Marek SOBCZYCSKI
Department of Political Geography and Regional Studies
University of Aódz, POLAND
No 9
POLISH-GERMAN BOUNDARY ON THE EVE
OF THE SCHENGEN AGREEMENT
Polish accession to the Schengen Agreement and abolition of border
control within EU countries on 21st December 2007, is a good occasion to
summarize the role of boundaries in the period directly preceding the
revolutionary changes that took place on EU internal borders of Poland. In
the paper author analyses one out of four land borders encompassed by the
Schengen Agreement, namely the western border with Germany. Remaining
sections of land borders, where abolition of border control took place at the
same time, are: south-western border (with the Czech Republic), south-
eastern border (with Slovakia) and north-eastern border (with Lithuania).
Also, however to some extent only, the sea and airports border control was
cancelled (only for cruises and flights to signatory countries of the Schengen
Agreement).
The Polish border with Germany is 467 km long which represents 24,5%
of land borders encompassed by the Schengen Agreement (1908 km).
Analysed borders begins at the junction of Polish, Czech and German
borders in the Zittau Valley in the middle of the Lusatian Neisse River (Nysa
Aużycka). From this point it runs northward almost entirely (89% of it
length) along waters; at the beginning along the Nysa Aużycka River, and
then along the Odra up to Gryfino. Only from this point towards north it runs
on the left bank of the river and for 47 km it is a land border. Further it
becomes again a water border while cutting the Stettiner Haff. The last
fragment of this border (8 km) before reaching the Baltic Sea cuts the Isle of
Usedom, whereas about half of its length runs along a drainage channel.
The Polish-German border is one of the least stable borders of Poland. It
was created only in 1945 as a result of the Potsdam Agreement and it divided
the historical regions of Pomerania, Brandenburg, Silesia and Saxony. Only
156
Marek Sobczyński
a short fragment (the Oder River near Cedynia) was the border of the Polish
state between the 10th and 12th centuries (Labuda, 1974, p. 41 47).
The Polish border with the GDR was tigtly controlled. As it runs along
rivers it was simultaneously controlled by border guards on both river banks.
Border crossings were few and there were no tourist border crossings. Just
after its establishment in 1945 it was a border between Poland and the Soviet
sector of occupied Germany. The post-border zone on Polish side remained
under military administration for quite long time and it was meant for
military colonization. As distinct from southern border with Czechoslovakia,
on western border there was no cases of farms divided by the border border,
therefore there was no small border movement.
The beginnings of transborder co-operation are connected with the
establishment of the GDR and signing the border treaty with Poland together
with border demarcation in 1951. However the anticommunist rises in the
GDR in 1953 and Poznań in 1956 have broken this period of liberalization of
the border regime.
In 1971 there were 17 border crossings on Poland-GDR border (5 road, 7
railway and 5 river) (Ptasiński, 1974, p. 268 269).
The fundamental breakthrough took place in 1972 when the visa and
subsequently passport duty between Poland and the GDR was abolished. One
could cross borders on the basis of national identification document. It
resulted in 48-fold increase in entries from Poland to the GDR and 12-fold
increase in entries from the GDR to Poland. On both sides of the border work
offers for nationals from the neighbouring country have appeared (mainly
however for Poles in the GDR). It resulted in numerous marriages between
the citizens of both states. As Stanisław Ciok writes (2003, p. 138 139) the
function of this border has evolved from impenetrable , strongly formalized
and separating, to almost entirely penetrable , weakly formalized, and
practically unnoticeable after 1972. However, after establishment of the
Solidarity , the GDR have unitarily suspended all conveniences in the
border regime.
Only the German unification in 1990, and border treaty concluded with
Poland resulted in normalization of the border function (Ciok, 2004, p. 111).
The new border checkpoints were open, including tourist and small border
traffic checkpoints. However the substantial barrier in the form of border
rivers without bridges on rather long sections, did not allow to obtain such
a density of border passages as in the case of southern border.
