Int J Earth Sci (Geol Rundsch) (2003) 92:86 98
DOI 10.1007/s00531-002-0300-0
ORI GI NAL PAPER
F. Finger · I. Broska · B. Haunschmid · L. Hrasko
M. KohÅ›t · E. Krenn · I. Petrík · G. Riegler · P. Uher
Electron-microprobe dating of monazites from Western Carpathian
basement granitoids: plutonic evidence for an important Permian
rifting event subsequent to Variscan crustal anatexis
Received: 30 August 2001 / Accepted: 24 July 2002 / Published online: 9 November 2002
© Springer-Verlag 2002
Abstract Accessory monazites from 35 granitoid sam- This feature is interpreted in terms of a prograde tempera-
ples from the Western Carpathian basement have been ture evolution in the deeper parts of the post-collisional
analysed with the electron microprobe in an attempt to Variscan crust. In accordance with recently published zir-
broadly constrain their formation ages, on the basis of con ages, this study shows that the Western Carpathian
their Th, U and Pb contents. The sample set includes rep- basement must be viewed as a distinct  eastern tectono-
resentative granite types from the Tatric, Veporic and magmatic province in the Variscan collision zone, where
Gemeric tectonic units. In most cases Lower Carbonifer- the post-collisional crustal melting processes occurred
ous (Variscan) ages have been obtained. However, a ~20 Ma earlier than in the central sector (South Bohemian
much younger mid-Permian age has been recorded for the Batholith, Hohe Tauern Batholith).
specialised S-type granites of the Gemeric Unit, and
several small A- and S-type granite bodies in the Veporic Keywords Western Carpathians · Monazite ·
Unit and the southern Tatric Unit. This distinct Permian Geochronology · Granitoids · Variscan orogeny ·
plutonic activity in the southern part of the Western Permian rifting
Carpathians is an important, although previously little
considered geological feature. It appears to be not related
to the Variscan orogeny and is interpreted here to reflect Introduction
the onset of the Alpine orogenic cycle, with magma gen-
eration in response to continental rifting. The voluminous The ability of the present generation of electron micro-
Carboniferous granitoid bodies in the Tatric and Veporic
probes to analyse Pb at the 0.1-wt% level accurately has
units comprise S- and I-type variants which document
caused a renewed interest in the chemical age dating of
crustal anatexis accompanying the collapse of a com- U- and Th-rich minerals. In particular, the abundant ac-
pressional Variscan orogen sector. The Variscan magmas cessory mineral monazite has turned out to be extremely
were most likely produced through the remelting of a suitable for this dating technique due to its mostly undis-
subducted Precambrian volcanic arc-type crust which in- turbed U Th Pb system, with typically high radiogenic
cluded both igneous and sedimentary reworked volcanic- lead contents and subordinate portions of common lead
arc material. Although the 2Ã errors of the applied dating (cf. Parrish 1990; Suzuki et al. 1991; Montel et al. 1996).
method are quite large and typically Ä…10 20 Ma for
Although chemical dating of monazite with the elec-
single samples, it would appear from the data that the Vari- tron microprobe (EMP) can, of course, not compete in
scan S-type granitoids (333 367 Ma) are systematically
terms of precision and reliability with modern monazite
older than the Variscan I-type granitoids (308 345 Ma). or zircon ages obtained by isotope dilution/mass spec-
trometry or SHRIMP, its application can be useful in
F. Finger ( · B. Haunschmid · E. Krenn · G. Riegler
areas where little previous geochronological work has
')
Institut für Mineralogie der Universität Salzburg,
been undertaken, in order to obtain a first quick over-
Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
view. Here we report EMP monazite ages for basement
e-mail: friedrich.finger@sbg.ac.at
granitoids from the Western Carpathians. These granito-
I. Broska · I. Petrík · P. Uher
ids have been investigated in recent years in some detail
Geological Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences,
with reference to their petrology, chemistry, possible
Dubravska 9, 84225 Bratislava, Slovakia
sources and tectonothermal environments (Petrík et al.
L. Hrasko · M. KohÅ›t
1994; Petrík and KohÅ›t 1997; Petrík 2000 and references
Dionżz Stśr Institute of Geology/
therein). A correlation of the petrogenetic data with a
Geological Survey of Slovak Republic,
Mlynska dolina 1, 81704 Bratislava, Slovakia geochronological time scale is important in order to un-
87
Fig. 1 Distribution of granitoid
rocks in the Western Carpathian
basement and sample locations
of the present study. Abbrevia-
tions of basement massifs ( the
core mountains ): MK Malé
Karpaty Mts., PI Pova~
skż
Inovec Mts., T Tríbe%0Å„ Mts.,
S Suchż Massif, Z Ziar Mts.,
MF Malá Fatra Mts., VF Velká
Fatra Mts., NT Nízke Tatry
Mts., VT Vysoké Tatry Mts.,
SR Slovenské Rudohorie Mts.
Inset shows the position of the
Western Carpathians (star)
within the Alpine-Carpathian
orogen
derstand the processes involved in the basement evolu- ever, there are other authors who consider this phase of
tion of the Western Carpathians. Permo-Triassic extension as a direct consequence of late
Variscan plate tectonics, caused by back-arc spreading
behind a northward-dipping subduction system at the
Geological background southern Variscan fold belt flank (e.g. Stampfli et al.
