Assessment on Experimental Bacterial
Biofilms and in Clinical Practice of the
Efficacy of Sampling Solutions for
Microbiological Testing of Endoscopes
C. Aumeran, E. Thibert, F. A. Chapelle, C. Hennequin, O.
Lesens and O. Traoré
J. Clin. Microbiol. 2012, 50(3):938. DOI:
10.1128/JCM.06221-11.
Published Ahead of Print 14 December 2011.
Updated information and services can be found at:
http://jcm.asm.org/content/50/3/938
These include:
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Assessment on Experimental Bacterial Biofilms and in Clinical Practice
of the Efficacy of Sampling Solutions for Microbiological Testing
of Endoscopes
C. Aumeran,a E. Thibert,a F. A. Chapelle,a C. Hennequin,c O. Lesens,b and O. Traoréa
Service d HygiÅne HospitaliÅrea and Maladies Infectieuses,b Pôle REUNNHIR, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France, and Laboratoire de Bactériologie, UFR
Pharmacie, Clermont-Ferrand, Francec
Opinions differ on the value of microbiological testing of endoscopes, which varies according to the technique used. We com-
pared the efficacy on bacterial biofilms of sampling solutions used for the surveillance of the contamination of endoscope chan-
nels. To compare efficacy, we used an experimental model of a 48-h Pseudomonas biofilm grown on endoscope internal tubing.
Sampling of this experimental biofilm was performed with a Tween 80-lecithin-based solution, saline, and sterile water. We also
performed a randomized prospective study during routine clinical practice in our hospital sampling randomly with two differ-
ent solutions the endoscopes after reprocessing. Biofilm recovery expressed as a logarithmic ratio of bacteria recovered on bacte-
ria initially present in biofilm was significantly more effective with the Tween 80-lecithin-based solution than with saline solu-
tion (P 0.002) and sterile water (P 0.002). There was no significant difference between saline and sterile water. In the
randomized clinical study, the rates of endoscopes that were contaminated with the Tween 80-lecithin-based sampling solution
and the saline were 8/25 and 1/25, respectively (P 0.02), and the mean numbers of bacteria recovered were 281 and 19 CFU/100
ml (P 0.001), respectively. In conclusion, the efficiency and therefore the value of the monitoring of endoscope reprocessing by
microbiological cultures is dependent on the sampling solutions used. A sampling solution with a tensioactive action is more
efficient than saline in detecting biofilm contamination of endoscopes.
ndoscopes have a high bioburden of microorganisms after use dence of the implication of biofilms in endoscope contamination,
E(8) and are difficult to clean and disinfect because of their no published data are available on how efficient these methods are
complicated design, long narrow lumens and because of the ma- on bacterial biofilms (6, 22, 24).
terials used in their manufacture (2). Endoscope reprocessing is a
In the present study, we compared the efficacy of several sam-
multistep procedure involving numerous factors that can inter- pling solutions used for the microbial surveillance of the contam-
fere with its efficacy. To ensure the quality of the reprocessing,
ination of endoscope internal channels on bacterial biofilms. To
strict compliance with the disinfection procedure is mandatory,
compare efficacy, we used an experimental model of biofilm
and a regular audit of all of the steps in reprocessing is crucial.
grown on endoscope internal tubing and performed an in-use
Despite the publication of reprocessing guidelines, breaches in
evaluation sampling the endoscopes during routine clinical prac-
reprocessing practices continue to be reported, and failure to fol-
tice with two different sampling solutions.
low cleaning or disinfection guidelines can result in outbreaks
involving a large number of patients (24). The microbiological
MATERIALS AND METHODS
safety of endoscopes can also be affected by occult endoscope
Biofilm formation. A Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CIP 103.467; Collection
damage and contaminated automated endoscope reprocessors,
Institut Pasteur, Paris, France) biofilm was produced over 48 h inside a
and thus quality control for endoscope reprocessing is extremely
flexible Teflon tube (Tygon, R3603; Cole-Parmer, Vernon Hills, IL) (Fig.
