Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 Virtualization Security Guide en US


Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7
Virtualization Security Guide
Securing your virtual environment
Scott Radvan Tahlia Richardson
Thanks go to the following people for enabling the creation of this guide:
Paul Moore Kurt Seifried David Jorm
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 Virtualization Security Guide
Securing your virtual environment
Scott Radvan
Red Hat Engineering Content Services
sradvan@redhat.com
Tahlia Richardson
Red Hat Engineering Content Services
trichard@redhat.com
Paul Moore
Red Hat Engineering
Kurt Seifried
Red Hat Engineering
David Jorm
Red Hat Engineering
Thanks go to the following people for enabling the creation of this guide:
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Abstract
This guide provides an overview of virtualization security technologies provided by Red Hat. It also
provides recommendations for securing hosts, guests, and shared infrastructure and resources in
virtualized environments.
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
` . . pt r 1. Intr.oduct. . . 2
C.ha. . .e. . . . . . . . . . . ion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
1.1. Virtualized and Non-Virtualized Environments 2
`
1.2. Why Virtualization Security Matters 3
`
1.3. Leveraging SELinux with sVirt 3
` . . pt r 2. Host. . . . . . . 4
C.ha. . .e. . . . . . . . Securit.y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
2.1. Why Host Security Matters 4
`
2.2. Host Security Recommended Practices for Red Hat Enterprise Linux 4
`
2.3. Host Security Recommended Practices for Red Hat Enterprise Virtualization 5
` . . pt r 3. G.ue. . . . . . . it 7
C.ha. . .e. . . . . . st Se.cur. .y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
3.1. Why Guest Security Matters 7
`
3.2. Guest Security Recommended Practices 7
` . . pt r 4 . sVirt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C.ha. . .e. . . . . . . . 8
`
4.1. Introduction 8
`
4.2. SELinux and Mandatory Access Control (MAC) 8
`
4.3. sVirt Configuration 9
`
4.4. sVirt Labeling 9
` . . pt r 5. Ne.t.work Se.cur. .y in. . Virtualize.d Environme.nt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C.ha. . .e. . . . . . . . . . . . . . it . . a. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
`
5.1. Network Security Overview 12
`
5.2. Network Security Recommended Practices 12
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Further Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
A.1. SELinux and sVirt 13
`
A.2. Virtualization Security 13
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Re.vision History. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1. . . . . . . . . .
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Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 Virtualization Security Guide
Chapter 1. Introduction
1.1. Virtualized and Non-Virtualized Environments
A virtualized environment presents opportunities for both the discovery of new attack vectors and the
refinement of existing exploits that may not previously have presented value to an attacker. It is therefore
important to take steps to ensure the security of both the physical hosts and the guests running on them
when creating and maintaining virtual machines.
Non-Virtualized Environment
In a non-virtualized environment, hosts are separated from each other physically and each host has a self-
contained environment, consisting of services such as a web server, or a DNS server. These services
communicate directly to their own user space, host kernel and physical host, offering their services directly
to the network. The following image represents a non-virtualized environment:
Figure 1.1. Non-Virtualized Environment
Virtualized Environment
In a virtualized environment, several operating systems can be housed (as "guests") within a single host
kernel and physical host. The following image represents a virtualized environment:
Figure 1.2. Virtualized Environment
2
`
Chapter 1. Introduction
When services are not virtualized, machines are physically separated. Any exploit is therefore usually
contained to the affected machine, with the obvious exception of network attacks. When services are
grouped together in a virtualized environment, extra vulnerabilities emerge in the system. If there is a
security flaw in the hypervisor that can be exploited by a guest instance, this guest may be able to not only
attack the host, but also other guests running on that host. This is not theoretical; attacks already exist on
hypervisors. These attacks can extend beyond the guest instance and could expose other guests to
attack.
1.2. Why Virtualization Security Matters
Deploying virtualization in your infrastructure provides many benefits but can also introduce new risks.
