CHAPTER 12
DAMAGE CONTROL
& the events of 14-15 April 1988 have proven that solid damage
control, good training, and sound leadership based on experience can
save a ship that is on fire and sinking, to fight another day.
Paul X. Rinn, CAPT
CO, USS Samuel B. Roberts (FFG-58)
Damage control is the responsibility of ALL " Naval Ship s Technical Manual (NSTM), chapter
HANDS, from the commanding officer to the newest
555, vol. 1, Surface Ship Firefighter
recruit. Without proper damage control training, your
Our Navy has a complete organization in place
shipmates may be injured or killed, or perhaps your ship
relating to damage control. This organization consists
may sink. During World War II, many ships were saved
because of the positive damage control practices.
of the following two main parts:
For instance, the German battleship Bismarck was
1. The administrative organization, and
kept afloat and remained in a fighting status for an
2. The battle organization.
extended period in spite of the British pounding it with
heavy gunfire. You can see that survivability through
positive damage control is not only important for the
ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANIZATION
United States, but on an international level.
Learning Objectives: When you finish this chapter,
Effective damage control (DC) requires the correct
you will be able to
use of equipment and techniques to prevent or minimize
the damage effects caused by battle, fire, collision,
" Identify the chain of command within the
grounding, explosion, and so forth. DC also includes
damage control administrative organization.
defensive measures used to reduce the effects of
" Recognize the functional purpose of each part of
weapons of mass destruction, such as chemical,
the organization and the interrelationships
biological, and radiological (CBR) warfare. Remember,
between the parts.
our Navy gives you the best damage control training in
the world. As a ship s crew member, it s your
The damage control administrative organizational
responsibility to properly safeguard yourself and your
chain of command is shown in figure 12-1. As you can
ship. You learn how to do this through training. see, the responsibility for damage control begins with
the commanding officer (CO) of a naval ship and runs to
You may feel the information in this chapter doesn t
the most junior Sailor in the DC division and damage
apply to you because of your chosen occupational field.
control petty officer community.
Remember that as a Sailor, no matter what your rating,
Look at figure 12-1. As you can see at the level of
you may serve aboard ship at any point in your career.
the ship s damage control assistant (DCA), other
Therefore, as a crew member, you must know your
personnel report to the DCA. Each person has a
damage control responsibility. For more in-depth
different administrative responsibility and tasking.
information about the administration and organization
Each person reports back up the chain via the DCA.
of damage control, you should refer to the following
manuals:
PURPOSE OF ADMINISTRATIVE
ORGANIZATION
" Surface Ship Survivability, Naval Warfare
Publication (NWP) 3-20.31
The administrative organization requires the
" Naval Ship s Technical Manual (NSTM), chapter efforts of all hands to establish and maintain material
079, vol. 2, Practical Damage Control readiness conditions. Material readiness is
12-1
Figure 12-1. Administration organization chain of command.
accomplished when DC fittings and equipment control damage. Also, the DCA oversees all DC
aboard ship are available and in proper working order
training. When properly maintained, the administrative
to combat any emergency. Aboard ship, there is a
organization reduces and confines any initial damage.
damage control petty officer (DCPO) for each
The survivability of a ship depends on the level of
department or division. The DCPO makes sure that all
preparedness of its personnel. The condition of the
emergency equipment and fittings are maintained and
work properly. The DCPO also maintains the equipment, shipboard systems, and the amount of
compartment checkoff list.
training are factors that affect the ship s survivability.
Ship s bills, records and schedules for maintenance,
Each ship has a specified number of damage control
lockers with a repair party assigned. Repair parties and written doctrine, and procedures relating to damage
repair locker personnel, along with the DCPOs, receive
control are all part of the administrative organization of
periodic training so they can perform their assigned
damage control.
duties. The engineer officer is responsible for
For the list of responsibilities for various ship s
maintaining properly trained DCPOs, repair parties,
personnel, refer to OPNAVINST 3120.32, or ask your
and repair locker personnel. Under the engineer officer,
the DCA coordinates the efforts of the repair parties to LPO or LCPO.
Student Notes:
12-2
COMMANDING OFFICER ENGINEER OFFICER
United States Navy Regulations states the various The engineer officer is designated as the ship s
broad responsibilities of the commanding officer (CO). damage control officer. The ship s engineer officer fills
These regulations require the commanding officer to
the billet as the department head of the engineering
maintain his/her command in a state of maximum
department, and the DC division is one of the divisions
effectiveness for war. They also require that he/she
in that department. The engineer officer has the
repair as much damage as possible immediately after a
following responsibilities:
battle or action.
" The operation, care, and maintenance of the
To carry out this charge, the CO must ensure that the
main propulsion plant, auxiliary machinery, and
ship s officers and crew are trained and continually
piping systems
exercised in all aspects of survivability. The CO should
" The control of damage
be fully aware of the adequacy and operability of all
survivability systems and equipment. Shortages and
" The operation and maintenance of electric power
and distribution systems
deficiencies must not be tolerated, and they should be
immediately rectified (fixed) or reported as casualties in
" Repairs to the hull
the ready reporting system.
" Repairs to material and equipment in other
EXECUTIVE OFFICER
departments that require the attention of
engineering department
The executive officer (XO) keeps the command
Also the damage control officer (DCO), the
informed of the ship s survivability readiness. The XO
engineer officer reviews all administrative items drafted
carries out the requirements regarding the ship s
by the DCA and DCA personnel. This is a primary
survivability training, the readiness to manage
administrative duty that occurs before items are routed
casualties, and the readiness to control and recover from
to the CO for approval.
damage. As the team leader, the XO is the senior person
assigned to the damage control training team (DCTT).
DAMAGE CONTROL ASSISTANT (DCA)
The DCTT is responsible for all shipboard drills and
exercises in the area of damage control.
The DCA is the primary assistant to the damage
control officer in the areas of damage control;
DAMAGE CONTROL TRAINING TEAM
firefighting; and chemical, biological, and radiological
defense. For the purpose of administrative organization,
Each ship has a DCTT. The DCTT trains the ship s
the DCA is in charge of many programs relating to
DC organization in ship equipment, ship systems, and
damage control on the ship and monitors the
procedures and techniques relating to the ship s
effectiveness of other programs.
survivability. The DCTT is organized to train all types
The DCA is responsible for the overall
of DC-related exercises.
administration and training of the ship s DC
The DCTT evaluates and critiques the DC team s
organization. Under the guidance of the DCA,
abilities as well as their own. The team is made up of a
individual departments and divisions are responsible for
variety of ratings, which provides the ship with a wide
administration and training as related to damage control
range of experience. All team members are qualified, as
for their personnel. All ships afloat must meet the
a minimum, to at least the level of personnel they are
minimum prescribed formal training requirements to
training and/or evaluating. include training for the following personnel:
Student Notes:
12-3
rotation of all DCPOs. DCPOs normally serve for a
" All DCTT members
period of 6 months; they check with the fire marshal and
" In-port emergency teams (IETs)
DCA when first assigned to or relieved from this duty.
" Rescue and assistance (R&A) detail The DCPO is responsible for
" Acquainting themselves with all phases of the
" Repair party personnel
ship s damage control, firefighting, and defense
" Damage control petty officer (DCPO)
procedures
organization
" Assisting with the instruction of division
" All hands personnel in damage control
Shipboard training by the DCTT is scheduled,
" Firefighting, egress, and CBR procedures
executed, and documented to meet the type
" Ensuring the preparation and maintenance of
commander s (TYCOM s) requirements. The DCA
damage control checkoff lists for all spaces
maintains records of all DC personnel qualification
under their cognizance
standards (PQS) accomplishment for all hands.
" Supervising the setting of specified damage
All ship s instructions relating to casualty
control material conditions within division
prevention and response are either drafted by or drafted
spaces and making all required reports
for and reviewed by the DCA. This review is made
before seeking the approval and signature of the ship s
" Weighing portable CO2 bottles, inspecting and
CO. The DCA is the resident expert for the engineer
testing damage control and firefighting
officer and the command on instructions relating to equipment, and preparing all required reports for
approval of the division officer based on current
casualty prevention and response. The DCA
ship s instructions and planned maintenance
administers the following billets and programs: DCPO,
system (PMS) requirements
gas free engineer (GFE), fire marshal and fire
prevention, and the operation of damage control central
" Ensuring all battle lanterns, dog wrenches,
(DCC) and supporting watches.
spanners, and other damage control equipment
are in place and in a usable condition in all
DAMAGE CONTROL DIVISION
division spaces
The damage control division is responsible for the
" Ensuring all compartments, piping, cables, and
damage control systems and equipment on board ship.
damage control equipment are properly
The DCA is the senior member (division officer) of the stenciled or identified by color codes based on
DC division. As such, the DCA oversees all the paper NSTM, chapter 079, volume 2, and General
Specifications for Ships of the United States
work and the scheduling for maintenance of these
Navy, NAVSEA S9QQO-AA-SPN-010/
systems and equipment.
