Metal Locator
For discriminating treasure hunters, we present the Shadow metal locator from
Altek, featuring deep-seeking VLF and discriminating operation.
The design of professional quality metal detectors is a
Tuning
specialist field which up until now the commercial
To adjust, the push button must be depressed. When tuned to
manufacturers have kept very much to themselves. This design
your satisfaction release the button. If the tuning point drifts
incorporates many of the latest techniques in push button VLF
then it can be brought back simply by pushing the button for a
discriminators which have hitherto been the subject of well
second or two. When first switched on the memory retune
guarded trade secrets. The detector performs as well as
hutton will be needed every few seconds but as thermal
commercial models costing over Ł200.
equalibrium is established it will be needed less often.
It uses a ready made search head, as a home-made one would
have no hope of giving the results needed for a design of this Sensitivity
nature (would you use a home-made speaker with your hi-fi?).
It is not necessary to set the sensitivity to maximum to
The search head from Altek enables depths of over 12 for a
achieve the greatest depth. Amplification is so great that a
single coin to be achieved.
maximum setting may bring on instability. Experiment
intelligently with it - mid-rotation is about right.
Construction
The use of sockets for IC1 and IC5 is not recommended due Ground
to the increased risk of leakage currents in the push button
This only works in the VLF mode. Its setting is quite critical.
circuitry. C12 is a very critical component. Its value is not too
First set the tuning with the head away from the ground. Move
important but it must be of the highest quality, have low
the head down to the ground and observe the meter. If it swings
dielectric absorption and high resistance. Polycarbonate types
left - rotate GROUND clockwise, if it swings right - turn
were used, but polystyrene would be equally suitable.
anticlockwise. Hold the head away from the ground and depress
the button to reset the tuning. Repeat this procedure until the
To keep the design as tidy as possible 20 way ribbon cable is
meter does not deviate when the head is lowered. A slight
used to connect the board to the controls. As each colour
misadjustment is tolerable but if it is turned too far clockwise
appears twice they are differentiated by indicating from which
the detector will work in reverse . When VLF is selected the
side of the ribbon they come - either white or black (the colour
detector is in its most sensitive mode.
of the wire at the edge of the ribbon). Circuit pins are used at all
other connection points so that wires can be attached after
the board is installed in the case.
Setting Up
When construction is complete and the detector appears
to function it is necessary to make sure that the Rx coil has
been properly connected. Due to the way the head is
aligned it is not possible to check it until this stage.
Hold the head away from all metal and set the controls
as follows: MODE and GROUND fully anticlockwise.
ALL OTHERS at mid-rotation. Depress the tuning button
and hold it in, rotate the TUNE control until the meter
needle is approx mid scale. Release the button and bring
the head close to a metal object - the meter should be
deflected to the right. If it goes left, reverse the wires from
the Rx coil (see diagram).
Use
Using the detector and interpreting the results is very
much a matter of experience but the following notes will
help.
Page 1
Page 2
Discrimination HOW IT WORKS
It only functions when a TR mode is
L1 and L2 are the Tx and Rx coils in the search head. The signal to drive L1 is
selected. The degree of discrimination
produced by Q3 and associated components which generate a sine wave of
is controlled jointly by the MODE
approx. 16 kHz. Part of this signal passes via C3 to the phase shift section
(coarse setting) and the
which produces a reference signal for the phase comparator. When the VLF
DISCRIMINATION (fine setting)
mode is selected, RV1 (ground control) and C4 provide a variable phase
controls. Together they set the point at
advance of O - 180 degrees.
which the resistance of the target
The suitably modified signal is squared up by the precision voltage comparator
causes a left or right deflection on the
IC4b and applied to the gate of the phase comparator IC1b. Meanwhile, the
meter. The circuit in this design is very
signal picked up by L2 passes through Ql and Q2 which amplify, but do not
good indeed. It is possible to
distort or shift the phase, and meet the reference signal at IC1b.
