Industrial Crops and Products 30 (2009) 165 167
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Industrial Crops and Products
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/indcrop
Short communication
Bioactive extracts from Cistus ladanifer and Arbutus unedo L.
Daniela Andradea, Cristina Gila, Luiza Breitenfeldb, Fernanda Dominguesa, Ana Paula Duartea,"
a
Research Unit of Textile and Paper Materials, Covilhć, Portugal
b
Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhć, Portugal
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history:
The ethanol and acetone/water extracts of Cistus ladanifer and Arbutus unedo L. were characterised con-
Received 21 November 2008
cerning the total phenolic and flavonoid contents, presenting relatively high values when compared with
Received in revised form 18 January 2009
other species described in the literature. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-
Accepted 21 January 2009
picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method in terms of EC50, using trolox as standard reference. The extracts of both
species showed scavenging activity for the DPPH radical.
Keywords:
Extracts bioactivities were also tested by the evaluation of the viability effects on human fibroblasts
Cistus ladanifer
primary culture cells. Viability studies were performed by MTT method. Both extracts are bioactive; C.
Arbutus unedo
ladanifer extracts were associated with an inhibitory effect and A. unedo L. were associated with an induced
Phenolic content
effect on cells viability.
Flavonoid content
© 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Antioxidant activity
Cell viability
1. Introduction pounds, including polyphenols, have been isolated from A. unedo
hydroalcoholic extracts (Fiorentino et al., 2007) and an antioxi-
The forest area in Portugal covers around 38% of the territory dant activity was demonstrated in their ethanolic and methanolic
and represents a large quantity of forestry residues, where one can extracts (Pabuçcuoglu et al., 2003).
include the shrub species. These plants can be used as raw material Among the bioactive compounds present in plants, polyphe-
for achieving high value chemicals, like bioactive compounds. This nols and particularly flavonoids are widely appreciated for their
work is a part of a project that intends to produce ethanol from potential beneficial health effects, like antioxidant, antimicrobial
this lignocellulosic biomass, according to the biorefinery concept. and anticarcinogenic activities (Noferi et al., 1997; Ren et al., 2003;
The present work deals with the characterisation of ethanol and Pizzi, 2008).
acetone/water extracts of Cistus ladanifer (rock-rose) and Arbutus Fibroblasts are mesenchymal cells with many vital functions
unedo L. (strawberry tree), which are characteristic shrub species during development and in adult organisms. They are among the
of the Mediterranean region. most accessible normal mammalian cell types and are used as a
C. ladanifer is widely distributed over Iberian Peninsula and is model for cancer initiation and progression mechanisms. Human
an important aromatic plant used in the perfumery industry. The skin fibroblasts are target cells for flavonoids (Bhowmick et al.,
essential oil extraction and composition are well documented in 2004).
the literature (Mariotti et al., 1997; Ramalho et al., 1999; Teixeira In the present study, the antioxidant activity of C. ladanifer and A.
et al., 2007). Moreover, this plant is rich in flavonoids, in special unedo acetone and ethanolic extracts were evaluated by the DPPH
in its exudate, which composition is described by several authors method. The results were compared with an antioxidant standard,
(Chaves et al., 1998; Sosa et al., 2004, 2005). trolox. In addition, the flavonoid and total phenolic contents were
The leaves of A. unedo are used in folk medicine to treat determined by colorimetric methods. The effects of the extracts on
several diseases (Ziyyat et al., 1997) and the use of this plant human fibroblasts primary culture cells were also evaluated.
in the prevention or treatment of platelet aggregation linked to
arterial hypertension was supported by results of some research
works (Mekhfi et al., 2006; Haouari et al., 2007). Several com- 2. Materials and methods
The shrubs were collected in May 2007 and stored at room tem-
perature during six months. All plants consisted of wood/stalks,
"
Corresponding author at: Department of Paper Science and Technology, Univer-
bark and leaves and were milled in a Retsch cutting mill to a parti-
sidade da Beira Interior, Av. MarquÄ™s d Ávila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilhć, Portugal.
cle size between 0.180 mm and 0.500 mm. The solvent extractions
Tel.: +351 275319792; fax: +351 275319740.