Gen-Spec, chapters 505, 507, and 602
Damage Control Petty Officer (DCPO)
" Ensuring the posting of safety precautions and
operating instructions in required division
A petty officer, who has completed the PQS, is
spaces
designated as the damage control petty officer (DCPO)
based on TYCOM instructions. Each work center has a
" Assisting the division officer in inspection of
DCPO. Division officers nominate DCPOs for
division spaces for cleanliness and preservation
endorsement by the chain of command. The XO gives
and assisting in the preparation of required
the final approval for the nomination, replacement, and reports
Student Notes:
12-4
" Welding and burning
" Conducting daily inspections of division spaces
for the elimination of fire hazards
" Stowage of compressed gas
" Performing any other actions in regard to
" Fume/spraytight light covers
damage control and maintenance of spaces that
" Grease filters/traps, Gaylord hoods
are directed by the division leading petty officer,
" Ventilation/air conditioning ducts/flammable
division officer, fire marshall, DCA, and
stowage ventilation
executive officer
" Material condition
Gas Free Engineer (GFE)
The fire marshal has the following responsibilities:
The gas free engineer (chief petty officer or above)
" Submitting reports citing fire hazards and
decides when it s safe for personnel to enter closed or
making recommendations for correction
poorly ventilated spaces. The GFE makes sure that all
necessary measures have been taken to eliminate the
NOTE
risk of fire, explosion, exposure to toxic substances,
suffocation, or asphyxiation. The GFE has a working
Immediate steps should be taken to
knowledge of all definitions, instruments, and
eliminate hazards resulting from poor
housekeeping, welding or burning,
equipment listed in the GFE program. The shipboard
smoking, and equipment deficiencies.
GFE meets the qualifications and is capable of
The fire marshal submits discrepancy
performing the duties and responsibilities specified in
reports to the DCA with copies to the
NSTM, chapter 074, volume 3, Gas Free Engineering.
XO and the appropriate department
All Navy ships must be adequately staffed with
head(s) and conducts follow-up
personnel qualified to perform gas free engineering
inspections to ensure compliance.
services for normal and emergency situations.
" Conducting training for fire teams, rescue and
Fire Marshal
assistance teams, and departmental/divisional
DCPOs stressing fire hazard consciousness
All ships designate a fire marshal to assist the
" Setting up a fire watch team before
engineer officer. The fire marshal helps the DCA train
regular/interim overhauls or availabilities
personnel to prevent and fight fires. The ship s fire
marshal and duty fire marshals are qualified to ensure
" Training and assigning fire watches
continuity of inspections for improperly stored or
" Being overall in charge at the fire scene until
inoperative DC equipment. Fire marshals are free of
relieved by a general quarters (GQ) scene leader
duties that would not let them instantly respond to
and keeping DCC and/or the OOD informed
emergencies. The fire marshal conducts daily
with an accurate status of the situation
inspections throughout the ship, paying particular
attention to the following areas:
" Housekeeping
" Firefighting equipment, both portable and fixed
" Safety precautions
" Flammable liquids
" Smoking
Student Notes:
12-5
REVIEW 1 QUESTIONS
" Recall the location and contents of shipboard
damage control lockers.
Q1. The damage control organization is divided into
The battle phase starts when the ship has received
what two main parts?
actual damage. The DCA coordinates the efforts of the
a.
repair parties from damage control central (DCC).
These efforts may include fighting fires, flooding,
controlling the ship s stability, and repairing battle
b.
damage. Repair party personnel also use CBR defense
measures (CBR is covered in chapter 13).
Q2. What is the purpose of the administrative phase
of DC? PURPOSE OF THE BATTLE
ORGANIZATION
Once the ship has been damaged, the ship s damage
control battle organization is responsible for restoring
Q3. Who is responsible to maintain properly trained
the ship to as near normal operation as possible. The
DCPOs, repair parties, and repair locker
organization varies somewhat from one ship to another,
personnel?
depending on the size, type, and mission of the ship.
However, the same basic principles apply to all battle
organizations.
The DCA is responsible, under the engineer officer,
Q4. Who is the senior person assigned as team leader
for the ship s survivability systems. The DCA s
on DCTT?
responsibilities include control of damage; control of
stability, list, and trim; fighting fires; restoration from
damage; medical casualty response; and CBR
countermeasures. The battle station for the DCA is
DCC. The primary damage control battle organization
Q5. What person is responsible for making sure that
units are repair parties or teams. Battle dressing stations
all battle lanterns, dog wrenches, spanners, and
(satellite medical stations) should be located near the
other damage control equipment are in place and
repair parties.
in a usable condition within their division?
DAMAGE CONTROL CENTRAL/CENTRAL
CONTROL STATION
The primary purpose of damage control central
Q6. Before anyone can enter a poorly ventilated
(DCC) is to collect and compare reports from various
space or void, who must certify the space as safe?
repair stations to determine the ship s condition and the
corrective action to be taken. DCC is the nerve center
and directing force of the entire damage control
organization. Personnel from various shipboard
BATTLE ORGANIZATION
divisions man DCC. On newer class ships, the central
point for reporting is the central control station (CCS).
Learning Objectives: When you finish this chapter,
The CCS has the added capability of being able to
you will be able to
control the closing of fire zone (FZ) doors and certain
" Recognize the battle organization of damage valves electronically. Also, CCS can remotely activate
control parties. fire-fighting systems.
Student Notes:
12-6
Reports from the repair parties are carefully
more than one assignment, depending on the number
checked in DCC/CCS. This is done so that immediate
and qualifications of personnel available. Repair party
action can be taken to isolate damaged systems and to
personnel must know their own area of responsibility
make effective emergency repairs. As reports are
along with the areas of other repair parties. The
received, graphic records of the damage are made on
following functions are common to all repair parties:
damage control diagrams and status boards under the
direction of the DCA. For example, reports on flooding
" Make repairs to electrical and communication
are used to update the status boards showing the liquid
circuits and rig casualty power.
distribution (fuel and water) before the damage
" Give first aid and transport injured personnel to
occurred. With this information, the stability and
battle dressing stations without seriously
buoyancy of the ship can be estimated and necessary
reducing the party s damage control capabilities.
corrective measures taken.
In the unlikely event DCC/CCS is destroyed or is
" Detect, identify, and measure radiation dose and
unable to retain control, a plan is in place to designate
dose rate intensities.
repair stations to take over the responsibilities of
damage control central. " Decontaminate the affected areas of nuclear,
biological, and chemical attacks.
REPAIR PARTIES
" Identify, control, and extinguish all types of fires.
The following chart shows a variety of repair
" Control and remove flooding water.
lockers that are found on an aircraft carrier. All ships
have a minimum of repair lockers 2, 3, and 5. Each
" Evaluate and correctly report the extent of
locker has an officer or senior petty officer in charge.
damage in the repair parties area of
The makeup of each repair party in these lockers
responsibility, to include maintaining
depends on the type of ship and the area they serve.
Deck plans showing location of CBR
contamination, location of battle dressing
stations, casualty collection and
Repair Locker Location or Function
decontamination stations, and safe routes to
them.
Repair 1 Main deck repair
Graphic display boards showing damage
Repair 2 Forward repair
and action taken to correct disrupted or
Repair 3 After repair
damaged systems, using standard DC
symbology and plotting techniques.
Repair 4 Amidships repair
Repair 5 Propulsion repair
" Make emergency repairs to various piping
systems.
Repair 6 Ordnance
Repair 7 Gallery deck and island structure " Be familiar with all damage control fittings in
the assigned area, such as watertight doors,
Repair 8 Electronic casualty control
hatches, scuttles, ventilation systems, and
various valves.
Repair Party Personnel
" Control and clean up hazardous material spills.