On Polish-German border in 2007 there were only 40 border checkpoints,
including 27 road, 8 railway and 5 river checkpoints. According to Andrzej
157
Polish-German boundary on the eve of the Schengen Agreement
Stasiak (1996, p. 11), the most important border checkpoints on Polish-
-German border are: Kołbaskowo, Kostrzyn (the shortest connection with
Berlin), Åšwiecko (on the highway A-2 under construction, it concentrated
20% of the whole truck traffic from Poland), Zgorzelec (on the highway A-4
under construction) and Olszyna.
For the purpose of the analysis of transborder traffic the most important
checkpoints have been chosen located on all fragments. The aim of the paper
is to present a peculiar balance, which is the state from before the abolishing
of border control, however author decided to analyse the border traffic for
the year 2006, because the data for 2007 were incomplete. The reason for it
was the acceleration of border control abolishment on the 21st December
2007, therefore the data did not cover the whole year1.
On the Polish-German border there were in total 12 analysed border
checkpoints including road passages (7): Zgorzelec, Jędrzychowice, Olszyna,
Świecko, Kostrzyn, Kołbaskowo and Świnoujście and railway passages (5):
Zgorzelec, Zasieki, Kunowice, Kostrzyn, Szczecin-Gumieńce.
The border traffic on different checkpoints varies greatly. The border road
traffic on Polish-German border does not concentrate on one section only
(Fig. 1). On the contrary, the growth of the border traffic is noticeable in
central parts of three sections in the south (Jędrzychowice 11.27 million
people) in the middle part (Åšwiecko 12.50 million) and in the northern part
(Kołbaskowo 6.40 million people), what is partly convergent with the Pan-
-European transport corridors: No. 1 Via Hanseatica Lübeck-St. Petersburg,
no 2 East-West Berlin-Nizhny Novgorod and no 3 Brussels-Kiev. On the
remaining analysed border checkpoints the border traffic was not signi-
ficantly smaller (Olszyna 7.53 million, Kostrzyn 4.81 million, Świnoujście
4.16). The least intensive border road traffic on Polish-German border among
analysed border crossing points was noted in Zgorzelec 3.37 million.
The road cargo transport through the Polish-German border is concentrated
most of all on the border crossing in Åšwiecko, and to smaller extent in
Kołbaskowo , Olszyna and Zgorzelec.
As to the passenger bus transport, the highest traffic volume is recorded in
Jędrzychowice, Olszyna, Świecko and Kołbaskowo (Fig. 2).
1
All statistic data used in the paper come from unpublished reports of National
Border Service and were obtain through the Main Statistical Office in Warsaw.
158
Marek Sobczyński
Świnoujście
The number of cars
(in thousands)
The number of buses
passenger-car lorries
3 600 3 600
13 000
6 500
Kołbaskowo
1 800 1 800
1 300
Kołbaskowo 360 360
Kunowice
Kunowice
Åšwiecko Åšwiecko
Olszyna Olszyna
Jędrzychowice
Jędrzychowice
Zgorzelec Zgorzelec
0 50 100 km 0 50 100 km
Fig. 1. The distribution of road border Fig. 2. The bus border traffic through
crossing points on the Polish-German road border crossing points
border and the volume of passenger on Polish-German border
and goods border traffic Source: Author s own elaboration
Source: Author s own elaboration
Railway passenger traffic is concentrated at the border crossings in
Kunowice (996 thousand people) and Kostrzyn (204 thousand), in Szczecin-
Gumieńce in the north (258 thousand) and, much less, in Zgorzelec in the
south (23 thousand) (Fig. 3).
As to the origin of people crossing the border, Poles usually choose four
border checkpoints: Jędrzychowice, Olszyna, Świecko and Kołbaskowo (Fig.
4). Foreigners also mostly uses these four border crossings. The only
difference was the large significance of border crossing point in Świnoujście,
which is related with large tourist traffic of Germans visiting neighbouring
health resorts on the Isle of Usedom (Fig. 5).