Virtualized resources and services should be deployed with the following security considerations:
The host/hypervisor become prime targets; they are often a single point of failure for guests and data.
Virtual machines can interfere with each other in undesirable ways. Assuming no access controls were
in place to help prevent this, one malicious guest could bypass a vulnerable hypervisor and directly
access other resources on the host system, such as the storage of other guests.
Resources and services can become difficult to track and maintain; with rapid deployment of virtualized
systems comes an increased need for management of resources, including sufficient patching,
monitoring and maintenance.
Technical staff may lack knowledge, have gaps in skill sets, and have minimal experience in virtual
environments. This is often a gateway to vulnerabilities.
Resources such as storage can be spread across, and dependent upon, several machines. This can
lead to overly complex environments, and poorly-managed and maintained systems.
Virtualization does not remove any of the traditional security risks present in your environment; the
entire solution stack, not just the virtualization layer, must be secured.
This guide aims to assist you in mitigating your security risks by offering a number of virtualization
recommended practices for Red Hat Enterprise Linux and Red Hat Enterprise Virtualization that will help
you secure your virtualized infrastructure.
1.3. Leveraging SELinux with sVirt
sVirt integrates virtualization into the existing security framework provided by SELinux (Security-Enhanced
Linux), applying Mandatory Access Control (MAC) to virtual machines. The main objective of sVirt is to
protect hosts and guests from attacks via security vulnerabilities in the hypervisor. SELinux secures a
system by applying access policy across different processes. sVirt extends this capability to hosts and
guests by treating each guest as a process, allowing administrators to apply similar policies designed to
prevent malicious guests from accessing restricted resources. For more information on sVirt, refer to
Chapter 4, sVirt.
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Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 Virtualization Security Guide
Chapter 2. Host Security
2.1. Why Host Security Matters
When deploying virtualization technologies, the security of the host should be paramount. The Red Hat
Enterprise Linux host system is responsible for managing and controlling access to the physical devices,
storage and network as well as all virtualized guests themselves. If the host system is compromised, not
only would the host system be vulnerable, but so would the guests and their data.
Virtualized guests are only as secure as their host system; securing the Red Hat Enterprise Linux host
system is the first step towards ensuring a secure virtualization platform.
2.2. Host Security Recommended Practices for Red Hat Enterprise
Linux
With host security being such a critical part of a secure virtualization infrastructure, the following
recommended practices should serve as a starting point for securing a Red Hat Enterprise Linux host
system:
Run only the services necessary to support the use and management of your guest systems. If you
need to provide additional services, such as file or print services, you should consider running those
services on a Red Hat Enterprise Linux guest.
Limit direct access to the system to only those users who have a need to manage the system.
Consider disallowing shared root access and instead use tools such as sudo to grant privileged
access to administrators based on their administrative roles.
Ensure that SELinux is configured properly for your installation and is operating in enforcing mode.
Besides being a good security practice, the advanced virtualization security functionality provided by
sVirt relies on SELinux. Refer to Chapter 4, sVirt for more information on SELinux and sVirt.
Ensure that auditing is enabled on the host system and that libvirt is configured to emit audit records.
When auditing is enabled, libvirt will generate audit records for changes to guest configuration as well
start/stop events which help you track the guest's state. In addition to the standard audit log inspection
tools, the libvirt audit events can also be viewed using the specialized auvirt tool.
Ensure that any remote management of the system takes place only over secured network channels.
Tools such as SSH and network protocols such as TLS or SSL provide both authentication and data
encryption to help ensure that only approved administrators can manage the system remotely.
Ensure that the firewall is configured properly for your installation and is activated at boot. Only those
network ports needed for the use and management of the system should be allowed.
Refrain from granting guests direct access to entire disks or block devices (for example, /dev/sdb);
instead, use partitions (for example, /dev/sdb1) or LVM volumes for guest storage.
Ensure that staff have adequate training and knowledge in virtual environments.
