ODNAWIALNE yRÓDAA ENERGII
(RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES)
%3Å„ubomír BEGA
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Informacje podstawowe
- zajecia w semestrze zimowym: co dwa tygodnie (w tygodniu B)
Warunki do zaliczenia przedmiotu:
- laboratorium (20p), egzamin (80p) - max. liczba punktów: A=100)
- do zaliczenia przedmiotu trzeba uzyskać min. 51p
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Objectives of the subject
żð explanation of main reasons for the use of renewable
energy (wyjaśnienie głównych powodow korzystania odnawialnych zródeł
energii)
- limited reserves of conventional energy resources, increasing of
energy consumption,
- ecological aspects,
- energy independence.
żð basic principles of renewable energy sources (podstawowe
zasady funkcjonowania odnawialnych zrodel energii)
- solar power plants,
- hydro power plants
- wind power plants,
- biomass power plants,
- geothermal power plants
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1 EVOLUTION OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN THE WORLD
Mtoe
Evolution of global energy consumption
Mtoe - Million Tons of Oil Equivalent;
1 toe = 7,4 barrel of oil (1 bbl = 159 l)
1 toe = 11 630 kWh
1 toe = 1270 m3 natural gas
1 toe = 41 868 MJ
1 toe = 2,3 t of coal
[Mastnż, P.: Obnovitelné zdroje elektrické energie. VUT Praha 2011. ISBN 978-80-01-04937-2]
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http://www.unitjuggler.com/convert-energy-from-J-to-MJ.html
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/observatory/trends_2030/doc/trends_to_2030_update_2009.pdf
(Energy production)
Total primary energy supply (by fuel)
http://www.javys.sk/sk/informacny-servis/energeticky-slovnik/S/spotreba-elektrickej-energie
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http://www.iea.org/stats/regionresults.asp?COUNTRY_CODE=29&Submit=Submit
Share of total primary energy supply in 2009
http://www.iea.org/stats/regionresults.asp?COUNTRY_CODE=29&Submit=Submit
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http://www.siea.sk/materials/files/poradenstvo/legislativa/strategia_eb/seb.pdf
World energy demand
OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) Australia, Austria, Belgium,
Canada, Chile, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland,
Israël, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal,
Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States
Note: World energy demand is on the rise & !!!
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http://ec.europa.eu/energy/observatory/countries/doc/key_figures.pdf
Electricity generation by fuel
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http://www.iea.org/stats/regionresults.asp?COUNTRY_CODE=29&Submit=Submit
According to the WEC (World Energy Council - World Energy Council),
the expected estimate of the world's primary energy sources:
Oil: 50 years
Gas: 70 years
Coal: 120 years
Brown Coal: 300 years
Uranium: 50 years
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Tká%0Å„, J.,Ptá%0Å„ek, J.: Netradi%0Å„né zdroje elektriny, Koaice 2006, ISBN 80-8073-549-2
2 TYPES OF ENERGY SOURCES
1) non-renewable energy sources
- energy source, the depletion is expected in the term a maximum of
hundreds of years
- its eventual restoration would take many times longer
- there are mainly fossil (coal, oil, natural gas) and nuclear fuels.
2) renewable energy sources
a) sources, which can not be exhausted (for example: solar energy, wind,
water, geothermal). They will be here in terms of human life yet thousands of
human generations.
b) resources with regular cycles recovering. This means that while they can
exhaust, but we know the appropriate measures to ensure their continued
existence. It's for example biomass and all its products..
Examples:
- trees (can be cut down, but it will grow again, if we keep certain
necessary conditions for their growth)
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- livestock products (biogas or manure).
Classifications of energy resources
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http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032111003261
3 NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
- these fuels can be found below the surface, where created over millions of
years decomposition of prehistoric remains of dead plants and animals.
Today fossil fuels originated about 300 million years ago (oil, coal, natural
gas) and some stocks of lignite about 65 million years ago
- although fossil fuels action of natural forces (heat and pressure) are still
emerging, the current consumption far outweigh their creation (mankind
consumes in 1 year the amount of fossil fuels, which nature has produced
over 1 million years).
- that are not replenished as quickly as they consume means that the pattern
of consumption of the run out in the near future. Therefore, fossil fuels are
considered as non-renewable.
- finite sources of fuel is not single threat facing humanity. The use of fossil
fuels also leads to environmental degradation.
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3.1 Impact of fossil fuels on the environment
With the use of fossil fuels leads to large, often irreversible damage to ecosystems, as
their production, processing and combustion produce large quantities of toxic waste,
including heavy metals.
- Mining where the surface, often means complete
devastation of the country.
- Processing brings a large amount of non-recoverable waste.