2001).
The Western Carpathian section of the Alpine-Carpathi-
an arc is commonly divided into three major, Alpine
basement-bearing tectonic units which were juxtaposed Lithology of the basement granitoids
through north-directed thrusting during the Upper Creta-
ceous. These are, from north to south, the Tatric, Veporic Following the classification of Chappell and White
and Gemeric units (Fig. 1). Traditionally, the Western (1974), the Western Carphathian basement granitoids
Carpathian basement is considered in a broad sense to be have been divided into S-types and I-types (Cambel and
 Variscan . Basement granitoids are most abundant in Petrík 1982; Petrík et al. 1994; Petrík and KohÅ›t 1997;
the Tatric and Veporic units. They are exposed in horst Broska and Uher 2001). Most  core mountains contain
structures which were exhumed during the Alpine oroge- both S- and I-type granite units (Fig. 1).
ny in the Eocene-Miocene, and they are termed the  core The S-type units comprise mainly granites to leuco-
mountains (Fig. 1). Mostly an older roof of metamor- granites and a few tonalites to granodiorites, and are
phic material (orthogneisses, paragneisses and amphibol- characterised by moderately peraluminous compositions.
ites) is preserved around the granitoid bodies. They contain Al-rich biotite and, except for some tonal-
The effects of Alpine regional metamorphism were ites, primary muscovite and occasionally sillimanite or
relatively minor in the Tatric Unit at very low- to low- garnet. According to the petrological investigations of
grade PT conditions but reached amphibolite facies Petrík and Broska (1994), the S-type melts had low
grades in the Veporic Unit (Plaa
ienka et al. 1999; Janak water contents, reduced oxygen activities, and they de-
et al. 2001). The latter constitutes a certain danger for veloped a distinctive accessory mineral paragenesis of
the method of monazite dating because of the potential apatite, monazite, ilmenite and zircon with dominant
metamorphic disturbance of the U Th Pb system. The (211) + (110) faces.
basement of the Gemeric Unit consists mainly of low- The I-type units comprise mainly tonalites and grano-
grade metamorphic formations with only small granite diorites with metaluminous to weakly peraluminous
bodies. Both experienced Alpine greenschist facies re- (subaluminous) compositions. Mafic minerals are Al-
gional metamorphism (Faryad 1992). poor biotite Ä… hornblende. The accessory mineral par-
The post-Variscan history of the Western Carpathians agenesis is typically zircon + allanite + magnetite +
involved continental rifting in the Permian and the open- sphene + epidote. Monazite is comparably rare. How-
ing of the Meliata Ocean in the Triassic (Plaa
ienka et al. ever, as shown in this study, small monazite grains can
1997). Many geologists regard this as the onset of the mostly be found as well. Higher oxygen activities and
Alpine orogenic cycle (e.g. Neubauer et al. 2000). How- water contents have been inferred for the I-type melts by
88
Petrík and Broska (1994). However, in several cases a Devonian and Permian. It would appear from these data
clear distinction between S- and I-type granitoids is not that the S-type granitoids formed close to 350 Ma
possible, and continuous gradations seem to exist be- (Shcherbak et al. 1990; Michalko et al. 1998) whereas
tween both groups (Cambel and Petrík 1982). for the I-type granitoids much younger formation ages,
Sr and Nd isotope data (Petrík and KohÅ›t 1997; close to 300 Ma, have been suggested (Bibikova et al.
KohÅ›t et al. 1999; Poller et al. 1999a; Petrík 2000; Poller 1988, 1990; Broska et al. 1990). However, these ages for
et al. 2001), together with the widespread presence of the I-type granitoids were often inferred from the
206
inherited zircon components (e.g. Broska et al. 1990; Pb/238U ratios of data points considered as concordant
Michalko et al. 1998; Poller et al. 1999b), suggest that but having large errors in the 207Pb/235U ratios. Clearly,
both the S-type and I-type granitoids were derived main- these data bear a high uncertainty. Likewise, the geologi-
ly from crustal sources. In the µNd µSr diagram, fields cal significance of some lower intersect ages (e.g.
for the S- and I-type granitoids cover almost the same Michalko et al. 1998) remains unclear. Recently, CL-
range, with Sri from ~0.705 to 0.710, and µNdi from controlled single-grain zircon dating has provided ages
 1 to  5. Similarly to the I-types, the S-types often between ~360 and ~340 for S-type granites from the
display high Sr and low Rb concentrations which point Western Tatric Mts., and ages of ~335 and ~315 Ma for
to little evolved crustal sources, probably volcanic arc- I-type granitoids from the High Tatra (Poller et al.
type crust. An exception are the S-type granites of the 1999b, 2000a). S-type granitoids from Velká Fatra gave
Gemeric Unit which have significantly higher Rb/Sr and a concordant monazite age of 340Ä…2 Ma and a zircon age
Sr initial ratios (0.710 0.713) and were probably derived of 337ą11 Ma (Kohśt et al. 1997).