E-mail address: apcd@ubi.pt (A.P. Duarte). were carried out by refluxing plant samples during 2 h with ace-
0926-6690/$ see front matter © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2009.01.009
166 D. Andrade et al. / Industrial Crops and Products 30 (2009) 165 167
Table 1
Characterisation and yields of ethanolic and acetone extracts from C. ladanifer and A. unedo.
Sample Extract yield Total phenolic content (mg Flavonoid content (mg EC50
(%, w/w) GAE/g plant extract)a QE/g plant extract)a ( g/mL)b
Cistus ladanifer Ethanol extract 8.49 255.19 Ä… 7.12 20.50 Ä… 0.77 7.85
Acetone extract 14.19 334.46 Ä… 31.83 23.37 Ä… 0.67 39.51
Arbutus unedo L. Ethanol extract 10.04 254.50 Ä… 4.60 30.30 Ä… 1.62 21.20
Acetone extract 20.57 328.58 Ä… 33.36 20.70 Ä… 0.41 26.00
Trolox 16.88
a
Each value was obtained by calculating the average of three experiments Ä… standard deviation.
b
Concentration of sample required to scavenge 50% of DPPH free radicals.
tone/water 60:40 and ethanol 95% as solvents. The plant/solvent
ratios were 1:20 and 1:10, respectively. The extract solutions were
filtered and distilled in vacuum to yield the extract.
Flavonoids were determined by aluminium chloride colorimet-
ric method using quercetin for the preparation of the standard
calibration curve (Pourmorad et al., 2006). Quantitative mea-
sures were performed based on a standard calibration curve of
eleven points (0 200 mg/mL) (standard curve equation: y = 0.0011x,
r2 = 0.9946). The flavonoid content was expressed as quercetin
equivalents (QE) in mg/g of dry extract. Total phenolic content was
estimated by the Folin Ciocalteu colorimetric method, based on
the method described by Tawaha et al. (2007) using gallic acid
as standard phenolic compound. The standard calibration curve
was prepared using eleven gallic acid concentrations (0 700 ppm)
(standard curve equation: y = 0.0010x, r2 = 0.9933). The total pheno-
lic content was expressed as gallic acid equivalents (GAE) in mg/g
of dry extract. All determinations were carried out in triplicate.
The antioxidant activity was evaluated using the stable
1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl radical (DPPH) method (Brand- Fig. 1. EC50 ( g/mL) values of plant extracts for free radical scavenging activ-
ity by DPPH radical. Lower EC50 indicates higher antioxidant activity. Extracts:
Williams et al., 1995; Sánchez-Moreno et al., 1998). Eight
Cl,Et ethanolic C. ladanifer, Cl,Acet acetone C. ladanifer, Au,Et ethanolic A. unedo,
concentrations (12.5 250 g/mL) of each plant extract were
Au,Acet acetone A. unedo.
reacted with a methanolic DPPH solution and the kinetics of the
reaction was followed. The antioxidant concentration required to
inhibit 50% of DPPH free radicals under the experimental conditions
was displayed by C. ladanifer ethanolic extract (EC50 = 7.85 g/mL),
(EC50) was determined for each plant extract. Trolox was used as
which is 2.15 times higher than that of trolox. The other extracts
standard control. The determinations were carried out in duplicate.
presented antioxidant activities lower than the reference with the
Cell viability was estimated by the MTT assay, which is based
lowest antioxidant activity revealed by the C. ladanifer acetone
on the reduction of a tetrazolium salt by mitochondrial dehydroge-
extract. According to these results, it does not seem that the con-
nases in viable cells. Human dermal fibroblasts cells used in these
tent of total phenolics and/or flavonoids is directly and positively
experiments, performed in triplicate, were between the fourth and
correlated with the antioxidant activity, as it is described for other
eleventh passages. A dilution of 1:3000 for each crude extract was
species (Kaur and Kapoor, 2002; Tawaha et al., 2007; Silva et al.,
used in this study and the cell number per well was 3 × 104.