4
`
Chapter 2. Host Security
Note
The objective of this guide is to explain the unique security-related challenges, vulnerabilities, and
solutions that are present in most virtualized environments, and the recommended method of
addressing them. However, there are a number of recommended practices to follow when securing
a Red Hat Enterprise Linux system that apply regardless of whether the system is a standalone,
virtualization host, or guest instance. These recommended practices include procedures such as
system updates, password security, encryption, and firewall configuration. This information is
discussed in more detail in the Red Hat Enterprise Linux Security Guide which can be found at
https://access.redhat.com/site/documentation/.
2.2.1. Special Considerations for Public Cloud Operators
Public cloud service providers are exposed to a number of security risks beyond that of the traditional
virtualization user. Virtual guest isolation, both between the host and guest as well as between guests, is
critical due to the threat of malicious guests and the requirements on customer data confidentiality and
integrity across the virtualization infrastructure.
In addition to the Red Hat Enterprise Linux virtualization recommended practices previously listed, public
cloud operators should also consider the following items:
Disallow any direct hardware access from the guest. PCI, USB, FireWire, Thunderbolt, eSATA and other
device passthrough mechanisms not only make management difficult, but often rely on the underlying
hardware to enforce separation between the guests.
Isolate the cloud operator's private management network from the customer guest network, and
customer networks from one another, so that:
the guests can not access the host systems over the network.
one customer can not access another customer's guest systems directly via the cloud provider's
internal network.
2.3. Host Security Recommended Practices for Red Hat Enterprise
Virtualization
2.3.1. Red Hat Enterprise Virtualization Network Ports
Red Hat Enterprise Virtualization uses various network ports for management and other virtualization
features. These ports must be open for Red Hat Enterprise Linux to function as a host with Red Hat
Enterprise Virtualization. The list below covers ports and their usage by Red Hat Enterprise Virtualization:
Incoming ICMP echo requests and outgoing ICMP echo replies must be allowed.
Port 22 (TCP) should be open for SSH access and the initial installation.
Port 161 (UDP) is required for SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol).
Ports 5900 to 65535 (TCP) are used for guest console access with SPICE/VNC sessions.
Ports 80 or 443 (TCP), depending on the security settings on the Manager, are used by the vdsm-reg
service to communicate information about the host.
Port 16514 (TLS) or port 16509 (TCP) is used to support migration communication generated by libvirt.
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Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 Virtualization Security Guide
Ports 49152 to 49215 (TCP) are used for migrations. Migration may use any port in this range
depending on the number of concurrent migrations occurring.
Port 54321 (TCP) is used by default, by VDSM for management, storage and inter-host communication.
This port can be modified.
Warning
Take special care to filter SNMP on port 161 (UDP) at the border of your network unless it is
absolutely necessary to externally manage devices.
6
`
Chapter 3. Guest Security
Chapter 3. Guest Security
3.1. Why Guest Security Matters
While the security of the host system is critical in ensuring the security of the guests running on the host, it
does not remove the need for properly securing the individual guest machines. All of the security risks
associated with a conventional, non-virtualized system still exist when the system is run as a virtualized
guest. Any resources accessible to the guest system, such as critical business data or sensitive customer
information, could be made vulnerable if the guest system were to be compromised.
3.2. Guest Security Recommended Practices
All of the recommended practices for securing a Red Hat Enterprise Linux system documented in the Red
Hat Enterprise Linux Security Guide apply to conventional, non-virtualized systems as well as systems
installed as a virtualized guest. However, there are a few security practices which are of critical importance
when running guests in a virtualized environment:
With all management of the guest likely taking place remotely, ensure that the management of the
system takes place only over secured network channels. Tools such as SSH and network protocols
such as TLS or SSL provide both authentication and data encryption to ensure that only approved
administrators can manage the system remotely.
Some virtualization technologies use special guest agents or drivers to enable some virtualization
specific features. Ensure that these agents and applications are secured using the standard Red Hat
Enterprise Linux security features, e.g. SELinux.