from a more evolved, metasedimentary crustal source For one of the A-type plutons (Hronćok granite), zir-
(Petrík and KohÅ›t 1997; KohÅ›t et al. 1999; Petrík 2000). con geochronology has provided both a mid-Permian,
Furthermore, a distinct group of small plutons broadly upper intersect age (Kotov et al. 1996) and a Triassic,
matching the A-type granite classification (Collins et al. lower intersect age (Putia
et al. 2000). Zircons from an
1982; Eby 1990) has been recognised in the Western A-type granite boulder in the Klippen belt provided a
Carpathians. These have been found in the Veporic and well-defined five-point discordia with an upper intersect
Gemeric units but not in the Tatric basement, and have age of 274Ä…13 Ma (Uher and Puskharev 1994). All these
been considered to be post-orogenic Variscan plutons data suggest that the A-type granites in the Western
(Uher and Broska 1996). Boulders of such A-type gran- Carpathians are comparably young. Only the Gemeric
ites have also been identified in the Cretaceous flysch of S-type granites have been considered to be of a similar
the Klippen belt. The A-type melts were reduced, slight- Permian age, based on Rb Sr WR data (Cambel et al.
ly peraluminous and high in fluorine (Uher and Broska 1989). For these granites, however, a Cretaceous intru-
1996). sion age has also been considered possible (Vozár et al.
Not included in our study are the granitoid ortho- 1996; Vozárova et al. 2000). Recently obtained single-
gneisses which occur in the metamorphic roof forma- grain zircon ages confirm the Permian age estimate
tions of the granitoids, because of their presumably com- (Poller et al. 2000c).
plex monazite systematics and the difficulty to distin- For orthogneisses from the Tatra Mts., protolith ages
guish between metamorphic and magmatic monazite ag- of ~360 400 Ma have been determined (Poller et al.
es. According to Petrík and KohÅ›t (1997), these rocks 2000a). The age of Variscan regional metamorphism in
are largely of the S-type. the Tatra Mts. has been constrained at 356Ä…7 Ma by con-
cordant zircon data from migmatitic paragneisses (Poller
and Todt 2000).
Previous geochronological data
Geochronological work on the Western Carpathian The sample set for the present study
granitoids commenced in the late 1950s with the K Ar
method (Kantor 1959), followed by Rb Sr mineral and Figure 1 illustrates where the samples for the present
whole-rock data from the late 1960s onwards. Based on study have been taken. The sample locations and brief
this early work, it has been proposed that the basement rock descriptions are given in Table 1. Representative
granitoids are between ca. 250 and 400 Ma old (Cambel granite types from the different  core mountains were
et al. 1990; Kohśt et al. 1996 and references therein). selected, so that a systematic comparison of I-type and
However, Král (1994) noted that, due to an incomplete S-type subunits could be made. Although the I-type
homogenisation of the Rb Sr system during melting and granitoids contain on average less and smaller monazite
magma mixing effects, the Rb Sr WR isochrons from than the S-types granitoids, only a few of the major
Carpathian granitoids are probably too old in many I-type bodies could not be dated because no monazite
cases, and not capable of providing reliable and precise was found (e.g. the Shila tonalite which is widespread in
formation ages (see also discussion in Petrík 2000). the Slovenské Rudohorie Mts., or the Dumbier granite
U Pb zircon ages, which have been obtained from from the Nízke Tatry Mts.).
a few localities over the past 12 years, also suggest that In the Tatric Unit, representative I- and S-type gran-
the Western Carpathian granitoids formed between the itoids were collected from the Malé Karpaty Mts., Tríbe%0Å„
89
Table 1 The dated samples: locations (cf. Fig. 1) and brief petro- 5 Broska et al. 1997; 6 KohÅ›t 1992; 7 Uher et al. 1994; 8 Petrík
graphic characteristics (references: 1 Macek et al. 1982; 2 Broska et al. 1995; 9 Hraa
ko et al. 1997; 10 Finger and Broska 1999)
and Uher 1988; 3 Broska et al. 2000; 4 Broska and Gregor 1992;
Sample Location Brief characteristics Type Ref.