For a repair party to control battle damage
effectively, PQS-qualified personnel are assigned to
specific functions and duties. Some personnel may have
Student Notes:
12-7
In-Port Emergency Team (IET)
Battle dress Bottom of pants tucked into boots or
socks, long sleeves pulled down and buttoned, top
In-port emergency teams are made up of duty
button on shirt buttoned, and flash hood and gloves
section personnel. IET members are emergency team
donned. All exposed skin covered.
member qualified and stand ready to respond to any type
GQ route Move forward in passageways and up
of casualty.
ladders on starboard side, move aft in passageways and
At times, it may be necessary to provide additional
down ladders on port side. Since all hands will be
personnel and material support to the IET. These
moving at the same time, you have to move with the
additional personnel come from a pool of excess duty
flow of traffic.
personnel and assemble at a designated location. They
can assist in setting fire or flooding boundaries and are
DAMAGE CONTROL LOCKERS
available to back up the primary IET, if needed.
The equipment and materials required for making
Rescue and Assistance (In Port/At Sea)
battle damage repairs vary according to the nature of the
damage. Since many different kinds of damage can
All ships are required to have a rescue and
occur aboard ship, you must know how to use a variety
assistance detail in port and at sea. The primary
of equipment and materials.
missions of this detail are to rescue personnel at sea,
Checks should be made to see that all damage
assist another unit in distress, and assist persons or
control equipment tools and materials on the allowance
activities in distress ashore. All personnel assigned to
list are actually on board and in working order.
the rescue and assistance detail must, as a minimum, be
Comparing the ship s allowance list with an accurate
qualified as an emergency team member and in first aid.
and up-to-date inventory of onboard damage control
equipment does that.
Rapid Response Team
Damage control equipment should be stowed or
When in port or under way, each ship has a
installed in its designated location and be readily
designated rapid response team. This team proceeds
accessible. Emergencies can be handled much more
directly to the scene when a fire or flooding is called
effectively if equipment is available than if you have to
away. The team attempts to quickly extinguish or
waste time looking for it.
contain the fire or minimize or stop a flooding. At a
Damage control equipment must not be used for
minimum, this team is made up of four personnel
any purpose other than damage control. Because
qualified as fire team members and the ship s fire
damage control equipment is located throughout the
marshal. Because immediate response is required,
ship, some people are tempted to use it merely because
protective clothing or OBAs aren t donned. If they are
it is handy. That must not be allowed. It is important to
unable to gain control of the casualty within a preset
make all hands realize their lives may literally depend
time frame, a full IET or GQ team relieves them and
on the ready availability of damage control equipment if
takes over.
an emergency should arise.
General Quarters (GQ)
REVIEW 2 QUESTIONS
General quarters is an all hands evolution. It is the
highest state of readiness of the ship, and all repair
Q1. When does the battle phase of damage control
lockers are manned and fully equipped to combat
start?
casualties. When responding to GQ, all hands adjust
their clothing to battle dress and proceed to their GQ
stations.
Student Notes:
12-8
Q2. Where is the battle station for the DCA?
" Sound-powered telephones
" IVCS
" Ship s service telephones
Q3. During GQ, DCC receives reports and casualty
" Announcing systems
status from
" Intercommunications systems
" DC WIFCOM
Q4. What is the minimum requirement to be a
EMERGENCY COMMUNICATIONS
member of the in-port emergency team?
The X40J is an emergency damage control
communication system. It s employed in the event of
primary, auxiliary, and supplementary communications
circuit failure. The X40J is composed of both portable
Q5. What are the primary missions of the rescue and
( salt and pepper line) and permanently installed
assistance team?
(risers) components.
ALARMS
The general announcing system (1MC) is
Q6. What is the ship s highest state of readiness?
integrated with a system of alarm signals. The signals
override the microphone control stations and are
intended to notify the ship s crew of imminent danger.
COMMUNICATIONS
These alarms, in order of priority, are as follows:
1. Collision
Learning Objectives: When you finish this chapter,
you will be able to 2. Chemical attack
3. General
" Identify the communications devices used
during damage control evolutions.
4. Flight crash
" Recognize the purpose of communications
Collision Alarm
devices used during damage control evolutions.
The OOD/conning station sounds this alarm signal
Communications are vital to the damage control
when there is a possibility that the ship will run into a
organization. Without good communications, the entire
pier, run aground, or another waterborne unit will strike
organization could break down and fail in its primary
the ship. All hands should move away from the area of
mission. The size and complexity of the surface ships
impact and brace for shock. After a collision, all hands
govern the design of DC communications systems
set material condition ZEBRA and are prepared to
found aboard ship. Major shipboard DC
control fires and flooding.
communications systems are as follows:
Chemical Attack Alarm
NOTE
The chemical attack alarm signal is sounded by the
All the systems listed below are explained in OOD/conning station, DCC, and automatically by the
detail in chapter 4 of this TRAMAN. chemical agent point detection system (CAPDS) on
Student Notes:
12-9
ships so equipped. This alarm is sounded when there has c.
been a CBR attack on or in the vicinity of the ship. All
hands must exercise protective measures and
d.
procedures to reduce exposure and personnel injuries.
General Alarm
Q3. When all communications systems fail, how are
messages and orders relayed between repair
The general alarm signal is sounded by the OOD to
lockers and DCC?
notify the crew of a battle condition (GQ). Immediately
after the alarm is sounded, some ships pass the word,
General quarters, general quarters, all hands man their
battle stations. All hands report to preassigned stations
SHIP S INTEGRITY THROUGH
following the correct GQ traffic routes and set material
SUBDIVISION
condition ZEBRA.
Learning Objective: When you finish this chapter, you
Flight Crash Alarm
will be able to
The flight crash alarm is sounded by the OOD or
" Identify material conditions of readiness and
PreFly to notify ship s company of a pending or actual
recognize their purpose.
flight deck emergency.
Naval ships are subdivided into many small
MESSENGERS
watertight rooms or as we say watertight compartments.
Messengers are used to deliver written messages
This breaking up process of a very large area is called
between repair lockers and DCC as a matter of record. If
the compartmentation process. It limits the spread of
all methods of communications have failed, messengers
toxic or noxious gases, fire and flooding, and other
are used to relay orders and information. Messengers
battle damage when it occurs. This system when
deliver messages between repair lockers and DCC,
combined with material conditions of readiness
between DCC and the bridge, or between other
(discussed below) increases a ship s ability to survive.
locations. Messengers should be familiar with the ship
Each space or compartment on a ship is accessed
to get from one place to the other without delay.
through a door to a new space or passageway connecting
Messengers must be able to deliver oral messages
other spaces on the same deck or to the weather deck
without error.
area (outside). The space may have a hatch or scuttle
that allows transit from one deck to another via a ladder.
REVIEW 3 QUESTIONS
In some spaces you may have many doors, hatches, and
scuttles. These accesses are either watertight, airtight,
Q1. The X40J circuit is commonly referred to as
fumetight, oiltight, or nontight by design.
what kind of line?
Piping and ventilation systems work on the same
concept as compartment access fittings. They have
valves at strategic points that will isolate sections of a
system, limiting the spread of damage to smaller areas.
Q2. List the names of the alarms that can override the
Because of all the fittings and closures that are on a ship,
microphone control of the 1MC.
you might be asking yourself the question, How will I
a.
know which ones to close or leave open and when to do
it? Those answers are covered in the paragraphs to
b. follow.
Student Notes:
12-10
MATERIAL CONDITIONS OF READINESS
All fittings marked with X or Y, Circle X, Circle Y,
Z, Circle Z, and DOG Zs are closed when condition
There are three material conditions of readiness.
ZEBRA is set.
Those conditions are named XRAY, YOKE, and
The setting of material conditions is normally
ZEBRA. When set, each condition affords the ship with
carried out by the division or department responsible for
a level of protection, with XRAY being the least and
the compartment and is accomplished by using the
ZEBRA the most. Some fittings or closures on a ship
compartment checkoff lists (CCOLs). In an emergency
may not be classified although the majority of them are
the repair party personnel responding to the casualty
classified. They are identified by a classification plate
assisted by those Sailors in the area will set the required
affixed to the closure or fitting, or sometimes the
condition to restrict the spread of damage. CCOLs are a
classification is painted on the bulkhead next to the item.
tool used by repair party personnel to find the damage
Ship s instructions (and Navy instructions) specify
control fittings and closures in each compartment. The
what type of classification an item should hold, how it
fittings and closures are identified by name (type) and a
will be marked, and when that condition should be set.
number that represent the location of the fitting by deck,
The commanding officer of the ship is authorized by the frame it is located at, and the side of the space similar
to the compartment identification process. The CCOL
instruction to alter this to a small extent if he/she desires
list is posted in each space near the entrance and should
but basically this system is standard Navywide.
be kept up to date by the division who owns the space.