159
Polish-German boundary on the eve of the Schengen Agreement
The number of trains:
Świnoujście
The size of the border
passenger-train goods-train traffic of Poles
(in thousands)
Szczecin-
13 000 13 000
-Gumieńce
7 000
Szczecin- 6 500 6 500 Kołbaskowo
3 500
-Gumieńce
700
1 300 1 300
Kostrzyn
Kostrzyn
Kunowice
Åšwiecko
Kunowice
Olszyna
Zasieki
Jędrzychowice
Zgorzelec
Zgorzelec
0 50 100 km 0 50 100 km
Fig. 3. Distribution of railway border Fig. 4. The volume of the border traffic
crossing points on Polish-German border of citizens of Poland on the road and
and the volume of the border passenger railway border crossing points
and goods traffic on Polish-German border
Source: Author s own elaboration Source: Author s own elaboration
Many Swedes and Danes use the border crossing in Kołbaskowo, whereas
in Świnoujście the citizens of the two states represent approx. 25%
foreigners. Citizens of Russia and Belarus choose almost exclusively the
border crossing points in the central part of the border: in Åšwiecko and
Kostrzyn they represent approx. 60% of foreigners.
The smaller border traffic of citizens of these states is recorded in two
southern border crossings: Jędrzychowice and Zgorzelec, while in the
northern section it is not recorded at all. Ukrainians mostly cross the border
in the southern section in Olszyna and Zgorzelec where they represent more
then a half of foreigners, but they also use the many different border
crossings in the north, including the railway passage in Szczecin-Gumieńce.
Czechs usually use two southern border crossings in Olszyna and Jędrzy-
chowice but their number there is not significant.
160
Marek Sobczyński
Świnoujście
SWEDES ESTONIANS
Świnoujście The size
of the border traffic
DANES LATVIANS
of foreigners
Szczecin-
Szczecin-
-Gumieńce
(in thousands)
-Gumieńce
BELGIANS LITHUANIANS
7 000
Kołbaskowo
3 500
RUSSIANS
DUTCHMEN
700
Kołbaskowo BRITISH BELORUSSIANS
Kostrzyn
FRENCHMEN UKRAINIANS
Kostrzyn
BULGARIANS
CZECHS
Kunowice
Kuno-
wice
AUSTRIANS ROMANIANS
Åšwiecko
ITALIANS AMERICANS
REMAINING FOREIGNERS
Åšwiecko
Olszyna
Olszyna
Jędrzychowice
Zgorzelec
Zgorzelec
Jędrzychowice
0 50 100 km
0 50 km
Fig. 5. The volume of the border Fig. 6. Nationality of foreigners crossing the
traffic of foreigners on the road and Polish-German border on the road and railway
railway border crossing points on border crossing points
Polish-German border Source: Author s own elaboration
Source: Author s own elaboration
On the border with Germany Lithuanians, Latvians and Estonians
concentrate exclusively on the passage in Kołbaskowo, where together with
British, Dutch and Danes they represent over a half of foreigners. Dutch use
most of the border crossing points on the Polish-German border, however
their intensive traffic can be clearly noticed at the passages in Świnoujście
and Kołbaskowo in the north, Kostrzyn in the middle part of the border and
Olszyna in the south, but also through all railway passages. Belgians and
Romanians concentrate on the border crossing points in Olszyna, while
Bulgarians and Moldavians in Jędrzychowice. Quite unexpectedly the largest
traffic of Italians was noted in the north in Świnoujście and Szczecin-
Gumieńce (railway). Possibly they use this route on the way to Scandinavia.
Americans are noticed in the group of first 6 nations on almost all analysed
border crossing points of the Polish-German border (except Kołbaskowo)
most of all in Zgorzelec, Kostrzyn, Świnoujście and on all railway passages.
161
Polish-German boundary on the eve of the Schengen Agreement
Whereas the presence of French-men was noted only on the railway border
crossing points in Szczecin-Gumieńce (Fig. 6).
To analyse the nationality of people who cross both borders the typogram
method (weight) was applied. The values on the right typogram s axes sum
up to 100% of Poles using analysed border crossing points. Remaining axes
include such elements as the volume of the border movement on the border
crossing points (measured by the share in the total number of people crossing
the border through analysed passages), the participation of the border
crossing point in the total number of citizens of bordering state, and also the
participation of the border crossing point in the total number of remaining
foreigners who cross the border through the analysed border crossing points
(Fig. 7). General conclusion following this analysis is a considerable
diversity of traffic intensification on border crossing points and strong
concentration of it in only few places. On Polish-German border the traffic is
rather regularly distributed (Zgorzelec, Åšwiecko). The second principal
conclusion is a clear domination of citizens of both states divided by this
border in almost all border crossing points. The only exception is the border
crossing point in Świnoujście, where the number of Poles was insignificant.