Tatric Unit
ZK-50/97 Malé Karpaty Mts., %7Å„elezná Studni%0Å„ka quarry Ms Bt granodiorite ( Bratislava granite ) S 1
MM-3 Malé Karpaty Mts., Harmónia, small, abandoned quarry Bt granodiorite ( Modra granite ) I
PI-14/85 Pova~
skż Inovec Mts., Moravany nad Váhom, Striebornica valley Ms Bt granodiorite S 2
PI-6/85 Pova~
skż Inovec Mts., Hlohovec, Stará Hora, road-cut Leucotonalite I 2
T-18 Tríbe%0Å„ Mts., Dra
na valley, 2,500 m SE from Krn%0Å„a village Bt granodiorite S 3
T-87 Tríbe%0Å„ Mts., 1,500 m SE from Krn%0Å„a village, forest road-cut Bt tonalite S 3
T-37 Tríbe%0Å„ Mts., Vel%0Å„ice 2,800/2,000 m from elevation point Malá KurH
a Leucogranite I 4
T-33 Tríbe%0Å„ Mts., elevation point Javorovż hill Ms granite injections into mylonites S
PGS-2 Suchż Mts., upper end of the Liea
t any valley Pegmatoid leucogranite S
Z-4/89 Ziar Mts., abandoned Brezany quarry Bt granite S
BMF-1 Malá Fatra Mts., Bystri%0Å„ka quarry Bt granodiorite S 5
BMF-8 Malá Fatra Mts., Lipovec, Hoskora valley Ms Bt granite I 5
VF-308 Velká Fatra Mts., Stanova valley, forest road-cut Bt granodiorite ( Kornietov type ) S 6
VF-639 Velká Fatra Mts., Blatná valley, natural outcrop Bt granodiorite ( Kornietov type ) S 6
VF-385 Velká Fatra Mts., Ni~
ná Lipová, cliff on ridge Ms Bt granite ( Lipová type ) S 6
VF-700 Velká Fatra Mts., Lower Matejkovo valley, prospecting gallery Ms leucogranite ( LubochH
a type ) S 6
VF-356 Velká Fatra Mts., Upper Matejkovo valley, abandoned quarry Bt tonalite ( Smrekovica type ) I 6
ZK-3/89 Nízke Tatry Mts., 100 m W of terminus of the funicular to Chopok hill Bt granite S 1
ZK-25 Nízke Tatry Mts., road Sopotnica-Hronov, end of Sopotnica valley Bt granodiorite I 1
ZT-11 Western Tatra, cliff next to the highest Roha%0Å„e lake Leucogranodiorite S
VT-1 High Tatra Mts., `
trbské Pleso, cliff of waterfall  Skok Bt tonalite I
KJ-3 High Tatra Mts., Dolina Rybiego, Potoku valley, Poland Leucotonalite I
BP-11 Klippen belt, `
iroká, 1,700/2,840 m from elevation point Turfkov Ziar Granite boulder S 7
(851 m)
Veporic Unit
PH-9 Slov. Rud. Mts., 5 km SW MuráH
, 850 m NW elevation point 1,018 Bt granite S
ZK-19 Slov. Rud. Mts, Road Poltár-
eské Brezovo, first quarry on east side Ms Bt granite ( Rimavica type ) S 1
KRO-2 Slov. Rud. Mts., Krokava, road cut 500 m below the chalet Leucogranite vein in Rimavica granite S
VG-100 Slov. Rud. Mts., Rázto%0Å„no, cliff 1 km S of Klenovskż Vepor hill Leucogranodiorite S
DL-1A Slov. Rud. Mts., 7 km NNE HriH
ová, small quarry in Slatina valley Leucogranite dike in Sihla tonalite I
VG-87 Slov. Rud. Mts., Kamenistá valley, Hron%0Å„ok gamekeeper Mylonitised leucogranite ( Hron%0Å„ok type ) A 8
KS-1 Slov. Rud. Mts., Klenovec village, borehole KS-1, depth 528 531 m Ms Bt granite ( Klenovec type ) S 9
VM-605 Nízke Tatry Mts., main ridge, 1 km W from the Král ova Hol a Strongly sheared leucogranite S
VM-609 Nízke Tatry Mts., southern slope of Orlová saddle, 1,750 m a.s.l. Coarse-grained mylonitised granite S
Gemeric Unit
GZ-1 Slovenské Rudohorie, Hnilec cliff, 800 m from Peklisko elevation point Leucogranite S 10
GZ-3 Slovenské Rudohorie, Hnilec, 220 m NE from elevation point Surovec Leucogranite S 10
GZ-15 Slov. Rud. Mts., Betliar, cliff 3,250 m SW from elevation point Volovec Leucogranite S 10
ID Road Koa
ice-Zlata Idka, 13 km W Koa
ice, borehole ID-2, depth 132 m Bt-tourmaline granite S
Mts., Pova~
skż Inovec Mts., Malá Fatra Mts., Velká
Results
Fatra Mts., Vysoké Tatry (High Tatra) Mts., and the
Tatric part of the Nízke Tatry (Low Tatra) Mts. Samples
General aspects
of S-type granites were taken from the Ziar and Suchy
massifs, and an S-type granitic boulder from the Klippen Between 3 and 18 monazite analyses were carried out
belt was sampled as well (BP-11). per sample. All obtained Th, U and Pb concentrations
In the Veporic Unit we investigated the A-type are given in the Appendix, together with the calculated
Hronćok granite (VG-87), a leucocratic dike (DL-1A) model ages and 2Ã errors. It can be seen from this com-
considered as related to the major I-type unit in the Slov- pilation that for single samples, the monazite model ag-
enské Rudohorie Mts. (Shila granite), and representative es of all analysis points are mostly consistent with each
samples from the main S-type granite units of this area other and overlap within their 2Ã errors. There were
(ZK-19, ZK-100). Furthermore, small S-type granite bod- only two exceptions. In sample T-33 one monazite
ies and dikes from the Slovenské Rudohorie Mts. were showed significantly older model ages in its centre. This
sampled (PH-9, KRO-2, KS-1). From the Král ova Hol a obviously inherited core has been excluded from the
Massif (Veporic part of the Nízke Tatry Mts.), two S-type average age calculation. In sample DL-1, single monaz-
granite samples were collected (VM-605 and VM-609). ite analyses give unrealistically low ages, deviating by
In the Gemeric Unit four granite samples from the more than 2Ã from the mean value. We attribute this to
Hlinec, Betliar and Zlata Idka stocks were examined. local lead loss or Alpine age recrystallisation/over-
90
growth effects and omitted these in the average calcula- Table 2 Average monazite ages (errors at 95% C.L.) for single
samples considered as dating granite formation
tions as well. Since isotope ratios cannot be determined,
however, we are aware that minor effects of inheritance,
Location Sample Type Age (Ma)
common lead presence or lead loss on the mean age can
not be ruled out with certainty, and one has to rely on Tatric Unit
the (fortunately well-established) empirical rule that, in
Malé Karpaty Mts. (MK) ZK-50/97 S 355Ä…18
MM-3 I 345Ä…22
the case of the mineral monazite, these effects are usual-
Pova~
skż Inovec Mts. (PI) PI-14/85 S 364ą17
ly not large.