XRAY. Provides the least watertight integrity and
An example of a CCOL is shown in (fig. 12-2).
the greatest ease of access throughout the ship. It is set
The normal setting of a material condition should
when the threat to the ship is minimal. Condition XRAY
be logged in the Damage Control Closure Log by each
is set during working hours when the ship is in port,
division or repair party completing the setting. Any
when there is no danger of attack, and when there is no
exceptions to the setting should also be noted in the log
threat from bad weather. All fittings marked with a
so DCC/OOD are aware of the reduction in the ship s
black X and circle X are closed when condition XRAY
ability to restrict the spread of potential damage. This
is set.
log and the Inoperative Fitting Log are maintained in
YOKE. Provides a greater degree of watertight
either DCC or on the quarterdeck by the OOD. If you
integrity than condition XRAY but to a lesser degree have a need to break (open) a fitting that should be
normally set in a specific condition, you must first
than the maximum condition. YOKE is normally set at
request it open and then log it in before opening the
sea and in port during wartime. All fittings marked with
fitting. If you don t do this, you are in violation of the
Xs and Ys, Circle X, and Circle Y are closed when
setting and have jeopardized your shipmate s survival.
condition YOKE is set.
When you have completed work in a space that you
ZEBRA. Provides the greatest degree of
needed a fitting/closure open, close it first, then log it
subdivision and watertight integrity to the ship. It is the
closed. Now those who maintain the log will have a
maximum state of readiness for the ship s survivability
clear picture of what is open and closed in a given area
system. Condition ZEBRA is set when the following
of the ship. In addition to the closure log, a log for
situations occur:
inoperative fittings and closures exists. As its name
implies, this log lists all DC-related fittings and closures
1. Immediately when GQ is sounded
on the ship that don t work properly. It becomes a
2. When entering or leaving port in wartime
tracking tool for future maintenance.
3. To localize damage and control fire and flooding
A modified condition YOKE or modified condition
when the crew is not at GQ
ZEBRA is sometimes set, rather than the normal setting
4. At any time the CO deems the maximum of XRAY, YOKE, or ZEBRA. These are settings of
condition of survivability should be set convenience at the discretion of the CO.
Student Notes:
12-11
COMP T NO. 2-108-1-L NAME Crews Berthing (LSD Wing Wall)
DIVISION
ITEM FITTING NUMBER LOCATION AND PURPOSE CLASSIFICATION
RESPONSIBLE
ACCESS
WT DOOR
Access to: 2-96-1-L
1 2-108-1 Z REPIII
WT DOOR
Access to: 2-120-1-L
2 2-129-3 X REPIII
WT HATCH
Access to: 3-108-1-L
3 2-108-1 X S
MISCELLANEOUS CLOSURES
4 ATC 2-108-1 In WITH 2-108-1 used to test: X E
3-108-1-L
3-103-3-A
3-115-1-A
In WTD 2-108-1 used to test:
5
ATC 2-108-1 X E
2-95-1-L
DRAINAGE
DECK SOCKET
6 2-112-1 Bilge eductor overboard X M
(remote)
discharge valve 5-112-1
STC
Sound Ball 6-108-1-W
7 2-118-1 X R
GAGGED SCUPPER
Plumbing drain from
8 2-109-1 Z REPIII
1-110-1-L
FIRE MAIN & SPRINKLING
SYSTEM AND WASH DOWN
9 FMCOV 2-109-1 Cut out to FP 1-109-1 W REPIII
10 FMCOV 2-110-1 Cut out to Group IV magazine W REPIII
sprinkler
FUEL OIL
11 STC 2-116-1 Sound F.O. & Ball. 6-108-3-F X B
REMOTE OPERATION
12 Remote start/stop switch 2-119-1 For exhaust blower 2-108-1 Z REPIII
MISCELLANEOUS UNCLASSIFIED
13 Loud speaker General announcing 1 MC
14 C.P. Riser Terminal Casualty Power Outlet
2-114-1
15 15 lb CO Portable fire extinguisher
2 2-119-1
16 One OBA In box at Fr. 110 stbd.
Figure 12-2. Compartment checkoff list.
Student Notes:
12-12
A modified YOKE is sometimes used at sea when allow limited access throughout the ship as the CO
cruising independently in good weather and calm seas
prescribes.
and in port in peacetime. In the modified condition,
Open Circle ZEBRA fittings must be guarded so
YOKE fi+ttings above the waterline are left open to
they can be closed immediately because the ship is still
improve ventilation and habitability. All other XRAY
and YOKE fittings shipwide will be closed unless in a battle station position when ZEBRA is set. Circle
logged on a case-by-case basis as discussed earlier.
ZEBRA fittings are marked with a red Z surrounded by
a red circle.
An alternative to the setting of ZEBRA shipwide is
the setting of modified ZEBRA. An example of the
DOG ZEBRA. These fittings are secured when
setting of modified ZEBRA would be setting Zebra on
condition ZEBRA is set and whenever the ship is set for
the DC deck and below only if the area the ship was
darken ship, which is a night steaming condition, not a
transiting was a known or suspected hazardous
material condition. During darken ship these fittings
navigational area. This would provide a higher
survivability stance than condition YOKE. At the same
and closures are closed to prevent light inside showing
time modified ZEBRA is less restrictive in the rest of the
to the outside. DOG ZEBRA fittings are marked with a
ship and will more readily allow the accomplishment of
red Z surrounded by a black letter D.
other operational requirements. Modified ZEBRA may
result as an upgrade from condition YOKE or as a
NOTE
downgrade from condition ZEBRA.
Darken ship is a night steaming condition, not a
SPECIAL CLASSIFICATIONS
material condition.
Circle XRAY and YOKE. These fittings are access
WILLIAM. These fittings are vital sea suctions,
fittings to battle stations and compartments containing
ventilation fittings valves serving vital equipment, and
equipment that require periodic checks or fittings that
valves that must be open to maintain mobility and fire
must be opened for ammunition transfer, as well as
some systems. protection. WILLIAM fittings are open during all
material conditions. They are secured only to control
Circle XRAY and YOKE fittings are normally
damage, contamination, or to repair equipment served.
closed when condition XRAY or YOKE are set. They
may be opened without special authority when going to
WILLIAM fittings are marked with a black colored
or securing from general quarters, transferring
letter W.
ammunition, during periodic space or equipment
Circle WILLIAM. These fittings, like WILLIAM
checks, or during operation of damage control
fittings, are normally open but are secured for protection
equipment. Circle XRAY and YOKE fittings are
marked with a black X or Y in a black circle. They
in CBR attack. Fittings that are marked with this
should be secured once passage is complete.
classification are those that provide ventilation opening
Circle ZEBRA. These fittings are closed when to the outside of the ship. Circle WILLIAM fittings are
condition ZEBRA is set. They may be opened with the
marked with a black W surrounded by a black circle.
permission of the CO only. This would be during
extended periods of general quarters for the preparation
REVIEW 4 QUESTIONS
and distribution of battle messing, to provide access to
sanitary facilities, to ventilate battle stations, to transit
Q1. What is the most important feature of a ship to
from squadron ready rooms to the flight deck, and to
ensure its survivability?
Student Notes:
12-13
Q2. List the three basic material conditions of you with information on the emergency escape
breathing device (EEBD), supplemental emergency
readiness.
egress device (SEED), oxygen breathing apparatus
a.
(OBA), and self-contained breathing apparatus
(SCBA).
b.
EMERGENCY ESCAPE BREATHING
DEVICE (EEBD)
c.
Studies of fire casualties have proven that most
casualties are the result of smoke and toxic fumes and
Q3. What material condition provides the least
not from the fire itself. For this reason, the EEBD (fig.
amount of watertightness?
12-3) was developed for emergency escape. It provides
the wearer with 15 minutes of breathable air. It is to be
worn until you can get topside during evacuation from
below deck spaces. The EEBD is designed to provide
respiratory and eye protection in an atmosphere that will
Q4. When is YOKE normally set?
not support life. With the proper training you should be
able to activate and don an EEBD in less than 30
seconds.
Q5. What material condition is set when GQ is
sounded?