differentiate between a can ring pull
and a gold ring, for example. However,
The signal emerging from IC1b is a DC signal upon which is superimposed an
the discrimination control reduces
AC component corresponding to the phase coincidence of the reference and
sensitivity slightly. It is best to use a
received signals. This is integrated by IC3d and a portion of the emerging DC
detector of this type in VLF mode until
signal is tapped off by the sensitivity control RV4. This is further amplified by
a target has been found and then use
IC3a and applied to the meter and, via D2, to the audio gate lC2b.
discrimination to determine its Iikely
Audio is generated by an astable formed from the remaining half of the voltage
value!
comparator IC4a and, after being gated by lC2b, is amplified by IC2a, Q7, Q8
Finally we ought to point out that in
and Q9. RV5 is the volume control.
the UK It is necessary to obtain a
IC5 and IC1a form the heart of the push button tuning system. Part of the
licence before using a metal detector.
voltage from RV4 is added to a voltage determined by the position of the slider
This is not necessary elsewhere.
of RV3 and applied to the source of IC1a. When the tuning button is depressed,
Application forms can be obtained
the normally high source to drain resistance falls and allows current to flow
from: Home Office, Radio Regulatory
through the FET and build up as a voltage across C12. IC5 inverts and buffers
Dept., Waterloo Bridge House,
the voltage to provide a DC bias for the phase comparator. The change of bias
London S.E.1.
at IC1b in turn affects the DC conditions at IC1a (via IC3d and RV4). In other
words a negative feedback loop is established whenever the tuning button is
pressed. Within a second or two the new DC levels settle down and the button
is released. The system is then maintained by the charge held on C12.
The power supply to the audio section is unstabilised, but due to the sensitive
nature of the DC levels in the control section, stabilisation is required there.
ZD1 provides a voltage reference for the differential amplifier formed by Q4
and Q5, which control the series pass element Q6. R52 allows a small current
to Q4 and Q5 at switch on to ensure that Q6 starts conducting. The base of Q4
must always be at 50% of the stabilised supply (R48 = R49). This point is
buffered by IC3c used in the voltage follower mode to source the V/2 supply.
C21, C22 and C20 are decoupling components. Special attention has been
given to cutting down the current consumption. The control section only takes
5.5mA and the audio section less than 2mA when silent or when using
headphones.
Page 3
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PARTS LIST
Resistors All 1/4W, 5% Potentiometers Miscellaneous
R1 10k RV1 10k lin 50-0-50 A meter, 8R
R2,16,34,52 15k RV2 1M0 log 2-1/4 speaker, 1/4
R3,5 2k2 RV3 50k lin stereo jack socket, 6
R4,51 18k RV4 25k lin knobs, 2 double pole
R6,17,45 1k0 RV5 10k log c/o push buttons,
R7 82k single pole make push
Capacitors
R8 27k button, 3p 4W rotary
R9,11,12,15, C1,6,8,14 47n polyester switch, 5 way 180
19,20,29,32, C2 470n polyester latching DIN plug and
33,37,40,41, C3,9,10,11, socket, PCB, search
54 100k 13,15,18 10n polyester head, shaft and
R10,18,38 33k C4,17 1n0 polystyrene handle, case to suit, 4
R13 180k C5 220p ceramic pairs PP3 battery
R14,22 22k C7 22p polystyrene connecting studs, 20
R21,25,26,30, C12 470n polycarbonate way ribbon cable.
39,44,46 1M0 C16 100n polyester
R23 3k9 C19 10 25v electrolytic
R24,35 470k C20,21,22 470 16v electrolytic
R27,28 4k7
Semiconductors
R31 4M7
R36 47k IC1,2 4007
R42 3k3 IC3 LM324
R43 120k IC4 LM393
R47 470R IC5 CA3130
R48,49 56k Q1,2,4,5,7,8 BC148
R50 12k Q3,6,9 BC158
R51 18k D1,2 1N4148
R53 68k ZD1 5v6 400mW
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