PI-6/85 I 323Ä…22
Furthermore, it should be mentioned that in the
Tríbe%0Å„ Mts. (T) T-18 S 357Ä…13
Veporic granites the monazites often showed marginal
T-87 S 352Ä…17
T-37 I 331Ä…22
alterations with the growth of secondary apatite and alla-
T-33 S 273Ä…17
nite, as a consequence of the Alpine reheating (Broska
Suchż Massif (S) PGS-2 S 342ą13
and Siman 1998). For dating, only the largest and best
Ziar Mts. (Z) Z-4/89 S 348Ä…22
preserved monazite relics were used in such cases, and
Malá Fatra Mts. (MF) BMF-1 S 342Ä…18
analyses points were placed at least 10 µm away from BMF-8 I 336Ä…9
Velká Fatra Mts. (VF) VF-308 S 333Ä…24
the alterations.
VF-639 S 348Ä…21
The average ages for all dated samples are compiled
VF-385 S 348Ä…18
in Table 2. For six granitoids of this sample set, zircons
VF-700 S 343Ä…12
ages became recently available as well (see annotations
VF-356 I 308Ä…30a
Nízke Tatry Mts. (NT) ZK-3/89 S 362Ä…27
in Table 2). The chemical monazite ages match with
ZK-25 I 326Ä…31
these zircon ages in all cases. This suggests that the ob-
Vysoké Tatry Mts. (VT) ZT-11 S 347Ä…24b
tained monazite ages can be generally taken as reliable
VT-1 I 327Ä…28c
and geologically meaningful.
KJ-3 I 317Ä…15d
Klippen Belt BP-11 S 348Ä…22
Veporic Unit
Slov. Rudohorie Mts. (SR) PH-9 S 357Ä…21
The S-type granitoids
ZK-19 S 352Ä…13
KRO-2 S 367Ä…34
VG-100 S 369Ä…30
The data show that at least two generations of S-type
DL-1A I 321Ä…18
plutons are present in the Western Carpathian basement
VG-87 A 263Ä…19e
 Permian and Lower Carboniferous ones. Permian ages
KS-1 S 266Ä…16
were obtained for all four investigated samples of gran- Nízke Tatry Mts. (NT) VM-605 S 359Ä…17
VM-609 S 269Ä…22
ites from the Gemeric Unit. Additionally, the S-type
granites VM-609 from the Nízke Tatry and KS-1
Gemeric Unit
(Klenovec granite) from the Slovenské Rudohorie Mts.
Slov. Rudohorie Mts. (SR) GZ-1 S 272Ä…11
(both Veporic Unit) gave a Permian age. Finally, a simi- GZ-3 S 276Ä…13
GZ-15 S 273Ä…13
larly young age (273Ä…17 Ma) was obtained for a distinct,
Eastern part ID S 263Ä…28f
small S-type granite occurrence in the Tríbe%0Å„ Massif
(Tatric Unit), which was already considered as relatively
Annotations a f refer to zircon ages obtained from the same rock
younger on geological grounds because it intruded late
type
a
304Ä…2 Ma (Poller et al. 2000b)
Variscan mylonites.
b
363Ä…11 Ma (Poller et al. 1999b)
All other investigated S-type granites from the Ve-
c
332Ä…15 Ma (Poller et al. 1999b)
poric and Tatric units provided much higher chemical
d
315Ä…5 Ma (Poller et al. 1999b)
monazite ages. The highest values were obtained from e
278Ä…11 Ma (Kotov et al. 1996)
f
S-type granites from the Pova~
skż Inovec Massif 265ą20 Ma (Poller et al. 2000c)
(364Ä…17 Ma) and the Slovenské Rudohorie Mts.