Q6. What fittings are closed to set darken ship?
Q7. To find a list of all DC fittings within a
compartment, you should refer to
LIFE SUPPORT EQUIPMENT
Learning Objective: When you finish this chapter, you
will be able to
" Identify life support equipment used aboard
ship.
All life support devices discussed in this chapter are
designed to allow the wearers to breath (and thereby to
escape), continue work, and assist in saving the ship and
their fellow crew members. Remember that the crew
must save the ship or no one will be saved. Therefore,
Figure 12-3. emergency escape breathing device (EEBD)
the purpose of this section of the chapter is to provide
Student Notes:
12-14
SUPPLEMENTAL EMERGENCY EGRESS
WARNING
DEVICE (SEED)
EEBDs must not be used for firefighting
purposes. Personnel working in engineering spaces wear
supplemental emergency egress devices (SEEDs) on
their belts for easy access. When a main space fire is
WARNING
called away, the watch stander should use the SEED
Remember, when donning the EEBD, if you
(fig. 12-4) to proceed to an EEBD. The watch stander
don t hear the hissing sound of oxygen being
should obtain an EEBD and don it when not in danger
generated, discard the unit and get another. of immediate harm from heat or flames. Because the
SEED lacks protection for the eyes and nose and has a
short operational time, it is a supplemental device.
DANGER
However, it is immediately available for the
Don t smoke immediately after using the
engineering watch standers and is easily operated on
EEBD because your hair is saturated with
the run. Factors to consider when using these devices
oxygen and could catch on fire. include the following:
Figure 12-4. Supplemental emergency egress device (SEED).
Student Notes:
12-15
WARNING
" How quickly conditions are deteriorating
SEEDs must not be used for firefighting
" Ease of egress, including travel time to a
breathable atmosphere
purposes.
" Operating times for each device
OXYGEN BREATHING APPARATUS (OBA)
" Capabilities and limitations of each device
The oxygen breathing apparatus (OBA) (fig. 12-5)
is a self-contained device that generates oxygen through
WARNING
a chemical process and lets the wearer breathe
independently of the surrounding atmosphere.
Currently, the OBA is the primary tool used by
Don t breath through the nose breath only
through the mouth when using the SEED. firefighting teams for respiratory protection. The
effective time limit of the oxygen supply is in excess of
1. Facepiece 5. Breathing bag 9. Canister release strap
2. Breathing tubes 6. Breastplate 10. Pressure relief valve and
3. Breathing tube couplings 7. Waist strap pull tab timer
4. Body harness and pad 8. Bail assembly handle 11. Timer
(standby position) 12. Valve housing
Figure 12-5. Navy oxygen breathing apparatus (OBA).
Student Notes:
12-16
45 minutes. For your personnel protection you should CAUTION
set the timer on the OBA for 30 minutes, allowing
Do not pull the breathing bag tab during normal
15 minutes to leave the area and return to fresh air.
use because the oxygen in the bags will leak
When in operation, the air within the apparatus is
into the atmosphere, causing loss of your
continuously replenished with oxygen while the
breathing oxygen.
chemicals in the canister remove exhaled carbon
dioxide (CO2) and water vapor. As a result of this
WARNING
chemical action, the OBA wearer may survive and work
Never allow grease, oil, or water to enter the
in a toxic atmosphere, such as a smoke-filled
neck of the canister. Any of these liquids may
compartment. With the facepiece and canister in place,
cause a violent chemical reaction or explosion.
using the OBA forms a closed self-sustaining system.
The chemicals contained in the canister are
For personnel having eyeglasses, a spectacle kit is
injurious to skin and equipment.
available for the installation of prescription lenses in the
facepiece.
SELF-CONTAINED BREATHING
APPARATUS (SCBA)
WARNING
The self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA)
When removing the candle cover, do not
(fig. 12-6) is replacing the OBA throughout the Navy.
remove the cotter pin while pulling the lanyard.
The unit s main components consist of a harness,
Removal of the cotter pin fires the candle and
high-pressure bottle, pressure regulator, full-face mask,
starts generating oxygen. If that happens while
and the high- and low-pressure hoses as shown below
the copper foil is intact, internal pressure in the
High-pressure air cylinders are filled with compressed
canister will build up, causing the copper foil or
grade D breathing air and then stored until needed. The
canister seam to rupture. Do not pull the cotter
cylinders themselves are rechargeable, replacing the
pin until the canister is inserted in the OBA and
the bail assembly is up and locked. need for additional canisters in the OBA system.
Figure 12-6. Self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Student Notes:
12-17
Once the cylinder valve has been turned on, it Q6. When do you pull the cotter pin on an OBA
provides a continuous air supply to the system regulator canister?
via the high-pressure hose. The pressure is reduced by
the regulator for use by the wearer, and the low-pressure
hose carries the breathable air into the facepiece. As a
FIREFIGHTING
safety feature, these are positive pressure style
Learning Objectives: When you finish this chapter,
regulators, which means that the air supply to the mask
you will be able to
is just above any demand requirements eliminating any
possibility of toxic fumes from entering the wearer s
" Recognize the properties of a fire triangle and
mask.
fire tetrahedron.
The time each cylinder lasts will be determined by a
" Identify the conditions necessary for
number of factors. The main factors will be the physical
spontaneous combustion.
condition and size of the wearer and the work to be
" Identify the types of heat transfer.
done. Generally, each bottle will last approximately 30
Fire is a constant threat aboard ship. All possible
minutes from the time it is activated.
measures must be taken to prevent a fire, or if one is
started, to extinguish it quickly. Fires may start from
REVIEW 5 QUESTIONS
several causes spontaneous combustion,
carelessness, hits by enemy shells, or collision. If the
Q1. How many minutes of air is the EEBD designed
fire is not controlled quickly, it may cause more damage
to provide?
than the initial casualty and could cause the loss of the
ship.
FIRE AND FIREFIGHTING
Q2. Why should you stay away from open flames
when you first remove an EEBD?
You cannot win against a fire. You can fight the fire
and you can hold down its damage; but some property
will be destroyed and, all too often, people will be
injured or killed. Time is always lost, productive work is
Q3. What should you listen for when donning an stopped, and additional effort and materials are required
to make repairs and to clean up the mess.
EEBD?
The objective of fire prevention, therefore, is to
prevent fires from starting. Fire prevention is an
all-hands, all-day, all-night, heads-up effort. A cigarette
Q4. What device is worn by engineering watch
tossed in the wrong direction can cause as much damage
standers?
as an enemy bomb. An oily wiping rag or a sparking tool
can be as dangerous as an open flame in a gasoline
depot.
Each ship is required to institute and maintain a fire
Q5. What is the effective time of an OBA?
prevention program. Your part in the fire prevention
program is as follows:
" Ensure that all gear is stowed properly.
Student Notes:
12-18
Look at figure 12-7. Here, you can see that if the
" Practice good housekeeping procedures, such as
oxygen reacts with the fuel, it creates heat, which causes
the daily removal of trash from spaces.
a draft or some other condition that takes in more
" Practice safety precautions when working with
oxygen and creates still more heat, and so on. Or the
flammable materials.
heat may cause more fuel to become available (such as
causing gasoline to boil into vapor), which then takes
" Report all potential fire hazards.
more oxygen to burn and creates more heat, which then
" Keep firefighting equipment handy and in good produces still more fuel, and so on. The burning reaction
working order.
can go in many different directions.
The modern science of firefighting and fire
" Ensure closures and fittings are working
extinguishment is based on the sides of the fire triangle
properly and report any discrepancies.
and an uninhibited chain reaction of burning.
FIRE TRIANGLE Obviously, the firefighter can remove one or more of the
components to cause the burning to stop. The type of
The entire chemistry and physics of fire and
firefighting agent the firefighter has at hand determines
burning, or combustion, can be simplified into a
which component or components of the triangle will be
relationship between three components fuel, heat
removed.
(temperature), and oxygen (air). To have a fire in any
Another way the firefighter can stop the fire (and the
combustible substance, each one of these components
combustion) is to place a screen between any two
must be present to help each other. Picture these
components of the triangle. If the fighter uses an agent
components in the form of a triangle, as shown in figure
as a temporary screen that breaks the triangle, the fire
12-7.
goes out. Obviously, the fire can quickly start up again if
this method is used because each of the three necessary
components is still there waiting to start the fire again
once the screen is gone.
