BarCharts, Inc.® WORLD S #1 ACADEMIC OUTLINE
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A summary of reguIar and irreguIar verbs
endings for that verb (hablar) in the g. Nosotras: (first-person, plural, female
present tense. pronoun) habl + amos we speak
1. The Infinitive
3. In Spanish, verbs have six conjugations in
h. Vosotros: (second-person, plural, familiar,
The verb in its most basic form, such as hablar
each tense one for each subject pronoun. To
male or mixed-gender pronoun) ¸Å¼¾´ õ ™·
to speak), comer to eat) and vivir to live).
use the verb hablar in the simple present tense,
you speak
a. The stem, or radical: The first portion of
take the stem habl and attach an ending
i. Vosotras: (second-person, plural, familiar,
the verb, such as habl-, com-, and viv-
according to the following guidelines:
female pronoun) ¸Å¼¾´ õ ™· you speak
b. Infinitive ending: The last two letters in
a. Yo: (first-person, singular pronoun) habl + o
j. NOTE: The vosotros and vosotras forms
the verb, such as ar, -er, and ir
I speak
are primarily used in Spain, and are less
c. Verbs are usually conjugated by removing the
b. Ì"ć (second-person, singular familiar
common in other Spanish-speaking countries.
infinitive ending and applying a new ending,
pronoun) habl + as you speak
Except for Spaniards, most Spanish speakers
corresponding to a certain set of rules.
c. Usted: (second-person, singular formal
use the ustedes form, as described below,
2. English-Spanish comparison
pronoun, often abbreviated as Ud.) habl a
in item k.
a. In English, most verbs differ only between
you speak
k. Ustedes: (second-person, plural formal
the third-person singular and the other tenses.
d. El: (third-person, singular, male pronoun)
pronoun, often abbreviated as Uds.) habl
b. Thus, the options for the simple present
habl + a he speaks
+ an you speak
tense in English for the verb speak are I
e. Ella: (third-person, singular, female
l. Ellos: (third-person, plural, male or mixed-
speak, you speak, he speaks, she speaks,
pronoun) habl + a she speaks
they speak and we speak. Speak and gender pronoun) habl an - they speak
f. Nosotros: (first-person, plural, male or
speaks are the only options in that tense. m. Ellas: (third-person, plural, female
mixed-gender pronoun) habl + amos we
c. Spanish, however, has six distinct possible speak pronoun) habl + an they speak
esconder (to hide), leer (to read),
poseer (to possess, own), prometer
1. Regular verbs: All regular verbs listed in the following section are
(to promise), sorprender (to surprise),
conjugated to match pronouns in the following order:
a. All verbs fall into one or more of
temer (to fear) and vender (to sell)
1. yo (I)
five basic categories, and most
5. Verbs ending in ir are fewer yet.
2. Ź" (you, informal singular)
can be conjugated by following
Examples: admitir (to admit), asistir (to
3. Å‚´, ella, Ud. (he, she or you, formal singular)
a basic system of rules.
attend), cumplir (to complete),
4. nosotros, nosotras (we)
b. Hablar, comer, and vivir are all
describir, (to describe), discutir (to
5. vosotros, vosotras (you, informal plural)
common, regular verbs.
discuss, argue), escribir (to write),
6. ellos, ellas, Uds. (they or you, formal plural)
2. Irregular Verbs:
existir (to exist), interrumpir (to
a. While most Spanish verbs correspond
interrupt), ocurrir (to occur, happen),
with a basic set of rules, several
recibir (to receive), subir (to climb, go
1. Regular ar verbs, such as estudiar (to study)
extremely important verbs do not.
up), sufrir (to suffer) and vivir (to live)
estudi o (I study, I do study, estudi amos
b. Dar (to give), tener (to have) anddecir
6. Some of the most useful verbs are
or I am studying)
(to say) are all common irregulars.
irregular.
estudi as estudi ™·
3. Verbs that end in ar are the most
Examples: creer (to believe), dar (to estudi a estudi an
common.
give), decir (to say), estar (to be, in the ۨżł°´Ä‡ ÇÄ… Ź«Åº·Ä… ¾·Ä…´Ä…Ä…ŽÅ¼ (I study biology).