(369Ä…30 Ma), whereas the lowest (in this Lower Car-
boniferous group) was obtained for the Kornietov grano- The I-type granitoids
diorite from the Velká Fatra Mts. (333Ä…24 Ma). How-
ever, the relatively high errors inherent to the method of The investigated I-type granitoid samples provided
EMP monazite dating do not allow it to be resolved chemical monazite ages between 345Ä…22 Ma (Modra
whether the Lower Carboniferous S-types intruded in Massif, Malé Karpaty) and 308Ä…30 Ma (tonalite Velká
two or more independent pulses between ~360 and Fatra Mts.). However, these values are not in agreement
330 Ma, or all very close to ~350 Ma. In any case, the with the earlier concepts based on zircon dating, accord-
monazite ages confirm the previous view, which was ing to which most I-type granitoids in the Western
mainly based on Rb Sr whole-rock dating and few zir- Carpathians formed at ~300 Ma (see compilation in
con data, that in the Western Carpathians an important Petrík and KohÅ›t 1997). Some of the I-types, e.g. sam-
phase of S-type granite formation occurred at the begin- ples MM-3, T-37 and ZK-25, provided monazite ages
ning of the Carboniferous. which, within their errors, would be even compatible
91
Discussion and conclusions
Variscan granite formation in the Western Carpathians
There is now good geochronological evidence that many
of the Variscan granitoids of the Western Carpathians
formed in the Lower Carboniferous through voluminous
melting of crust during, or soon after, collision-related
Variscan crustal thickening and regional metamorphism.
From the Tatra Mts., Janak et al. (1999) have reported
clear evidence for decompression melting of para-
gneisses during their post-collisional uplift, producing
syndeformational migmatites with an age of 356Ä…7 Ma
(Poller and Todt 2000). This shows that the crust was in
a partially molten state at that time. Sr and Nd isotope
data (Kohśt et al. 1999; Poller et al. 1999a, 2001) rule
out that these metapelites/metagreywackes were the
main sources of the Tatric and Veporic plutons. How-
ever, the same process of decompression melting may
have affected less evolved sources in deeper parts of the
crust, with melts segregating and rising into higher crust-
al levels.
It is likely that temperatures in the middle and lower
levels of the uplifting orogen further increased in the fol-
lowing few million years due to radiogenic heat produc-
tion (e.g. Gerdes et al. 1999) and a heat input from the
mantle, which very often accompanies the collapse stage
of collision-type orogenies (e.g. Henk et al. 2000). More
precise dating methods will now be needed to resolve the
exact timing of the Carboniferous plutonic activity in the
Western Carpathians. From our data set it would appear
Fig. 2 Histogram showing the distribution of EMP monazite ages
that the age difference between S- and I-type granitoids
obtained from S-, I- and A-type granitoid occurrences in the
is significant but perhaps not as great as previously
Tatric, Veporic and Gemeric units (data source, see Table 2)
thought. Zircon ages around 300 Ma, calculated for
I-type granitoids from the Tríbe%0Å„ and Sihla massifs from
238
U/206Pb ratios, may be too young due to lead loss
with a formation around 350 Ma, coeval with the effects. Taking into account the recent 315- and 335-Ma
S-types. Other samples, such as BMF-8, PI-6/95 and U Pb zircon ages of Poller et al. (1999b) for I-types in
DL-1A, provide ages clearly younger than 350 Ma, the High Tatra, there is some evidence for major, I-type
pointing to a late Lower Carboniferous or early Upper granite-forming event(s) in the Visean and early Upper
Carboniferous plutonic activity. From the Polish part of Carboniferous. Indeed, post-collisional I-type plutons
the High Tatra, Finger et al. (2000) have recently report- postdating regional metamorphism for some 20 40 Ma
ed a chemical monazite age of 317Ä…15 Ma for a leuco- are common in collisional orogens world-wide (Pitcher
tonalite sample (KJ-3 in Table 2). The graphic compila- 1983; Harris et al. 1984).
tion of ages in Fig. 2 suggests that I-type granite forma- Both S- and I-type granitoids in the Western Carpathi-
tion generally postdates the early Carboniferous phase of ans often have chemical features which indicate remelt-
S-type granite formation. ing of volcanic arc-type crust (low Rb, high Sr, low Y
and HREEs, and deep negative Nb anomalies relative to
Ce and Th). Weathered and sedimentary reworked Pre-
The Hron%0Å„ok A-type granite cambrian/Cadomian volcanic-arc material may have
been the source for many of the Tatric and Veporic
For this rock we obtained an age of 263Ä…19 Ma. This is S-type granitoids. Such mica-enriched portions of sub-
close to the zircon age of 278Ä…11 Ma given by Kotov et ducted arc-type crust would be the first to melt in a
al. (1996) for a subvolcanic dyke derived from this gran- (post-)collisional high heat flow regime due to fluid-ab-
ite (Petrík 1996), although it is slightly higher than the sent melting reactions of the type Mu + Qz + Plag
Triassic zircon age (239Ä…1 Ma) of Putia
et al. (2000) for melt + Sil Ä… Kfsp or Bt + Sil + Qz + Plag melt Ä… Kfsp
a sample from the main Hron%0Å„ok granite body. Neverthe- Ä… Grt/Crd (see Clemens and Vielzeuf 1987).
less, it is clear also from our data that the Hron%0Å„ok gran- On the other hand, the unweathered, less aluminous
ite complex must be post-Carboniferous. portions of the same volcanic-arc crust (the I-type sourc-
92
es) may have remained solid, and then melted a couple
of million years later due to a further temperature rise in-
volving reactions such as Bt + Plag + Qz melt Ä… Grt Ä…
Opx Ä… Kfsp, or hornblende dehydration melting. Such a
model could well explain the observed time differences
between S- and I-type plutons. Furthermore, the early-
stage melts may have received some (minor) admixtures
from country-rock paragneiss leucosomes at their em-
placement level, which may have shifted their composi-
tion even more towards the S-type.