2007; Liu et al., 2008). These results suggest a different compo-
sition of ethanolic extract from C. ladanifer that is responsible for
3. Results and discussion
the high antioxidant activity of this extract, when compared with
acetone extract.
The results presented in Table 1 show that A. unedo gives rise to
Cell viability results (Fig. 2) achieved in four different exper-
higher extract yields and acetone extracts more compounds than
iments (P1 P4) show that C. ladanifer and A. unedo L. extracts
ethanol. The total phenolics contents of the extracts in terms of gal-
lic acid equivalents are very similar for both species. The acetone
extracts present higher contents than the ethanolic ones, which
could be related with the higher quantity of compounds extracted
by acetone. The results obtained are very similar to some medicinal
plants reported in the literature (Pourmorad et al., 2006; Silva et
al., 2007; Liu et al., 2008). Table 1 also shows the flavonoid contents
in terms of quercetin equivalents. These values are also very simi-
lar among the species, excepting a slight increase in the ethanolic
extract of A. unedo. In this case, it seems that the type of solvent does
not influence the quantity of flavonoids extracted. The flavonoid
contents determined in these species are very close to other results
found in the literature (Pourmorad et al., 2006; Liu et al., 2008).
Table 1 and Fig. 1 show the amount of each extract needed for
50% inhibition of the DPPH free radicals (EC50). The EC50 of refer-
Fig. 2. Cell bioactivity of C. ladanifer and A. unedo L. extracts in human dermal
ence (trolox) is 16.88 g/mL. The highest radical scavenging activity
fibroblasts.
D. Andrade et al. / Industrial Crops and Products 30 (2009) 165 167 167
displayed bioactivity on human skin fibroblasts. C. ladanifer extracts Fiorentino, A., Castaldi, S., D Abrosca, B., Natale, A., Carfora, A., Messere, A., Mónaco,
P., 2007. Polyphenols from the hydroalcoholic extract of Arbutus unedo living in
promote cells viability and A. unedo L. extracts are associated
a monospecific Mediterranean woodland. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 35, 809 811.
to decreased cells viability, independently of the solvent used
Haouari, M., López, J.L., Mekhfi, H., Rosado, J.A., Salido, G.M., 2007. Antiaggregant
for the extraction. The A. unedo L. extracts are able to decrease effects of Arbutus unedo extracts in human platelets. J. Ethnopharmacol. 113,
325 331.
mitochondrial dehydrogenases activity as MTT assay results had
Kaur, C., Kapoor, H.C., 2002. Anti-oxidant activity and total phenolic content of some
demonstrated, which give rise to certain cytotoxicity. This cell via-
Asian vegetables. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. 37, 153 161.
bility decreasing promoted by vegetal extracts was also observed
Liu, H., Qiu, N., Ding, H., Yao, R., 2008. Polyphenols contents and antioxidant capacity
of 68 Chinese herbals suitable for medical or food uses. Food Res. Int. 41, 363 370.
by other authors (Välimaa et al., 2007), as well as the antioxidant
Mariotti, J.P., Tomi, F., Casanova, J., Costa, J., Bernardini, A.F., 1997. Composition of the
activity and cytotoxicity relationships of polyphenolic fractions of
essential oil of Cistus ladaniferus L. cultivated in Corsica (France). Flavour Fragr.
vegetal extracts (Ugartondo et al., 2007).
J. 12, 147 151.
Mekhfi, H., ElHaouari, M., Bnouham, M., Aziz, M., Ziyyat, A., Legssyer, A., 2006. Effects
of extracts and tannins from Arbutus unedo leaves on rat platelet aggregation.