important. However, there is continuing debate about the role
1). Our laboratory model of biofilm production was based on an experi-
and value of surveillance cultures in the quality assurance pro-
mental model described elsewhere (23). The sterile Teflon tube was con-
gram of endoscope reprocessing (24). Many authors recommend
nected to a sterile polyvinylchloride tube (Nalgene, Illkirch, France) to
endoscope surveillance cultures, and several recent reports of
form a loop that was supplied with tryptone soy broth culture medium
endoscopy-related outbreaks have stressed the importance that
(TSB; CM129; Oxoid, Cambridge, England). The system was activated by
these cultures have played or could have played in the prevention
two pumps (Watson Marlow 205S; La Queue, Lez Yvelines, France), one
of these adverse events (4, 15, 19, 20). Even the recent guidelines of
providing a continuous flow of TSB medium in the system and the second
the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ASGE),
providing a homogenous diffusion of the TSB and of the P. aeruginosa
which do not recommend routine microbiological testing of en-
doscopes, state that this question warrants further studies (3). The
value of surveillance cultures is likely dependent on how often
Received 26 October 2011 Returned for modification 22 November 2011
Accepted 6 December 2011
endoscopes are sampled and by what technique. Samplings of in-
Published ahead of print 14 December 2011
ternal channels of endoscopes usually rely on flushing the chan-
Address correspondence to O. Traoré, otraore@chu-clermontferrand.fr.
nels, generally with saline or sterile water, and sometimes in com-
Copyright © 2012, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.
bination with brushing of the internal channels. Very few studies
doi:10.1128/JCM.06221-11
have attempted to evaluate the efficacy of the sampling methods of
endoscope channels (17). In addition, and despite increasing evi-
938 jcm.asm.org 0095-1137/12/$12.00 Journal of Clinical Microbiology p. 938 942
Downloaded from http://jcm.asm.org/ on May 7, 2013 by INIST-CNRS BiblioVie
Sampling Biofilm in Endoscopes
France). Gram-negative bacilli were identified by oxidase testing (Bio-
Rad, Marnes-la-Coquette, France) and the use of API 20 E and API 20 NE
strips (bioMérieux, Lyon, France).
In accordance with our national guidelines (10), a sample was classi-
fied as unacceptable if more than 5 CFU per 100 ml and/or the presence
of pathogens (enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococ-
cus aureus, Aspergillus spp., and yeast) were detected.
Statistical analyses. (i) Experimental study. The quantity of biofilm
initially present in the Teflon tube was determined in each trial as the
mean bacterial counts (log10 CFU/cm2) recovered from three tube por-
tions taken as controls. The remaining tube portions (n 7) were sam-
pled by the solution tested: a logarithmic ratio for each tube portion was
calculated with the bacterial count (log10 CFU/cm2) recovered by the
tested solution in each tube portion as the numerator and the mean bac-
terial count (log10 CFU/cm2) recovered from the three tube control por-
tions as the denominator. Finally, the mean logarithmic ratios were cal-
culated for the three sampling solutions tested and compared by the
Mann-Whitney test. We also determined the percentage of biofilm recov-
FIG 1 Model of biofilm formation in Teflon tube.
ery for each sampling solution using the mean bacterial count (CFU/cm2)
obtained on the seven portions with the test solution as the numerator and
the mean bacterial count (CFU/cm2) recovered from the three tube con-
suspension in the loop (Fig. 1). The circuit was inoculated with 20 ml 1
trol portions as the denominator.
ml of a suspension containing ca. 108 P. aeruginosa organisms per ml.
(ii) Prospective clinical study. Wilcoxon test was used to compare the
Recovery and numeration of viable bacteria from the biofilm. We
overall count of microorganisms (CFU/100 ml) recovered by the saline
used a mechanical technique based on scraping, vortexing, and ultrasoni-
solution and the commercially available Letheen broth. The Fisher exact
cation to recover the biofilm in a saline solution as previously described
test was used to compare the proportion of unacceptable samples ob-
(23). The solution was then diluted and plated on Trypticase soy agar
tained with each sampling solution used.
(TSA).
P values of 0.05 were considered to indicate statistical significance.
Endoscope sampling solutions. We tested a commercially available
Analyses were performed using SAS software (SAS Institute, Inc.).