FIRE TETRAHEDRON
The fire triangle describes the requirements for
surface glowing or smoldering, but it doesn t
completely describe flaming combustion requirements.
A fourth requirement, an uninhibited chain reaction, is
needed for flames to exist. This is shown by the fire
tetrahedron (fig. 12-8). A tetrahedron is a solid figure
with four triangular faces. It is useful for illustrating the
flaming combustion process because it provides for the
chemical chain reaction requirement and each face
touches the other three sides. As described for the fire
triangle, flaming combustion stops when one of the four
sides of the fire tetrahedron is removed.
SPONTANEOUS COMBUSTION
Fire, also called burning or combustion, is a rapid
chemical reaction that results in the release of energy in
the form of light and heat. Most spontaneous
Figure 12-7. Requirements for combustion.
combustion involves very rapid oxidation; that is, the
Student Notes:
12-19
Figure 12-8. Tetrahedron and fire triangle.
METHODS OF HEAT TRANSFER
chemical reaction by which oxygen combines
chemically with the burning material.
Heat from a fire is transferred by one or more of the
Such things as rags or paper soaked with oil or with
following methods:
paints or solvents are particularly subject to
1. Conduction
spontaneous combustion if they are stowed in confined
2. Convection
spaces where the heat caused by oxidation cannot be
dissipated rapidly enough.
3. Radiation
A fire involving combustible fuel or other material
Conduction
must have an ignition source, and the material must be
hot enough to burn. The lowest temperature at which a
Conduction is the transfer of heat through a body or
from one body to another by direct physical contact. For
flammable material gives off vapors that will burn when
example, on a hot stove, heat is conducted through the
a flame or spark is applied is called the flash point. The
pot to its contents. Wood is ordinarily a poor conductor
fire point, which is usually a few degrees higher than the
of heat, but metals are good conductors. Since most
flash point, is the temperature at which the fuel will
ships are constructed of metal, heat transfer by
continue to burn after it has been ignited. The ignition or
conduction is a potential hazard. Fire can move from
self-ignition point is the lowest temperature to which a
one fire zone to another, one deck to another, and one
material must be heated to give off vapors that will burn
compartment to another by heat conduction.
without the aid of a spark or flame. In other words, the
Often, the skillful application of water, using fog
ignition point is the temperature at which spontaneous
patterns to rapidly coat and recoat surfaces with a film of
combustion occurs. The ignition point is usually at a
water, will slow or halt the transmission of heat by
much higher temperature than the fire point. conduction. Fog patterns coat surfaces more efficiently
Student Notes:
12-20
than solid streams, reducing run off and the effect on Within a ship, radiant heat raises the temperature of
ship stability. combustible materials near the fire and, depending on
the ship s design, at quite some distance from the fire.
Convection
Ship fires can spread as a result of radiating bulkheads
and decks. Intense radiated heat can make an approach
Convection is the transfer of heat through the
to the fire extremely difficult. For this reason, protective
motion of circulating gases or liquids. Heat is
clothing should be worn by firefighters.
transferred by convection through the motion of smoke,
hot air, and heated gases produced by a fire.
REVIEW 6 QUESTIONS
When heat is confined (as within a ship), convected
Q1. Fire prevention is the responsibility of
heat moves in predictable patterns. The fire produces
lighter than air gases that rise toward high parts of the
ship. Heated air, which is lighter than cooler air, also
rises. As these heated combustion products rise, cool air
takes their place; the cool air is heated, in turn, and then
Q2. List the three components that make up a fire.
rises to the highest point it can reach.
a.
Hot smoke originating at a fire on a low deck will
travel horizontally along passageways, and then upward
b.
by way of ladder and hatch openings, heating
flammable materials in its path. To prevent fire spread,
release the heat, smoke, and gases to the atmosphere.
c.
However, the structural design of a ship makes it
difficult to rapidly cut openings through decks,
Q3. What process is involved in most cases of
bulkheads, or the ship s hull for ventilation. It is
spontaneous combustion?
imperative that the fire be confined to the smallest
possible area. Doors and hatchways should be kept
closed when they are not in use. If a fire is discovered,
attempts should be made to close off all openings to the
fire area until firefighting personnel and equipment can
Q4. List the three methods of heat transfer.
be brought into position to fight the fire.
a.
Radiation
b.
Heat radiation is the transfer of heat from a source
across an intervening space; no material substance is
c.
involved. The heat travels outward from the fire in the
same manner as light; that is, in straight lines. When it
contacts a body, it s absorbed, reflected, or transmitted.
CLASSES OF FIRE
Absorbed heat increases the temperature of the
absorbing body. For example, radiant heat that is
Learning Objective: When you finish this chapter, you
absorbed by an overhead will increase the temperature
will be able to
of that overhead, perhaps enough to ignite its paint.
" Recognize the four classifications of fire and
Heat radiates in all directions unless it s blocked.
identify the means used to extinguish them.
Radiant heat extends fire by heating combustible
Fires are divided into four classifications, each
substances in its path, causing them to produce vapors,
then igniting the vapor. indicating the type of material burning. By knowing the
Student Notes:
12-21
CLASSES OF TYPES OF MATERIALS
METHOD(S) OF EXTINGUISHING
FIRE INVOLVED
Wood and wood products, Water in straight or fog pattern. If the fire is deep-seated,
A cloth, textiles and fibrous aqueous film forming foam (AFFF) is more effective than
materials, and paper and seawater and can be used as a wetting agent.
paper products.
Flammable liquids, such as Extinguished with AFFF, Halon 1211, Halon 1301, or
B gasoline, diesel fuel (F-76), potassium bicarbonate (PKP). Never extinguish flammable
jet fuels, hydraulic fluid, and gases unless there is a good chance that the flow of gas can
lube oil. Also, involves be secured. Securing the flow of gas is the single most
flammable gases.
important step in controlling a gas fire.
Use nonconductive agents, such as CO2, Halon 1211, or
C Energized electrical fires. water spray. Most effective tactic is to de-energize and
handle the fire as a class A fire. If fire isn t deep-seated,
clean agents that don t a cleanup problem are preferred
(CO2 or Halon 1211).
Combustible metals, such as Water in quantity, using fog patterns. When water is
D
magnesium and titanium. applied to burning class D materials, explosions may occur.
Apply water from a safe distance or from behind shelter.
Figure 12-9. Classes of fire.
REVIEW 7 QUESTIONS
class of fire, the primary agent and best method for
extinguishing the fire can be determined as shown in
Q1. Match the class of fire with the types of materials
figure 12-9.
involved.
Many substances, such as liquids, gases, and solids,
MATERIALS CLASSES OF FIRE
are used as firefighting agents. The selection and use of
these agents varies with the class of fire, its location, and
a. Hydraulic fluid A
the extent of the fire involvement. Although seawater is
b. Energized circuit board B
the most valuable firefighting agent available based on
c. Paper C
its endless supply, considerations should always be
taken to determine if water is the best agent to put out the
d. Gasoline D
type of fire being fought.
e. Magnesium
f. Cloth
g. Titanium
Student Notes:
12-22
Q2. What is the most available heat-removing agent team member, keep in mind, the lack of equipment and
procedures could result in a disastrous outcome.
for shipboard use?
Figures 12-10 through 12-15 show some examples
of the equipment that s common to all ships. These
figures show only a small amount of what you ll find in a
ship s repair locker.
Q3. AFFF was developed to combat what class of
fire?
THE FIREFIGHTER ENSEMBLE
The firefighter s ensemble (fig. 12-10) is used to
protect the firefighter from short duration flame (flash)
Q4.
CO2 is the primary agent to disrupt the fire exposure, heat, and falling debris.
triangle of what class fire?
Q5. What is an effective agent against a class D fire?
DAMAGE CONTROL EQUIPMENT
Learning Objective: When you finish this chapter, you
will be able to
" Identify the portable equipment and fixed
systems that make up the shipboard inventory of
protection equipment.
As you ve learned in this chapter, damage control is
an all hands job. The time it takes to get a fire or flooding
under control is vital. You should become familiar with
the portable equipment and fixed systems that make up
your ship inventory of protection equipment. Because
of the large amount of explosives, fuels, and other
flammable materials aboard ship, you must know where
equipment is located and how to use it before an
emergency exists.
Knowing where equipment is and how to use it
applies not only to firefighting equipment but also the
equipment used for flooding or CBR protection. The
equipment and its storage location varies from ship to
ship, so you must know your ship.