Intra-Variscan correlations
Although the chain of events, i.e. high/medium-P burial
regional metamorphism exhumation decompress-
ional anatexis and production of crustal granites intru-
sion of post-collisional I-type plutons, appears to be
basically the same as in other major Variscan granite
Fig. 3 Timing of Variscan tectonomagmatic events in the Western
terrains in central Europe, it should be noted that in the Carpathians compared to the Hohe Tauern granitoid terrain and
the Southern Bohemian Massif (Moldanubian; see text for data
Western Carpathians the whole process started relatively
sources)
early. The time scale of tectonothermal events recorded
in the Carpathians is consistently shifted for some
20 30 Ma towards older ages compared to the westerly
terrane of Franke and Zelazniewicz 2000). There, collis-
adjacent Variscides, i.e. the Bohemian Massif in Austria
ional metamorphism occurred at roughly 370 Ma, fol-
and the Czech Republic (Fig. 3). There, regional meta-
lowed by I-type plutonism at ca. 350 Ma (Dörr et al.
morphism occurred at ca. 340 Ma, followed by rapid up-
1998). However, it should be noted that, unlike the West-
lift and extensive crustal melting between about 335 and
ern Carpathians, the Bohemian terrane is very poor in
320 Ma (formation of most of the South Bohemian
S-type granitoids.
Batholith; Finger et al. 1997). A later phase of I-type
A broadly corresponding timing of Variscan tectono-
plutonism is dated at ca. 315 300 Ma, with some late
thermal events may have existed in the Western Carpa-
I-type dyke swarms being as young as 270 Ma (Koa
ler
thians and the westwards adjacent Lower and Middle
et al. 2001).
Austroalpine units of the Eastern Alps. The latter contain
The Variscan granite terrain of the Western Carpathi-
Variscan I-type and S-type plutons with compositions
ans is also distinct from the Variscan Hohe Tauern
similar to the Carpathian ones (see data in Schermaier et
Batholith in the Eastern Alps (Finger et al. 1993) with
al. 1997). Unfortunately, reliable geochronological infor-
regard to the age of magmatic pulses (Fig. 3). Large-
mation is presently scarce for these Austroalpine plu-
scale crustal melting in the Hohe Tauern occurred at ca.
tons. From Rb Sr WR data (Scharbert 1990; Peindl et al.
330 340 Ma (Eichhorn et al. 2000). After some 30 Ma
1990), it would seem that the largest Austroalpine S-type
of magmatic quiescence, a new, intensive pulse of I-type
pluton, which is represented by the Grobgneis of the
plutonism is recorded at around 290 310 Ma (Cesare
Semmering area, is as old as the Western Carpathian
et al. 2001).
S-type granitoids. Likewise, unpublished zircon ages of
This unconformity of post-collisional magmatic
Von Quadt (personal communication) constrain a phase
events indirectly supports the palinspastic reconstruc-
of post-collisional I-type granite formation in the Middle
tions of Stampfli (1996) and Von Raumer (1998), ac-
Austroalpine at about 335 Ma (Seckau-Bösenstein
cording to which, in the Visean, the Western Carpathian
Batholith), which falls in the time span of I-type granite
rocks were positioned far away, i.e. some 500 km east of
formation in the Western Carpathians. A correlation of
the Bohemian Massif and the Hohe Tauern. Evidently,
the Tatric and Veporic units with the Lower and Middle
the tectonic history of this  east sector of the Variscan
Austroalpine basement units has been suggested by
fold belt was quite distinct. We may speculate that the
Neubauer (1994). Together they may indeed constitute
Western Carpathian basement belonged to those Variscan
one coherent  east sector in the Variscan collision zone
(Armorican) terranes which collided first with the Laura-
(see Von Raumer 1998).
sian megacontinent. It remains open for discussion
whether a correlation is feasible with those extra-Alpine
Armorican terranes, which docked relatively early to
Tectonic significance of the Permian granites
Laurasia as well (e.g. the Saxothuringian and the Teplá-
Barrandian). Indeed, there are certain parallels in the In the extra-Alpine Variscan massifs (Massif Central,
Variscan evolution of the Carpathian terrane and the Te- Schwarzwald, Bohemian Massif), Permian granites are
plá Barrandian Unit of western Bohemia (the Bohemian very rare whereas recent work, including this paper, has
93
Acknowledgements We thank Ivan Dianiska, Dusan Plasienka
shown that granites of this age are almost ubiquitous in
and Marian Janak for providing sample material for this study, and
the Alpine-Carpathian chain (e.g. Von Quadt et al. 1999;
Jürgen von Raumer and Wolfgang Dörr for their helpful reviews.
Schaltegger and Gebauer 1999; Thöni 1999; Eichhorn
The study was supported by the Austrian National Bank (grant
et al. 2000). Therefore, these Permian granites obviously
7163).
indicate a new tectonomagmatic event in the intra-
Alpine Variscan units, and are not related to the collapse
of the Variscan orogen. Due to the scarcity of geochrono-
Appendix
logical data, this has remained unrecognised in a couple
of previous studies (e.g. Finger et al. 1997).