In virtualized environments there is a greater risk of sensitive data being accessed outside the
protection boundaries of the guest system. Protect stored sensitive data using encryption tools such
as dm-crypt and GnuPG; although special care needs to be taken to ensure the confidentiality of the
encryption keys.
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Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 Virtualization Security Guide
Chapter 4. sVirt
4.1. Introduction
Since virtual machines under KVM are implemented as Linux processes, KVM leverages the standard
Linux security model to provide isolation and resource controls. The Linux kernel includes SELinux
(Security-Enhanced Linux), a project developed by the US National Security Agency to add mandatory
access control (MAC), multi-level security (MLS) and multi-category security (MCS) through a flexible and
customizable security policy. SELinux provides strict resource isolation and confinement for processes
running on top of the Linux kernel, including virtual machine processes. The sVirt project builds upon
SELinux to further facilitate virtual machine isolation and controlled sharing. For example, fine-grained
permissions could be applied to group virtual machines together to share resources.
From a security point of view, the hypervisor is a tempting target for attackers, as a compromised
hypervisor could lead to the compromise of all virtual machines running on the host system. Integrating
SELinux into virtualization technologies helps improve hypervisor security against malicious virtual
machines trying to gain access to the host system or other virtual machines.
Refer to the following image which represents isolated guests, limiting the ability for a compromised
hypervisor (or guest) to launch further attacks, or to extend to another instance:
Figure 4 .1. Attack path isolated by SELinux
Note
For more information on SELinux, refer to the Red Hat Enterprise Linux SELinux Users and
Administrators Guide at https://access.redhat.com/site/documentation/.
4.2. SELinux and Mandatory Access Control (MAC)
Security-Enhanced Linux (SELinux) is an implementation of MAC in the Linux kernel, checking for allowed
operations after standard discretionary access controls (DAC) are checked. SELinux can enforce a user-
customizable security policy on running processes and their actions, including attempts to access file
system objects. Enabled by default in Red Hat Enterprise Linux, SELinux limits the scope of potential
damage that can result from the exploitation of vulnerabilities in applications and system services, such as
the hypervisor.
8
`
Chapter 4 . sVirt
sVirt integrates with libvirt, a virtualization management abstraction layer, to provide a MAC framework for
virtual machines. This architecture allows all virtualization platforms supported by libvirt and all MAC
implementations supported by sVirt to interoperate.
4.3. sVirt Configuration
SELinux Booleans are variables that can be toggled on or off, quickly enabling or disabling features or
other special conditions. Booleans can be toggled by running either setsebool boolean_name
{on|off} for a temporary change, or setsebool -P boolean_name {on|off} to make the change
persistent across reboots.
The following table shows the SELinux Boolean values that affect KVM when launched by libvirt. The
current state of these booleans (on or off) can be found by running the command getsebool -a|grep
virt.
Table 4 .1. KVM SELinux Booleans
SELinux Boolean Description
staff_use_svirt Allow staff user to create and transition to SVirt
domains.
unprivuser_use_svirt Allow unprivileged user to create and transition to
SVirt domains.
virt_sandbox_use_audit Allow sandbox containers to send audit messages.
virt_sandbox_use_netlink Allow sandbox containers to use netlink system
calls.
virt_sandbox_use_sys_admin Allow sandbox containers to use sys_admin
system calls, e.g. mount.
virt_transition_userdomain Allow virtual processes to run as userdomains.
virt_use_comm Allow virt to use serial/parallel communication
ports.
virt_use_execmem Allow confined virtual guests to use executable
memory and executable stack.
virt_use_fusefs Allow virt to read FUSE mounted files.
virt_use_nfs Allow virt to manage NFS mounted files.
virt_use_rawip Allow virt to interact with rawip sockets.
virt_use_samba Allow virt to manage CIFS mounted files.
virt_use_sanlock Allow confined virtual guests to interact with the
sanlock.
virt_use_usb Allow virt to use USB devices.
virt_use_xserver Allow virtual machine to interact with the X Window
System.