Letheen broth (VWR Prolabo, Fontenay Sous Bois, France) composed of
Tween 80 (0.5% [vol/vol]), meat peptone (1% [wt/vol]), meat extract (0.5
RESULTS
[wt/vol]), sodium chloride (0.5% [wt/vol]) and lecithin (0.07% [wt/vol]),
Recovery of the 48 h P. aeruginosa biofilm according to solu-
0.9% sterile saline solution, and sterile water.
Portions (2 ml) of the sampling solutions tested were instilled with a tions used. We first assessed the homogeneity of the biofilm pro-
syringe for 30 s in 3-cm portions of the Teflon tube, recovered, and diluted
duced in the Teflon tubes analyzing the bacterial recovery from
up to 10 6. Portions (500 l) of 10 4 to 10 6 dilutions were plated in
five to seven 3-cm samples of the Teflon tube that were cut from
duplicate on TSA plates that were incubated at 37°C for 24 h. The bacterial
the straight portion and curved portions and at the air-water in-
counts are expressed as CFU per cm2 or log10 CFU/cm2.
terface of the Teflon tube loop. The reproducibility of the biofilm
Sampling of endoscopes after reprocessing in routine clinical prac-
formation in Teflon tubes in three different trials was also as-
tice. The 61 endoscopes included in the prospective randomized clinical
sessed. The recovery of viable bacteria from the biofilms produced
study came from the teaching hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, France. They
in the three different trials were 7.98 0.21, 7.82 0.10, and
were divided into six types: gastroscope, duodenoscope, colonoscope,
8.27 0.19, respectively. These results with low standard devia-
echoendoscope, bronchoscope, and cystoscope. For each type, half of the
tions show that biofilm formation was quantitatively uniform
endoscopes were randomized to a sterile saline solution group or to the
Letheen broth group. throughout the length of the Teflon tube and that it was reproduc-
The sampling method is used routinely in our hospital and follows
ible between each trial.
French guidelines (10). Sampling is performed aseptically by two people
We then compared the bacterial recovery rates after the use of
after alcohol-based hand-rubbing. The ends of the channels are disin-
three test solutions (Letheen broth, 0.9% saline solution, and ster-
fected by 60°C alcohol with a sterile gauze. A total volume of 100 ml of the
ile water) in three independent 48-h Pseudomonas aeruginosa bio-
tested sampling solution is injected inside the operating, suction, and
film trials.
air/water channels. The pooled sample was then collected from the oper-
For each trial, the sampling solution was tested on seven por-
ating channel. The identity of the endoscope, the duration of storage
tions of 3-cm Teflon tube. Three portions, collected at the ends
before sampling, the date of the last disinfection and/or the last cleaning,
and center of the Teflon tube, were used as controls. The viable
and the type of disinfection/cleaning (manual or automated) are re-
corded. cells in the controls were counted using the mechanical recovery
Microbiological identification. The sample was filtered through a
technique. Biofilm formation in the controls was consistent with
0.45- m-pore-size membrane (EZ-PAK; Millipore, Molsheim, France)
the results obtained during the development phase, as shown by
and then rinsed. The membrane was placed on Trypticase soy agar plates
low standard deviations (from 0.06 to 0.28 log10 CFU/cm2). The
and incubated for 2 days at 30°C and then for 3 days at room temperature.
percentage of biofilm recovery was higher after instillation of the
The viable cell counts were made at 48 h and 5 days and were expressed as
Letheen broth than with the other test solutions: 30.1% versus
CFU per 100 ml.
2.2% for saline solution and 7.1% for sterile water. These results
The microorganisms were identified by standard procedures. Micro-
were confirmed by comparing, between the three tested solutions,
bial identification was made by Gram staining for bacteria and scotch test
the mean logarithmic ratios of bacterial counts obtained in each
for fungi.
Gram-positive cocci were identified by coagulase test (Becton Dickin- tube portion (Table 1). The ratios were significantly different be-
son, Le Pont-De-Claix, France) and Chapman plates (Oxoid, Dardilly, tween Letheen broth and sterile water (0.93 versus 0.84; P
March 2012 Volume 50 Number 3 jcm.asm.org 939
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Aumeran et al.