The second typogram was used for means of transport analysis that cross
the border (the proportional usage of buses, trains, cars and trucks was
analysed) (Fig. 8). For this aim the railway border crossing points were
analysed together with, usually accompanying them, road crossing points.
Only one border crossing point are characterized by the substantial
domination of the car and truck movement on the border with Germany
Åšwiecko. The balance in the types of individual means of transport was
noticed in the north of the border with Germany (Szczecin-Gumieńce and
Kołbaskowo border passages) and in the south of this border in Zgorzelec.
Abolishment of the border control resulted in closure of border facilities
After the abolition of the border control and the extension of the customs
control rights on the area of the whole country, there is no sense to keep
border crossing points, especially while border crossing is possible at any
point of the border.
On the other hand, in case of expected restoration, even temporary, of
border control on Schengen borders (e.g. in the time of Euro 2012) border
facilities may turn out useful again. On former border crossing points there
are still some tourists services (sale of insurances and vignettes, money
exchange points, petrol stations, car parks, restaurants). On some border
crossings larger customs buildings are still in use.
162
Marek Sobczyński
PEOPLE USING THE ANALYZED VEHICLES USING THE ANALYZED
BORDER CROSSING POINTS BORDER CROSSING POINTS
Świnoujście
The total number of border
The total number of buses (in %)
crossing points users (in %) Szczecin-
20
Szczecin-
20 -Gumieńce
-Gumieńce
The total number
The total 10
of citizens Kołbaskowo
10 The total The total
number
of Germany number number of
0
of Poles
Kołbaskowo who use 0 of lories passenger-
who use
the border (in %) -cars
the border
crossing (in %)
crossing
points (in %)
points (in %)
Åšwiecko
The total number of trains (in %)
Kostrzyn The total number of remaining citizens
who use the border crossing points (in %)
Kostrzyn
Åšwiecko
THE INTENSIFICATION
OF THE PERSONAL TRAFFIC Kunowice
ON ANALYZED BORDER
Kunowice
CROSSING POINTS:
small medium large
Olszyna Olszyna
THE INTENSIFICATION OF THE
0 50 100 km
VEHICLE TRAFFIC ON ANALYZED
BORDER CROSSING POINTS:
Jędrzychowice
Jędrzychowice
small medium large
Zawidów 0 50 100 km
Zgorzelec
Zgorzelec
Fig. 7. Typogram of nationality of people Fig. 8. Typograms of the structure
crossing the border and its intensification of means of transport used in the border
on road and railway border crossing points traffic on the border crossing points
on Polish-German border on Polish-German border
Source: Author s own elaboration Source: Author s own elaboration
REFERENCES
CIOK, S., 2003, Konsekwencje ustalenia granicy państwowej dla rozwoju pogranicza na
przykładzie granicy polsko-niemieckiej, [in:] Granice. Obszary przygraniczne. Euro-
regiony, ed. J. Runge J., Katowice: Wyd. Uniwersytetu ÅšlÄ…skiego, p. 131 141.
CIOK, S., 2004, Pogranicze polsko-niemieckie. Problemy współpracy transgranicznej,
Wrocław: Wyd. Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego.
JARZYNA, F., 1974, Umowy graniczne PRL. Wybór tekstów, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo
Prawnicze.
LABUDA, G., 1974, Polska granica zachodnia. Tysiąc lat dziejów politycznych,
Poznań: Wyd. Poznańskie.
PTASICSKI, R., 1974, Granice państwowe PRL. Wybór przepisów, Warszawa:
Wydawnictwo Prawnicze.
STASIAK, A., 1996, Badania pogranicza jako ważny element koncepcji zagospoda-
rowania przestrzennego, [in:] Strefa pogranicza Polska-Czechy. Procesy trans-
formacji i rozwoju, eds. K. Heffner and W. Drobek, Opole: Instytut ÅšlÄ…ski, p. 9 13.
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