Analytical techniques
The geochemical characteristics of the intra-Alpine
(intra-Carpathian) Permian plutonism are extremely vari-
Monazite analyses were carried out between 1995 and
able, indicating the involvement of several different
2001 using the Jeol JX 8600 microprobe of the Institute
magma sources. Stocks and dykes of leucocratic Permian
for Geology at Salzburg University. The monazite grains
S- and A-type granites, as present in the southern part of
were searched in polished thin sections by backscattered-
the Western Carpathians, have also been found in the
electron imaging (BSE). For analysis, the operating con-
Hohe Tauern and the western Alps (Von Quadt et al.
ditions were 15 kV and 250 nA with a beam diameter of
1999; Schaltegger and Gebauer 1999; Eichhorn et al.
5 µm. Analysis spots were preferentially placed in the
2000 and references therein). At least the S-type granites
grain centres. In larger grains, analyses were made in
clearly show that crustal melting has occurred at that
different places (see below). For Th, U, Pb MÄ… spectral
time. For the A-type melts different genetic models can
lines and counting times of 30 (2×15), 50 (2×10) and
be discussed. They may have formed by high-T melting
200 s (2×100 s) were chosen for peak and background
of crust (Collins et al. 1982), or by fractionation of en-
positions. The 2Ã errors per spot were typically
riched mantle melts (see Bonin 1992).
0.05 wt% for Th, 0.03 wt% for U, and 0.012 0.013 wt%
In particular in the southern and western Alps, several
for Pb.
ca. 270-Ma-old I-type plutons (e.g. Dora Maira, Monte
Y, La, Ce (LÄ…1) Pr, Nd (L²1) and P, Al, Si, Ca (KÄ…1)
Rose, Grand Paradiso) have been recognised (Bussy and
were routinely analysed to provide a reasonable ZAF
Cadoppi 1996; Bertrand et al. 2000). Sources may have
correction and to control whether the analysis points had
been partly crustal (remelting of metaigneous crust) or
an optimal monazite stoichiometry. Furthermore, slight
may contain a mantle contribution (see Schaltegger and
Y and Th interferences on the Pb MÄ… line had to be em-
Gebauer 1999 and references therein). Furthermore, it
pirically corrected (Montel et al. 1996; Scherrer et al.
should not be overlooked that a considerable part of the
2000) as well as a Th interference on U MÄ…. Calibration
Permian magmatism in the Alps is basaltic to gabbroic,
standards were synthetic ThO2, UO2, PbS, apatite, CeAl2
with MORB-like or WPB-like composition (e.g. Pin and
and a REE glass. To independently test the quality of the
Sills 1986; Hermann et al. 1997; Miller and Thöni 1997).
Th U Pb analyses, a monazite age standard, dated by
At the same time, low-pressure metamorphism has been
isotope dilution and mass spectrometer analyses with a
locally documented in metapelitic lithologies (Schuster
concordant age of 341Ä…2 Ma (Friedl 1997), was system-
and Thöni 1996).
atically analysed together with the samples. The results
Due to the observed style of the magmatic/metamor-
of these standard measurements are given below. The
phic record, most geologists presently agree that the
recommended age value could be sufficiently reproduced
 Permian event in the Alpine-Carpathian chain is
during all analytical sessions.
caused by extensional tectonics, involving high heat
flow from the mantle through basaltic underplating
Calculation of ages
(Bussy et al. 2000; Broska and Uher 2001; Thöni 1999).
Whether this Permian extension was caused by a late
Ages were calculated for each analysis point with the
Variscan, northwards subduction of the Palaeotethys
following equation (Montel et al. 1996):
Ocean (back-arc extension model of Stampfli et al.
2001), or whether we are dealing with an intracontinen-
tal rift and the beginning of a new Wilson cycle (onset of
the Alpine orogeny in the sense of, e.g. Neubauer et al.
2000) is a matter of debate. In the Italian and Swiss sec-
tors of the Alps, there is some evidence that (a potential-
ly subduction-related) I-type plutonism persisted from
the late Carboniferous (Cesare et al. 2001) to the
Permian, and one may argue that this corroborates the Appropriate two sigma errors were derived by propagat-
Stampfli et al. (2001) subduction model. In the Carpathi- ing the individual errors for Pb, Th, U through this equa-
ans the situation is different: Here, the late Variscan tion (Table 3). For each sample, a weighted average age
granites, although of the I-type, do not appear to be sub- was calculated from all obtained monazite analyses us-
duction related, and there seems to be a considerable ing the software of Ludwig (2000). This age has been
time gap between the Variscan and the Permian granites. generally interpreted as the granite formation age.
94
Table 3 Th, U, Pb compositions (wt%) and model ages of the analysed monazites, including data for laboratory standard F-5
Grain Th U Pb Age Grain Th U Pb Age Grain Th U Pb Age
number/ number/ number/
analysis analysis analysis
point point point
95
Table 3 (continued)
Grain Th U Pb Age Grain Th U Pb Age Grain Th U Pb Age
number/ number/ number/
analysis analysis analysis
point point point
96
Table 3 (continued)
Grain Th U Pb Age Grain Th U Pb Age Grain Th U Pb Age
number/ number/ number/
analysis analysis analysis
point point point
Cambel B, Petrík I (1982) The West Carpathian granitoids:
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