4. Conclusions
Phytother. Res. 20, 135 139.
Noferi, M., Masson, E., Merlin, A., Pizzi, A., Deglise, X., 1997. Antioxidant character-
istics of hydrolysable and polyflavonoid tannins an ESR kinetic study. J. Appl.
All the studied extracts of lignocellulosic materials were found
Polymer Sci. 63, 475 482.
to be important sources of flavonoids and polyphenols and also
Pabuçcuoglu, A., Kivçak, B., Bas, M., Mert, T., 2003. Antioxidant activity of Arbutus
showed significant antioxidant activity. The high scavenging capac-
unedo leaves. Fitoterapia 74, 597 599.
ity revealed by the C. ladanifer ethanolic extract may be due to a Pizzi, A., 2008. Tannin: major sources, properties and applications. In: Belgacem,
M.N., Gandini, A. (Eds.), Monomers, Polymers and Composites from Renewable
specific phenolic compound that was extracted by ethanol. Further
Resources. Elsevier, pp. 179 199.
studies must be realized in order to isolate and identify the chem-
Pourmorad, F., Hosseinimehr, S.J., Shahabimajd, N., 2006. Antioxidant activity, phe-
ical compounds that contribute to the total antioxidant activities nol and flavonoid contents of some selected Iranian medicinal plants. African J.
Biotechnol. 5, 1142 1145.
and to better understand their mechanism as radical scavengers.
Ramalho, P.S., Freitas, V.A.P., Macedo, A., Silva, G., Silva, A.M.S., 1999. Volatile com-
These studies can lead to the utilization of these species as natu-
ponents of Cistus ladaniferus leaves. Flavour Fragr. J. 14, 300 302.
ral sources of antioxidants compounds. All the studied extracts of Ren, W., Zhenhua, Q., Hongwei, W., Zhu, L., Zhang, L., 2003. Flavonoids: promising
anticancer agents. Med. Res. Ver. 23, 519 534.
both plants were found to alter viability of human dermal fibrob-
Sánchez-Moreno, C., Larrauri, J.A., Saura-Calixto, F., 1998. A procedure to measure
lasts cells. The use of these extracts or isolated fractions should be
the antiradical efficiency of polyphenols. J. Sci. Food Agric. 76, 270 276.
tested and evaluated in different applications needing antioxidant
Silva, E.M., Souza, J.N.S., Rogez, H., Rees, J.F., Larondelle, Y., 2007. Antioxidant activities
and polyphenolic contents of fifteen selected plant species from the Amazonian
or cytostatic activities.
region. Food Chem. 101, 1012 1018.
Sosa, T., Chaves, N., Alias, J.C., Escudero, J.C., Henao, F., Gutiérrez-Merino, C., 2004.
Acknowledgements Inhibition of mouth skeletal muscle relaxation by flavonoids of Cistus ladanifer
L.: a plant defense mechanism against herbivores. J. Chem. Ecol. 30, 1087 1101.
Sosa, T., Alias, J.C., Escudero, J.C., Chaves, N., 2005. Interpopulational variation in the
The authors wish to thank Associaçćo de Produtores Florestais
flavonoid composition of Cistus ladanifer L. exudates. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 33,
do Paśl for their kind collaboration on the raw material harvest- 353 364.
Tawaha, K., Alali, F.Q., Gharaibeh, M., Mohammad, M., El-Elimat, T., 2007. Antiox-
ing and handling. The financial support of this work was provided
idant activity and total phenolic content of selected Jordanian plant species.
by the Fundo Florestal Permanente within the research contract
Food Chem. 104, 1372 1378.
IFADAP/INGA No. 2006.09.001055.1.
Teixeira, S., Mendes, A., Alves, A., Santos, L., 2007. Simultaneous distillation-
extraction of high-value volatile compounds from Cistus ladaniferus L. Anal.
Chim. Acta 584, 439 446.
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