TABLE 1 Recovery of P. aeruginosa biofilm with each test solutiona
Bacteria recovered from each tube portion (log10 CFU/cm2)b
Letheen broth Saline solution (0.9%) Sterile water
Tube portion sampled (n 7) Bacteria recovered Ratio Bacteria recovered Ratio Bacteria recovered Ratio
Tube portion
1 7.50 0.91 7.11 0.82 6.48 0.85
2 7.79 0.95 7.09 0.81 6.88 0.90
3 7.67 0.93 6.77 0.77 6.56 0.86
4 7.50 0.91 7.11 0.82 6.59 0.86
5 7.53 0.92 7.12 0.82 6.01 0.79
6 7.83 0.95 7.12 0.82 6.02 0.79
7 7.80 0.95 7.31 0.84 6.50 0.85
Mean SD 7.66 0,15 0.93 0.02 7.09 0.16 0.81 0.02 6.43 0.32 0.84 0.04
a
The mean logarithmic counts in control samples (n 3) for biofilm the standard deviation (log10 CFU/cm2) for Letheen broth, saline solution, and sterile water were 8.20
0.06, 8.71 0.28, and 7.64 0.21, respectively. The percentages of biofilm recovery (CFU/cm2) in these control samples for Letheen broth, saline solution, and sterile water were
30.1 (4.8 107/1.6 108), 2.2 (1.3 107/5.8 108), and 7.1 (3.3 106/4.7 107), respectively. The percent biofilm recovery for each sampling solution was calculated using the
mean bacterial count (CFU/cm2) obtained for the seven portions with the test solution as the numerator and the mean bacterial count (CFU/cm2) recovered from the three tube
control portions as the denominator.
b
The logarithmic ratio for each tube portion was calculated as the bacterial count (log10 CFU/cm2) recovered by the tested solution in each tube portion as the numerator and the
mean bacterial count (log10 CFU/cm2) recovered from the three tube control portions as the denominator.
0.002) and between Letheen broth and saline solution (0.93 versus Most endoscopes (47/50) were sampled after 12 h of storage. A
0.81; P 0.002). There was no significant difference between sa- total of 38 microorganisms were found on 33 endoscopes.
line solution and sterile water (0.81 versus 0.84; P 0.12). According to French guidelines, 34 of these microorganisms can
Randomized prospective study of endoscopes. We randomly be considered environmental contaminants (10) (coagulase-
sampled 50 (82%) of the 61 endoscopes from our hospital (Table negative staphylococci [n 15], Bacillus spp. [n 8], mold [n
2). Most were digestive (n 24) and bronchial (n 22). Their 6], non-Enterobacteriaceae Gram-negative bacilli [n 2], Micro-
disinfection procedure was performed for most cases in an auto- coccus spp. [n 2], Corynebacterium sp. [n 1]) and 4 can be
mated endoscope disinfector (41/50). The endoscopes came from considered potential pathogens (P. aeruginosa in a gastroscope
different wards: gastroenterology (n 20), pediatrics (n 9), [n 1], Enterobacter cloacae in a duodenoscope [n 1], and
pneumology (n 8), intensive care units (n 8), urology (n 4), Aspergillus versicolor in bronchoscopes [n 2]). Most microor-
and thoracic surgery (n 1). ganisms (29/38), including all those considered pathogens, were
found when the samplings were performed with Letheen broth.
The count of microorganisms by endoscope was usually low,
and only 9 endoscopes of 50 (18%) were found to have an unac-
TABLE 2 Results of prospective endoscope sampling using Letheen
broth or 0.9% saline solution during routine clinical practice ceptable result, with more than 5 CFU per 100 ml and/or the
presence of pathogens. Eight of nine of the unacceptable samples
Test solution and Storage
were found with Letheen broth, which was significantly more ef-
endoscope typea Determination duration (h)
ficient than saline for identifying unacceptable contaminations
Letheen broth
(8/25 versus 1/25; P 0.02). The overall CFU count obtained with
Bronchoscope (n 11) 7 acceptable 36 480
the Letheen broth in 25 endoscopes was significantly higher than
4 unacceptable 12 60
Coloscope (n 5) 5 acceptable 7 48 that obtained with the saline solution in the 25 other endoscopes
Gastroscope (n 3) 1 acceptable 12
(281 versus 19 CFU; P 0.001).