Examples of verbs ending in ar :
2. Regular er verbs, such as comer (to eat)
sense of location or temporary status),
amar (to love), ayudar (to help), com o (I eat, I do eat, com emos
haber (to have, in the sense of having
or I am eating)
bailar (to dance), caminar (to walk),
done something), hacer (to do, make),
com es com Å‚·
contestar (to answer), disculpar (to
ir (to go), Ä…Ž® (to hear), poder (to be
com e com en
pardon), entrar (to enter), esperar (to
able), poner (to put), querer (to want),
ۨżł°´Ä‡ Ì" ½Ä…Å‚ ®Å¼°·ÅºÄ… (You eat quickly).
wait, hope), estudiar (to study),
saber (to know), salir (to leave), ser
3. Regular ir verbs, such as escribir (to write)
explicar (to explain), jurar (to swear),
(to be, usually on a permanent basis),
escrib o (I write, I do write, escrib imos
mirar (to look), orar (to pray), pasar
tener (to have, in the sense of
or I am writing)
(to pass), perdonar (to forgive,
possession), traer (to bring), venir (to
escrib es escrib Ž
pardon), preguntar (to ask), quedar
come), and ver (to see).
escrib e escrib en
(to stay), quitar (to take off), tomar
7. The other major group is stem-changing
ۨżł°´Ä‡ Û´ ½®·¾ ² °Å¼ŠÄ…´ (He writes in Spanish).
(to take, drink), trabajar (to work),
verbs, which have the same endings as
tratar (to treat) and viajar (to travel)
regular verbs, but the stems change in
4. Verbs ending in er are less common.
all forms except nosotros and vosotros
1. Regular ar verbs
Examples of verbs ending in er
(the forms in which the stem is not
estudi aba (I was studying, estudi ™¾Å¼Å‚Ä…
aprender (to learn), beber (to stressed in pronunciation). Endings for
or I used to study)
drink), comer (to eat), comprender stem-changing verbs are the same as for
estudi abas estudi abais
(to understand), correr (to run), regular ar, er and ir verbs. estudi aba estudi aban
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ۨżł°´Ä‡ ÇÄ… Ź«Åº·Å‚ Ä…Ä…Ä…®Å¼ºŽÅ¼ (I studied geography).
2. Regular er verbs
Example: Nosotros estudiabamos literatura (We were studying
com Ž (I understood) com imos
literature).
com iste com isteis
2. Regular er verbs
com ·‰ com ieron
com ŽÅ¼ (I was eating, com ŽÅ¼Å‚Ä…
ۨżł°´Ä‡ Ì" ½Ä…Å‚·Å¹ ´ ¾·Å¹½ (You ate the beefsteak).
or I used to eat)
3. Regular ir verbs
com ŽÅ¼ com ŽÅ¼·
escrib Ž (I wrote) escrib imos
com ŽÅ¼ com ŽÅ¼²
escrib iste escrib isteis
ۨżł°´Ä‡ ĘąąŹ®Ä… ½Ä…Å‚ŽÅ¼ ½Ä…² ²Ä…ąŹ®Ä… (You were eating/used to
escrib ·‰ escrib ieron
eat with us).
ۨżł°´Ä‡ Û´ Ź ½®·¾·‰ (He wrote to you).
3. Regular ir verbs
escrib ŽÅ¼ (I was writing, escrib ŽÅ¼Å‚Ä…
or I used to write)
1. Expresses commands (in the Ud. and Uds. form) and also in subordinate
escrib ŽÅ¼ escrib ŽÅ¼·
or dependent clauses, as in the cases of expressing emotions such as joy,
escrib ŽÅ¼ escrib ŽÅ¼²
sorrow and doubt.
ۨżł°´Ä‡ Û´´Å¼ ½®·¾ŽÅ¼² ´ ´·¾®Ä… (They were writing/used to write
îò Żż² ż´Ä… ¾ «Åº Źą ¨°® ż ²Ä…żŹ·ª ½Ä…łłż²Åº ·² Ź¸ Ź" ºÄ…®Å‚ò
the book).
