 1984), much higher that of the present day, as well
as by an increase of planktonic diatoms in diatom phase 8, with
Asterionella formosa, characterising the optimal climatic and During the Quaternary, the Tatra Mts. were subjected to at least
ecological conditions (Marciniak and CieSla, 1983), indicating 8 phases of glacier development. Past glaciers are inferred by
the complete retreat of glaciers from the Tatra Mts. glaciofluvial deposits at different altitudes and of different ages, and
During the Subboreal Period the lowering of the upper for- by ridges of terminal and lateral moraines marking glacial limits.
est boundary to ca. 1750 m a.s.l. (Krupiński, 1984) took place The lack of traces of moraines from the three oldest
in the Tatra Mts., at a maximum of Picea up to 30% and glaciations, Biber, Donau and Gnz, may suggest that those gla-
Fraximus up to 8%. In the Przedni Staw Lake deposits this pe- ciers had a rather restricted development, and thus a more limited
riod is documented by the transition between diatom phases 8 extent than the younger glaciations. It is also thought that during
and 9 (Fig. 3). It is characterised, for example, by the appear- the Mindel (Sanian 2) Glaciation the glaciers had greater limits
ance of large amounts of Melosira distans, a species dwelling in the High Tatra Mts. than in the Western Tatra Mts., and that
in cool conditions, widely distributed in mountains and north during the following pre-Riss (Liviecian) Glaciation the extents
Alpine water basins. Additionally, Asterionella formosa and of glaciers in the entire Tatra Mts. must have been more limited,
Cyclotella quadriiuncta (Marciniak and CieSla, 1983) were as was the case during the three oldest glaciations.
also present. In the Sub-Atlantic Period in the vicinity of the The later wider development of the glaciers in the area took
Przedni Staw Lake the upper forest boundary dropped to ca. place during the Riss I (Odranian) Glaciation. In many ways this
1550 m a.s.l. (Krupiński, 1984). In the diatom flora this period was even more extensive than the Mindel Glaciation. During the
is documented by the terminal part of phase 9 and by phase 10 Riss II (Wartanian) Glaciation glaciers were again limited, par-
(Fig. 3). In the younger phase the maximum development of ticularly in the area of the Western Tatra Mts. The later, excep-
Melosira distans and Navicula seminulum took place, accom- tionally extensive glaciation in the Tatra Mts. took place during
panied by an increase of Asterionella formosa and a decrease of the Wrm (Vistulian) Glaciation. In the Western Tatra Mts. the
Fragilaria brevistrata and Cyclotella quadriiuncta. According glaciers were generally characterised by a wider distribution than
to Marciniak and CieSla (1983) the terminal part of diatom during all older glaciations, whereas in the High Tatra Mts. their
phase 10 is characterised by the reappearance of diatoms typi- limit was comparable to, and in some cases even overlapped, the
cal of the terminal part of the Late Glacial, which evidently limit of glaciers of the Mindel and Riss I glaciations.
documents the deterioration of climatic conditions during the The causes of such great development of glaciers in the
Little Ice Age. From this period come the fragmentary cirque Tatra Mts. during the last glaciation (Wrm = Vistulian) proba-
glaciers preserved in the High Tatra Mts., e.g. in the Wielki bly reflect the contemporaneous long-term western and north-
Mięguszowiecki Kocioł and below Rysy (Wdowiak, 1959, western atmospheric circulation. This circulation brought in-
1961; Dzierżek et al., 1982a, b). creased precipitation favouring an increase of the ice cover in
In Podhale, the Holocene climatic conditions are best docu- the Western Tatra Mts. and in the northern and northwestern
mented by sections of organogenic deposits filling depressions part of the High Tatra Mts., where glaciers reached limits simi-
within deposits of the youngest glaciofluvial level ( c series in lar to those of older glaciations. Due to a rapid climatic cooling
Figs. 3 and 4), investigated by Obidowicz (1990) in the Bór na in the Northern Hemisphere the snow-line could be located at
Czerwonem site and in the na Grelu site near Nowy Targ much lower altitudes, and the regionally variable uplift of the
(Koperowa, 1962). Tatra Massif may have influenced the more rapid and wider
Analyses of the bottom deposits of the Czarny Staw range of glaciers during the Wrm Glaciation.
Gąsienicowy and Zielony Staw Gąsienicowy lakes, located in the Glaciers, or rather leftover dead ice-blocks, remained in the
uppermost part of the Sucha Woda drainage basin and the Żabie Tatra Mts. area in the highest cirques during the entire Late Gla-
Oko Lake (just below the Morskie Oko Lake in the upper part of cial, and even during the pre-optimal part of the Holocene. The
the Białka drainage basin), particularly their radiocarbon datings synchronous, gradual retreat of glaciers favoured the formation
and palaeobotanical data (Baumgart-Kotarba and Kotarba, 1993; of ablation moraines enriched with slope material on incom-
Obidowicz, 1993) allow the precise dating of the phases of glacier pletely melted glacier ice patches and transformed into the rock
retreat and their correlation with the retreat of the Alpine glaciers. glaciers during the Late Pleistocene and Late Holocene phases.
Recently, much attention has been drawn to the Little Ice
Age (from ca. 1400 to ca. 1850 AD), particularly to its reflection Acknowledgements. The study was financed by the grant
in the deposits of the lakes in the Tatra Mts. The analysis of the of the Faculty of Geology of the Warsaw University No.
bottom deposits from the Morskie Oko Lake (Kotarba, B40-1568/1.
278 Leszek Lindner, Jan Dzierżek, Barbara Marciniak and Jerzy Nitychoruk
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