Note
For more information on SELinux Booleans, refer to the Red Hat Enterprise Linux SELinux Users
and Administrators Guide at https://access.redhat.com/site/documentation/.
4.4. sVirt Labeling
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Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 Virtualization Security Guide
Like other services under the protection of SELinux, sVirt uses process based mechanisms, labels and
restrictions to provide extra security and control over guest instances. Labels are applied automatically to
resources on the system based on the currently running virtual machines (dynamic), but can also be
manually specified by the administrator (static), to meet any specific requirements that may exist.
4.4.1. Types of sVirt Labels
The following table outlines the different sVirt labels that can be assigned to resources such as virtual
machine processes, image files and shared content:
Table 4 .2. sVirt Labels
Type SELinux Context Description/Effect
Virtual Machine Processes system_u:system_r:svirt_t:MCS1 MCS1 is a randomly selected
field. Currently approximately
500,000 labels are supported.
Virtual Machine Image system_u:object_r:svirt_image_t: Only svirt_t processes with the
MCS1 same MCS1 fields are able to
read/write these image files and
devices.
Virtual Machine Shared system_u:object_r:svirt_image_t: All svirt_t processes are allowed
Read/Write Content s0 to write to the svirt_image_t:s0
files and devices.
Virtual Machine Shared Shared system_u:object_r:svirt_content_ All svirt_t processes are able to
Read Only content t:s0 read files/devices with this label.
Virtual Machine Image system_u:object_r:virt_content_t: System default label used when
s0 an image exits. No svirt_t virtual
processes are allowed to read
files/devices with this label.
4.4.2. Dynamic Configuration
Dynamic label configuration is the default labeling option when using sVirt with SELinux. Refer to the
following example which demonstrates dynamic labeling:
# ps -eZ | grep qemu-kvm
system_u:system_r:svirt_t:s0:c87,c520 27950 ? 00:00:17 qemu-kvm
In this example, the qemu-kvm process has a base label of system_u:system_r:svirt_t:s0. The
libvirt system has generated a unique MCS label of c87,c520 for this process. The base label and the
MCS label are combined to form the complete security label for the process. Likewise, libvirt takes the
same MCS label and base label to form the image label. This image label is then automatically applied to
all host files that the VM is required to access, such as disk images, disk devices, PCI devices, USB
devices, and kernel/initrd files. Each process is isolated from other virtual machines with different labels.
The following example shows the virtual machine's unique security label (with a corresponding MCS label
of c87,c520 in this case) as applied to the guest disk image file in /var/lib/libvirt/images:
# ls -lZ /var/lib/libvirt/images/*
system_u:object_r:svirt_image_t:s0:c87,c520 image1
The following example shows dynamic labeling in the XML configuration for the guest:
10
`
Chapter 4 . sVirt


system_u:object_r:svirt_image_t:s0:c87,c520

4.4.3. Dynamic Configuration with Base Labeling
To override the default base security label in dynamic mode, the option can be configured
manually in the XML guest configuration, as shown in this example:

system_u:system_r:svirt_custom_t:s0

system_u:object_r:svirt_image_t:s0:c87,c520

4.4.4. Static Configuration with Dynamic Resource Labeling
Some applications require full control over the generation of security labels but still require libvirt to take
care of resource labeling. The following guest XML configuration demonstrates an example of static
configuration with dynamic resource labeling:



4.4.5. Static Configuration without Resource Labeling
Primarily used in MLS (multi-level security) or otherwise strictly controlled environments, static
configuration without resource relabeling is possible. Static labels allow the administrator to select a
specific label, including the MCS/MLS field, for a virtual machine. Administrators who run statically-labeled
virtual machines are responsible for setting the correct label on the image files. The virtual machine will
always be started with that label, and the sVirt system will never modify the label of a statically-labelled
virtual machine's content. The following guest XML configuration demonstrates an example of this
scenario:



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Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 Virtualization Security Guide
Chapter 5. Network Security in a Virtualized Environment
5.1. Network Security Overview
In almost all situations, the network is the only way to access systems, applications and management
interfaces. As networking plays such a critical role in the management of virtualized systems and the
availability of their hosted applications, it is very important to ensure that the network channels both to and
from the virtualized systems are secure.