2 unacceptable 12
Duodenoscope (n 3) 2 acceptable 12
DISCUSSION
1 unacceptable 12
In this study, both experimental evaluation on bacterial biofilms
Echoendoscope (n 1) 1 unacceptable 12
Cystoscope (n 2) 2 acceptable 12 72 and in-use clinical results showed that, for the microbiological
testing of internal channels of endoscopes, the use of a tensioactive
Saline solution (0.9%)
sampling fluid was significantly more efficient than sterile water or
Bronchoscopes (n 11) 11 acceptable 48 720
saline.
The use of routine environmental microbiological testing of
Coloscope (n 3) 3 acceptable 12
endoscopes for quality assurance of the cleaning and disinfection
Gastroscope (n 6) 6 acceptable 7 48
process of the endoscope has not been established and is a matter
of wide debate. A consensus guideline from the European Society
Duodenoscope (n 2) 1 acceptable 12
of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) and the European Society
1 unacceptable 12
Echoendoscope (n 1) 1 acceptable 2 of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Nurses and Associates
Cystoscope (n 2) 2 acceptable 12 72
(ESGENA) addresses the need for microbiological surveillance in
a
n number of samples. endoscopy (5). Recommendations from several countries
940 jcm.asm.org Journal of Clinical Microbiology
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Sampling Biofilm in Endoscopes
throughout the world advise microbiological testing of gastroin- outbreak due to multiresistant Klebsiella pneumoniae contaminat-
testinal and respiratory endoscopes as a quality control (12, 14, ing duodenoscopes during which routine surveillance cultures of
16). Conversely, microbiological surveillance testing of endo- duodenoscopes performed over several months by saline flushing
scopes after reprocessing, during storage, or before use is not stip- failed to detect any contamination. Only when we modified the
ulated in current U.S. guidelines (3, 18, 21). However, the recent sampling procedure of the inner channels, replacing flushing with
guideline of the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy saline solution by a Tween 80-lecithin-based solution plus brush-
(ASGE) stated that this question warrants further studies (3). ing, were we able to isolate the outbreak strains from a contami-
There are few documented reports on how to perform the rou- nated endoscope (4).
tine microbiological sampling of endoscopes and no recognized Previous studies have shown that, in experimentally contami-
method for verifying the effectiveness of cleaning and disinfecting nated endoscopes, a single flushing of internal channels with sa-
in clinical practice. However, selecting appropriate sampling and line solution removes only a very small number of bacteria (9, 13).
assay methods is essential for the results to be meaningful. The The main reason for the greater efficacy of Letheen broth is the
samplings of internal channels of endoscopes usually consist in tensioactive action against biofilm of polysorbate (Tween 80),
flushing the channels with a fluid, usually saline or sterile water. which is frequently used for its detergent activity (25). In addition,
Some guidelines favor the use of a neutralizing and more tensio- the Letheen solution could also neutralize the antimicrobial activ-
active solution based on polysorbate and lecithin (10). Recently, ity of residual traces of disinfectant present in endoscopes in rou-
an antero-retrograde flushing technique with sterile water was tine clinical practice (7).
developed to improve the effectiveness of sampling (6). In our In conclusion, our experimental data demonstrate that testing
in-use clinical study no retrograde flushing was performed, and of endoscopes to detect biofilm contamination is much more ef-
therefore we were unable to compare the efficacy of retrograde ficient with a tensioactive agent than with saline or water. The
versus anterograde flushing with our tensioactive solution. Most microbiological surveillance results obtained during routine clin-
of the techniques proposed in current guidelines are empirical ical practice confirmed the greater efficacy of the tensioactive
and, to our knowledge, very few published studies include a com- agent. If microbiological testing is implemented as a quality con-
parative and comprehensive evaluation of the sampling tech- trol measure of endoscope reprocessing, the biofilm nature of bac-
niques (17). Furthermore, no published studies have assessed the teria should be taken into account to assess safety.
efficacy of the techniques on bacterial biofilms. Biofilm develops
in all wet environments (11). It is now well established that if the ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
routine cleaning procedure is not rigorous, particularly if an ac-
This study was supported by CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-
curate drying procedure is not applied, the microbial contamina- Ferrand, France.
tion of the endoscopes will be due to bacteria embedded in biofilm We thank Jeffrey Watts for help in preparing the manuscript.
rather than to planktonic (in suspension) bacteria (22, 24). Bac-
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