3. Regular ar verbs
estudi e estudi emos
estudi es estudi Å‚·
1. Regular ar verbs
estudi e estudi en
estudiar Å‚ (I will study, estudiar emos
ۨżł°´Ä‡ÛŹ«Åº· Å‚™ (Study more); ÒÄ… Ź«Åº·Å‚Ä… żŻ«Ž (Let s not study here).
or I shall study)
4. Regular er verbs
estudiar ™ estudiar Å‚·
com a com amos
estudiar ™ estudiar ™²
com as com ™·
ۨżł°´Ä‡ ÇÄ… Ź«Åº·Å¼®Å‚ ®´·Ä…·‰² (I will study religion).
com a com an
2. Regular er verbs
ۨżł°´Ä‡ Ï« ´´Å¼ ½Ä…łż Å‚™ (May she eat more); Dudo que lo coman (I
comer Å‚ (I will eat, comer emos
doubt that they eat it).
or I shall eat)
5. Regular ir verbs
comer ™ comer Å‚·
escrib a escrib amos
comer ™ comer ™²
escrib as escrib ™·
ۨżł°´Ä‡ Ì" ½Ä…Å‚®™ Å‚«½¸Ä… Å‚™ (You will eat much more).
escrib a escrib an
3. Regular ir verbs
Examples: No lo escribas (Don t write it); ÛŹż®Å‚ żŻ«Ž ¸Å¼Å¹Å¼ Å»« Å‚
escribir Å‚ (I will write, escribir emos
escriban (I will be here until they write to me).
or I shall write)
escribir ™ escribir Å‚·
escribir ™ escribir ™²
1. Equivalent to the ing form of verbs (such as speaking, eating, living)
ۨżł°´Ä‡ Û´´Å¼ ½®·¾·®™ « ²Ä…Å‚¾® (She will write her name).
2. Formation
a) Ar verbs: Drop the ar and add ando to the stem, as in hablando
(speaking).
1. Regular ar verbs
b) Er and ir verbs: Drop the er and ir and add iendo to the
estudiar ŽÅ¼ (I would study) estudiar ŽÅ¼Å‚Ä…
stem, as in bebiendo (drinking) or viviendo (living).
estudiar ŽÅ¼ estudiar ŽÅ¼·
ۨżł°´Ä‡ ÔÄ… śąª² Ź™² ½Å¼Å‚·²Å¼²ÅºÄ… (The young ones are walking); La
estudiar ŽÅ¼ estudiar ŽÅ¼²
maestra entra bailando en el cuarto (The teacher enters the room dancing).
ۨżł°´Ä‡ ÒąąŹ®Ä… Ź«Åº·Å¼®ŽÅ¼Å‚Ä… ´Ä… ½Å¼Å‚¾·Ä… (We would study
the changes).
2. Regular er verbs
1. Formation
comer ŽÅ¼ (I would eat) comer ŽÅ¼Å‚Ä…
a. Regular verbs past participles are formed:
comer ŽÅ¼ comer ŽÅ¼·
i. From ar verbs: Drop ar and add ado to the stem, as in
comer ŽÅ¼ comer ŽÅ¼²
hablado (spoken).
ۨżł°´Ä‡Ä˜Ä…ąŹ®Ä… ½Ä…Å‚®ŽÅ¼· ´Å¼ ²Å¼´Å¼ÅºÅ¼ (You would eat the salad).
ii. From er or ir verbs: Drop er and ir and add ido to the
3. Regular ir verbs
stem, as in bebido (drunk) or vivido (lived).
escribir ŽÅ¼ (I would write) escribir ŽÅ¼Å‚Ä…
b. Just as certain English verbs (such as see, take and know) have irregular
escribir ŽÅ¼ escribir ŽÅ¼·
past participles (seen, taken and known), so do some Spanish verbs.
escribir ŽÅ¼ escribir ŽÅ¼²
2. Function
ۨżł°´Ä‡Û´´Ä… ½®·¾·®ŽÅ¼² « °Ä…łż (They would write their poems).
a. To form the seven perfect tenses.