You may find yourself the first person on the scene,
so knowing the basic rules of damage control and
equipment usage may make the difference in the loss of
many spaces or a shipmate s life. Perhaps you will be
Figure 12-10. Firefighter s ensemble.
called to serve on a fire party or flooding detail. As a
Student Notes:
12-23
ANTI-FLASH CLOTHING
Anti-flash clothing (fig. 12-11) is used to protect
personnel from high temperatures resulting from the
use of explosive weapons and from burns caused by fire.
The clothing consists of the following two items:
1. Anti-flash hood
2. Anti-flash gloves
FIRE HOSE STATION
A fire hose station (fig. 12-12) is commonly
referred to as either a fire station or a fireplug. The fire
hose station is the location of a fireplug and associated
equipment. Branches of the firemain system supply
water to the fire hose stations throughout the ship.
Generally, fire hose stations aboard frigates and larger
ships have 1 1/2-inch fireplugs and fire hose stations
aboard ships larger than frigates have 2 1/2-inch
fireplugs.
P-100 PUMP
The P-100 pump is a diesel-engine-driven
portable pump unit. It s designed for firefighting (fig.
12-13) and limited dewatering (fig. 12-14) functions
Figure 12-11. Anti-flash clothing.
aboard ships.
Figure 12-12. Fire hose station.
12-24
Figure 12-13. Firefighting hookup.
Figure 12-14. Dewatering hookup.
12-25
DAMAGE CONTROL SHORING CHEST
SUMMARY
Each repair station has a damage control shoring A ship lives or dies depending on its crew s ability
chest (fig. 12-15). The chest is divided into three
to combat a wide range of casualties, and these
compartments to separate the different tools and
casualties are not restricted to times of conflict.
materials needed for shoring.
Casualties can occur while moored in your homeport,
at anchorage overseas, or during a routine peacetime
deployment. The requirement for every person on
board, from the commanding officer to the fireroom
messenger, to have a good, basic knowledge of damage
control procedures and constant training and drills in
combating shipboard casualties is essential to the
ship s survival. This training and preparation
demonstrated during the Persian Gulf crisis saved
several U.S. Navy ships that sustained considerable
damage. If these crews had not been trained in damage
control, these ships and most likely a large portion of
their crews may have been lost.
The proper use of the closure log is just as
important as knowing how to don an OBA or use a fire
hose. The business of damage control is serious. Learn
it well; your life, the lives of your shipmates, and your
Figure 12-15. Damage control shoring chest.
ship depend on it.
REVIEW 8 QUESTION
REVIEW 1 ANSWERS
Q1. Describe the purpose of the following items. A1. The damage control organization is divided into
the
a. Damage control shoring chest
a. Administrative organization
b. P-100 pump
b. Battle organization
c. Firefighter ensemble
A2. The purpose of the administrative phase of DC
is to establish and maintain material
d. Anti-flash clothing
readiness conditions.
e. Fire hose station
A3. The engineer officer is responsible for
maintaining properly trained DCPOs, repair
parties, and repair locker personnel.
A4. The XO is the senior person assigned as team
leader on DCTT.
Student Notes:
12-26
A5. The DCPO is responsible for making sure that A2. The three basic material readiness conditions
all battle lanterns, dog wrenches, spanners, and
are
other damage control equipment are in place and
a. XRAY
in a usable condition within their division.
A6. Before anyone enters a poorly ventilated space or
b.YOKE
void, the gas free engineer (GFE) certifies the
space as safe.
c. ZEBRA
REVIEW 2 ANSWERS
A3. Material condition XRAY provides the least
amount of watertightness.
A1. The battle phase of damage control starts when
A4. Normally, YOKE is set at sea and in port during
the ship receives actual damage.
wartime.
A2. The battle station for the DCA is DCC/CSS.
A5. Material condition ZEBRA is set when GQ is
A3. DCC receives reports and casualty status from
sounded.
repair parties.
A6. DOG ZEBRA fittings are closed to set darken
A4. The minimum requirement to be a member of the
ship.
in-port emergency team is to be repair party
qualified. A7. To find a list of all DC fittings within a
compartment, you should refer to the
A5. The primary missions of the rescue and
compartment checkoff list.
assistance team are to assist persons from the
water, other units in distress, and other
persons or activities in distress ashore. REVIEW 5 ANSWERS
A6. General quarters is the highest state of
A1. The EEBD is designed to provide 15 minutes of
readiness.
air.
A2. You should stay away from open flames when
REVIEW 3 ANSWERS
you first remove an EEBD because your hair is
A1. The X40J circuitry is commonly referred to as
saturated with oxygen and could catch fire.
the salt and pepper line.
A3. When donning an EEBD, you should hear a
A2. The alarms that can override the microphone
hissing sound.
control of the IMC are the
A4. Engineering watch standers wear a SEED.
a. Collision
A5. The effective time of an OBA is 45 minutes.
A6. You pull the cotter pin on an OBA after the
b. Chemical attack
canister has been inserted in the OBA and
c. General
locked in place.
d. Flight crash
REVIEW 6 ANSWERS
A3. When all communications systems fail,
A1. Fire prevention is the responsibility of all hands.
messengers are used to deliver messages and
A2. The three components that make up a fire are
orders between repair lockers and DCC.
a. Heat
REVIEW 4 ANSWERS
b. Fuel
A1. Survivability of the ship can be ensured by
compartmentation. c. Oxygen.
12-27
A3. Most cases of spontaneous combustion involve REVIEW 8 ANSWERS
the process of rapid oxidation.
A1. The purposes of the following items are as
A4. The three methods of heat transfer are
follows:
a. Conduction
a. Damage control shoring chest. A chest that is
divided into compartments for storing
b. Radiation
materials used for shoring.
b. P-100 pump. The P-100 pump can be used
c. Convection
to fight fires or to dewater spaces.
c. Firefighter ensemble. The firefighter
REVIEW 7 ANSWERS
ensemble protects personnel from short
duration flames, heat, and falling debris.
A1.
d. Anti-flash clothing. Anti-flash clothing
protects personnel from heat caused by
MATERIALS CLASSES OF FIRE
high explosive weapons and from burns
a. Hydraulic fluid B caused by fire. There are two items that
make up anti-flash clothing anti-flash
b. Energized circuit board C
gloves and the anti-flash hood.
c. Paper A
e. Fire hose station. The fire hose station is
d. Gasoline B where the fireplug and associated
equipment is located.
e. Magnesium D
f. Cloth A
g. Titanium D
A2. Sea water is the most available heat-removing
agent for shipboard use.
A3. AFFF was developed to combat class B fires.
A4. CO2 is the primary agent to disrupt the fire
triangle of class C fires.
A5. Water fog is an effective agent against a class D
fire.
12-28
CHAPTER COMPREHENSIVE TEST
7. The DCA is the primary assistant to the
1. The damage control organization is divided
damage control officer. As such, the DCA has
into how many parts?
which of the following responsibilities?
1. One
2. Two
1. Training the ship s DC personnel
3. Three
2. Administration of the ship s DC
4. Four
organization
3. Maintain records of DC personnel PQS
QUESTIONS 2 THROUGH 15 REFER TO THE
accomplishment for all hands
ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANIZATION OF
4. All of the above
DAMAGE CONTROL.
8. Who drafts or reviews drafts of all ship s
2. What officer is responsible for maintaining
instructions relating to casualty prevention and
properly trained DCPOs, repair parties, and
response?
repair locker personnel?
1. CO
1. The commanding officer
2. XO
2. The executive officer
3. DCA
3. The engineer officer
9. What requirements must a petty officer have to
4. The weapons officer
be designated as the damage control petty
3. What person coordinates the efforts of repair
officer (DCPO)?
parties to control damage?
1. Be a PO2 or above
1. The damage control assistant
2. Complete the PQS
2. The operations officer
3. Complete the fire-fighting school
3. The executive officer
4. Be designated by the LCPO
4. The weapons officer
10. Normally, the job of DCPO is held for what
4. Which of the following are duties of the
period of time?
administrative organization of damage
1. 12 months
control?
2. 9 months
1. Records and schedules for maintenance
3. 3 months
2. Written doctrine and procedures relating to
4. 6 months
damage control
11. Which of the following is/are responsibilities
3. Ship s bills
of the DCPO?
4. All of the above
1. Assist in the instruction of division
5. Which of the following are duties of the
personnel in damage control
executive officer?