- Burning of fossil fuels causes: high levels of CO2 (the most
responsible for global warming), oxides of nitrogen, sulfur
and ammonia that cause acidification of the environment, a
variety of volatiles, ash and heavy metals (As, Cd, Hg, Pb ,
Zn). These compounds reduce human immunity, increased
susceptibility to common respiratory diseases such as colds
and flu in infants may also encourage development of
allergies and various chronic inflammatory diseases.
Emissions of sulfur and nitrogen oxides, mainly from traffic and industry have a direct
impact on the formation of acid rain, which is the result from a chemical reaction
between the gases and water in the atmosphere. This has adverse effects on forests,
water bodies (lakes, ponds, reservoirs), green in the city, damaging historic buildings,
leads to health problems, especially in sensitive populations (children, seniors,
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allergists).
Note on the impact of nuclear power on the environment:
- today's next-generation nuclear power plants are considered safe, but we must not
forget also the risks.
- technology of power plant may be okay, but need to think to human error - the main
reason for nuclear incidents and accidents (Chernobyl) or natural disaster
(Fukushima).
- also must not forget the issue of storing spent nuclear fuel after its use is still
radioactive
- radioactivity in consequence of an accident causing genetic defects causing
deformation of the body and various diseases and the real lifetime risk of developing
cancer, contamination of water and soil.
Global production of uranium in 2006
http://www.njf.sk/dokumenty/aktuality/analyza_pred_a_zad_casti_jad_palvi_cyklu.pdf
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http://www.energyweb.cz/web/rao/sk/41.htm
http://www.alternativy.sk
Evolution of global CO2 production
In 2008, the European Environment Agency (EEA) documented fuel-dependent emission
factors based on actual emissions from power plants in the European Union.
[Key World Energy Statistics, Edition 2010. International Energy Agency. 9,rue de la Federation 75739
Paris Cedex 15, www.iea.org]
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http://www.quark.sk/oxid-uhli-it-pod-zem
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil-fuel_power_station
OECD (Organisation for
Economic Co-operation
and Development)
Australia, Austria, Belgium,
Canada, Chile, Czech
Republic, Denmark,
Estonia, Finland, France,
Germany, Greece,
Hungary, Iceland, Ireland,
Israël, Italy, Japan, Korea,
Luxembourg, Mexico,
Netherlands, New Zealand,
Norway, Poland, Portugal,
Slovak Republic, Slovenia,
Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland, Turkey,
United Kingdom, United
States
Regional shares of CO2 emissions
[Key World Energy Statistics, Edition 2010. International Energy Agency. 9,rue de la Federation 75739
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Paris Cedex 15, www.iea.org]
Global production of CO2 in 2011: 34 billion tons / year
The largest contributors of CO2 emissions globally are:
China (29%)
United States (16%)
European Union (11%)
India (6%)
Russian Federation (5%)
Japan (4%)
http://www.ekologika.sk/spravy/spravy/globalna-produkcia-co2-sa-zvysila-o-3-v-2011.html
http://sagacommodities.com/?cid=7&NewsId=319&lng=sk
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http://www.euractiv.sk/zivotne-prostredie/clanok/cina-zmari-ambicioznejsie-plany-unie-pre-znizenie-
co2-016271
Evolution of CO2 production at various locations around the world
- unit ppm (parts per million) - is the number of particles per 1 million other
particles, or 0.0001%,
- ppm is usually used to express the concentration in chemistry
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w1v43IQAtIA&feature=related
Share of CO2 between regions in 2000
David J. C. MacKay: Obnovite>ne zdroje energie s chladnou hlavou. SIEA Bratislava, 2012 ISBN 978-
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80-88823-54-4
http://www.withouthotair.com/
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Share of CO2 between countries in 2000
Comments:
- there are the large differences in the location and amount of resource
consumption on the Earth's surface.
- about 25% of the population of most developed countries consume 63%
of world production of energy
- if all the inhabitants of the earth began to use energy as a people from
industrialized countries, it would mean an environmental disaster and the
exhaustion of all resources for 20 years.
- for about the last 50 years mankind has consumed more of the world's
energy resources than in the entire previous development.
- according to recent research, people live on this planet for about 700,000
years.
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3.2 Energy dependence of European Union countries
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Energy dependence of European Union countries
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/publications/doc/2012_energy_transport_figures.pdf
Note: Energy dependency strongly
differs among Member States:
Denmark is the only net energy
exporter while Malta is
entirely dependent on energy
imports.
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Energy dependence of European Union countries
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/publications/doc/2012_energy_transport_figures.pdf
Energy dependence of European Union countries
Note: The EU produces 48 % of its energy needs...
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http://ec.europa.eu/energy/observatory/countries/doc/key_figures.pdf
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