Securing the network allows administrators to control access and protect sensitive data from information
leaks and tampering.
5.2. Network Security Recommended Practices
Network security is a critical part of a secure virtualization infrastructure. Refer to the following
recommended practices for securing the network:
Ensure that remote management of the system takes place only over secured network channels. Tools
such as SSH and network protocols such as TLS or SSL provide both authentication and data
encryption to assist with secure and controlled access to systems.
Ensure that guest applications transferring sensitive data do so over secured network channels. If
protocols such as TLS or SSL are not available, consider using one like IPsec.
Configure firewalls and ensure they are activated at boot. Only those network ports needed for the use
and management of the system should be allowed. Test and review firewall rules regularly.
5.2.1. Securing Connectivity to Spice
The Spice remote desktop protocol supports SSL/TLS which should be enabled for all of the Spice
communication channels (main, display, inputs, cursor, playback, record).
5.2.2. Securing Connectivity to Storage
You can connect virtualized systems to networked storage in many different ways. Each approach
presents different security benefits and concerns, however the same security principles apply to each:
authenticate the remote store pool before use, and protect the confidentiality and integrity of the data while
it is being transferred.
The data must also remain secure while it is stored. Red Hat recommends data be encrypted and/or
digitally signed before storing.
Note
For more information on networked storage, refer to the Storage Pools chapter of the Red Hat
Enterprise Linux Virtualization Deployment and Administration Guide at
https://access.redhat.com/site/documentation/.
12
Further Information
Further Information
A.1. SELinux and sVirt
Further information on SELinux and sVirt:
Main SELinux website: http://www.nsa.gov/research/selinux/index.shtml.
SELinux documentation: http://www.nsa.gov/research/selinux/docs.shtml.
Main sVirt website: http://selinuxproject.org/page/SVirt.
Dan Walsh's blog: http://danwalsh.livejournal.com/.
The unofficial SELinux FAQ: http://www.crypt.gen.nz/selinux/faq.html.
A.2. Virtualization Security
Further information on virtualization security:
NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) full virtualization security guidelines:
http://www.nist.gov/itl/csd/virtual-020111.cfm.
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Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 Virtualization Security Guide
Revision History
Revision 1.0-3.4 05 Thu Jul 7 2014 Rüdiger Landmann
Add html-single and epub formats
Revision 1.0-3 Mon June 2 2014 Tahlia Richardson
Version for 7.0 GA release.
Revision 1.0-2 Thurs May 8 2014 Tahlia Richardson
Rebuild for style changes.
Revision 0.1-7 Thursday Feb 27 2014 Tahlia Richardson
Converted SELinux booleans table from a Segmented List to a Table proper.
Updated references to Red Hat Enterprise Linux Security-Enhanced Linux to its new title, SELinux Users
and Administrators Guide.
And other fixes from BZ#1065819.
Revision 0.1-6 Wednesday Feb 26 2014 Tahlia Richardson
Rewrote second bullet point in 2.2.1.
Added additional recommendation to chapter 2.2.
Marked up images as Figures.
And other fixes from BZ#1061513.
Revision 0.1-5 Tues Feb 11 2014 Tahlia Richardson
Updated RHEV Network Ports as per feedback from BZ#1061513.
Revision 0.1-4 Thurs Jan 30 2014 Tahlia Richardson
Added additional booleans to the table in SVirt Configuration chapter (BZ#1058565).
Revision 0.1-3 Thurs Nov 14 2013 Tahlia Richardson
Publishing with updated docs suite list.
Revision 0.1-2 Wed Jan 23 2013 Scott Radvan
Send to internal preview site. Initial build for version 7.
Revision 0.1-1 Thu Jan 17 2013 Scott Radvan
Branched from the Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 version of the document.
14


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