2. Prepare and maintain damage control
1. Ship s survivability training
checkoff lists for their spaces
2. Readiness to manage casualties
3. Make required reports
3. Control and recover from damage
4. All of the above
4. Each of the above
6. What officer is designated as the ship s
damage control officer?
1. The commanding officer
2. The executive officer
3. The engineer officer
4. The operations officer
12-29
12. What person is responsible for determining the 17. In the damage control battle organization,
safe entry of personnel into closed or poorly
what person is responsible for controlling
ventilated spaces?
damage; fighting fires; CBR countermeasures;
1. The gas free engineer
and control of stability, list, and trim?
2. The fire marshal
1. The DCPO
3. The DCA
2. The DCA
4. The XO
3. The XO
13. What person is designated to aid the DCA
4. The CO
train personnel and to prevent and fight fires?
18. What are the primary damage control battle
1. The gas free engineer
organization unit(s)?
2. The fire marshal
1. Repair parties
3. The DCPO
2. Navigation crew
4. The LCPO
3. Deck crews
14. What action is taken if the fire marshal finds
4. Engineering personnel
hazards that relate to poor housekeeping
19. What is the nerve center of the directing force
during a daily inspection?
for directing the damage control organization?
1. Record and advise the responsible division
2. Submit discrepancy report to DCA with
1. DCC or CCS
copies to XO and department head
2. Bridge
3. Have the division LCPO schedule
3. Aft steering
corrective action
4. DC locker 5
4. Report the hazard to the safety department
15. The fire marshal has which of the following
IN ANSWERING QUESTIONS 20 THROUGH
responsibilities?
23, SELECT THE REPAIR PARTY THAT IS
1. Submitting reports citing hazards and IDENTIFIED BY THE FUNCTION USED AS
recommendations for their correction
THE QUESTION.
2. Setting up a fire watch team before regular
20. Main deck repair.
overhauls
3. Both 1 and 2 above
1. Repair 1
4. Inspecting the engineering department
2. Repair 3
3. Repair 5
QUESTIONS 16 THROUGH 19 REFER TO THE
4. Repair 7
BATTLE ORGANIZATION OF DAMAGE
21. Propulsion repair.
CONTROL.
1. Repair 1
16. What is the purpose of the ship s damage
2. Repair 3
control battle organization?
3. Repair 5
1. To stand at ready for the battle to be over
4. Repair 7
2. To restore the ship to as near normal
22. Ordnance.
operation as possible
3. To comfort injured crew members 1. Repair 2
4. When directed, to take charge of the 2. Repair 4
weapons 3. Repair 6
4. Repair 8
23. Electronic casualty control.
1. Repair 2
2. Repair 4
3. Repair 6
4. Repair 8
12-30
24. Each repair party should be capable of 30. What system signals override microphone
performing which of the following functions? control stations to notify the ship s crew of
imminent danger?
1. Rigging casualty power
2. Controlling flooding 1. Alarms for collision, chemical attack,
3. Extinguishing all types of fires general, and flight crash
4. Each of the above 2. General announcing system
3. DC controls
25. When in port, the ship has which of the
4. Bridge alarms
following duty section components available
to respond to any type of casualty?
A. COLLISION
1. In port emergency teams
B. CHEMICAL ATTACK
2. Salvage teams
3. Duty DC watch
C. GENERAL
4. Deck department
D. FLIGHT CRASH
26. The rescue and assistance detail must have
which of the following qualifications?
Figure A
1. Be qualified as an emergency team
IN ANSWERING QUESTIONS 31 THROUGH
member
33, REFER TO FIGURE A AND SELECT THE
2. Be qualified in first aid
3. Both 1 and 2 above
TERM USED TO DEFINE THE QUESTION.
4. Have passed the PRT
31. This alarm is sounded by the OOD or PreFly
27. General quarters is an all hands evolution it
notifying ship s company of a pending or
is the highest state of readiness of the ship.
actual flight deck emergency.
1. True
1. A
2. False
2. B
3. C
28. Which of the following statements describes a
4. D
correct GQ route to follow?
32. This alarm is sounded when there is a
1. Forward in the passageways and down
possibility that the ship will be struck by
ladders on the starboard side
another waterborne unit.
2. Aft in the passageways and down ladders
on the port side
1. A
3. Forward in the passageways and up ladders
2. B
on the port side
3. C
4. Aft in the passageways and up ladders on
4. D
the starboard side
33. When this alarm is sounded, all hands report
29. Which of the following is an emergency
to their preassigned stations and set material
damage control communications system?
condition ZEBRA.
1. 2JZ
1. A
2. 6JZ
2. B
3. X40J
3. C
4. X24J
4. D
34. Which of the following means of
communications is used when all other
methods have failed?
1. Messengers
2. Sound-powered telephones
3. Morse Code
4. Bullhorn
12-31
35. All Navy ships have how many material 42. What fittings are secured when the ship is set
conditions of readiness? for darken ship ?
1. One 1. WILLIAM
2. Two 2. Circle WILLIAM
3. Three 3. DOG ZEBRA
4. Four 4. Circle ZEBRA
36. What material condition provides the least 43. The emergency escape breathing device
degree of watertight integrity? (EEBD) supplies breathable air for what
maximum period of time?
1. ZEBRA
2. YOKE 1. 10 minutes
3. XRAY 2. 15 minutes
3. 20 minutes
37. What material condition sets the highest
4. 25 minutes
degree of watertight integrity?
44. With training, you should be able to activate
1. ZEBRA
the EEBD within what maximum period of
2. YOKE
time?
3. XRAY
1. 10 seconds
38. Which of the following fittings are closed
2. 20 seconds
when condition ZEBRA is set?
3. 30 seconds
1. DOG Z fittings
4. 40 seconds
2. Circle X fittings
45. Which of the following breathing devices
3. Y fittings
should NOT be worn for fire-fighting
4. All of the above
purposes?
39. What means, if any, is used by repair parties to
1. OBA
find damage control fittings and closures in
2. SEED
each compartment?
3. SCBA
1. Master alfa list
46. The oxygen breathing apparatus (OBA) has an
2. Compartment checkoff lists
effective time limit of oxygen supply for what
3. DC compartment checks
approximate period of time?
4. None
1. 15 minutes
40. The Damage Control Closure Log is
2. 25 minutes
maintained in which of the following
3. 35 minutes
locations?
4. 5 minutes
1. DCC
47. Which of the following is the primary fire
2. Quarterdeck
fighting tool for respiratory protection?
3. Both 1 and 2 above
4. Engineering spaces
1. EEBD
2. SEED
41. Which of the following logs is a list of all
3. OBA
DC-related fittings that don t work properly?
4. SCBA
1. Damage Control Closure Log
48. From the time it is activated, each cylinder
2. Fire marshal pass down log
used in the self-contained breathing apparatus
3. Inoperative Fittings and Closures Log
(SCBA) will last approximately what length of
4. Bridge log
time?
1. 15 minutes
2. 30 minutes
3. 45 minutes
4. 60 minutes
12-32
49. Which of the following substances must be 54. What method of heat transfer occurs when
present to start a fire? heat moves from one body to another by direct
contact?
1. Oxygen
2. Heat 1. Conduction
3. Fuel 2. Convection
4. All of the above 3. Radiation
4. Reflection
50. In the fire tetrahedron, how many components
are necessary for combustion? 55. What method of heat transfer occurs through
the motion of smoke, hot air, and heated
1. One
gases?
2. Two
3. Three 1. Conduction
4. Four 2. Convection
3. Radiation
51. Flammable materials give off vapors. What is
4. Reflection
the lowest temperature that these vapors burn
when a spark is applied? 56. What type of heat transfer occurs when heat
moves in all direction unless blocked?
1. Ambient temperature
2. Room temperature 1. Conduction
3. Flash point 2. Convection
4. Ignition point 3. Radiation
4. Reflection
52. What term is used to describe the lowest
temperature at which spontaneous combustion 57. Which of the following agents should be used
occurs? to extinguish a class B fire?
1. Flash point 1. Water
2. Ignition point 2. AFFF
3. Ambient temperature 3. PKP
4. Room temperature 4. Both 2 and 3 above
53. Heat from fire can be transferred by how many 58. Which of the following agents should be used
methods? to extinguish class A or D fires?
1. One 1. Water
2. Two 2. AFFF
3. Three 3. PKP
4. Four 4. Both 2 and 3 above
12-33
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