4. Other Uses Of Conditional
b. To form the perfect infinitive, such as haber escuchado (to have listened).
a. To make a request or a polite statement: `Ðąź®ŽÅ¼ Ëźò ż¾®·® ´Å¼
c. To form the perfect participle, such as habiendo vivido (having lived).
puerta? (Could you open the door?).
d.To serve as an adjective, as in las casas pintadas (the painted houses),
b. To express uncertainty, feelings, desires and hypothetical
always agreeing in gender and number with the noun being modified.
situations: Û´´Ä… ź·®ŽÅ¼² ´Å¼ ª®ÅºÅ¼Åº (They probably told the truth).
e. To work with estar to express the result of an action: Los muchachos
estan vistos (The boys are seen).
f. To work with quedar or quedarse to express the result of an action: Los
1. Regular ar verbs
estudi Å‚ (I studied) estudi amos zapatos se quedan mojados (The shoes remain wet).
estudi aste estudi asteis g.To work with ser in forming the passive voice: La ventana fue cerrada
estudi ‰ estudi aron por el maestro (The window was closed by the teacher).
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5. Future perfect uses the following conjugations of haber: ¸Å¼¾®Å‚,
¸Å¼¾®™, ¸Å¼¾®™, habremos, ¸Å¼¾®Å‚· and ¸Å¼¾®™².
ۨżł°´Ä‡ ĘąąŹ®Ä… ¸Å¼¾®Å‚· °®°Å¼®Å¼ÅºÄ… « ½«Å¼®Å¹Ä… (You will have
prepared your rooms); Los soldados habran llegado (The soldiers will
1. Haber:
have arrived).
a. Essential in forming the various perfect tenses communicating
6. Conditional perfect uses the following conjugations of haber: ¸Å¼¾®ŽÅ¼,
such ideas as I have returned and They would have spoken.
¸Å¼¾®ŽÅ¼, ¸Å¼¾®ŽÅ¼, ¸Å¼¾®ŽÅ¼Å‚Ä…, ¸Å¼¾®ŽÅ¼·, and ¸Å¼¾®ŽÅ¼².
b. To use any of the perfect tenses, place the past participle of any
ۨżł°´Ä‡ Ì" ¸Å¼¾®ŽÅ¼ ¸½¸Ä… Å‚™ (You would have done more); Ellos
verb after a conjugation of the verb haber.
¸Å¼¾®ŽÅ¼² Å»«®·ÅºÄ… Źż® ż´´™ (They would have wanted to be there).
Examples: Yo he hablado (I have spoken); Pab´Ä… ¸Å¼¾®™ Ź«Åº·Å¼ÅºÄ…
7. Present subjunctive uses the following conjugations of haber: haya,
(Pablo will have studied).
hayas, haya, hayamos, ¸Å¼Å¼™·, and hayan.
2. Present perfect uses the following conjugations of haber: he,
ۨżł°´Ä‡ ܫźą Å»« Å‚ ¸Å¼Å¼Å¼ Ä…ŽÅºÄ… (I doubt that you ve heard me); żEs
has, ha, hemos, habeis and han
posible que hayan visitado Alaska? (Is it possible that they ve visited Alaska?).
ۨżł°´Ä‡ ÒąąŹ®Ä… ¸Å‚Ä… ª·ª·ÅºÄ… żŻ«Ž (We have lived here);
8. Pluperfect or past perfect subjunctive uses the following
Uds. han hablado bien (You have spoken well).
conjugations of haber: hubiera, hubieras, hubiera, ¸«¾·Å‚®Å¼Å‚Ä…,
3. Past perfect uses the following conjugations of haber: ¸Å¼¾ŽÅ¼,
¸«¾·Å‚®Å¼· and hubieran; OR hubiese, hubieses, hubiese, hubiesemos,
¸Å¼¾ŽÅ¼, ¸Å¼¾ŽÅ¼, ¸Å¼¾ŽÅ¼Å‚Ä…, ¸Å¼¾ŽÅ¼·, and ¸Å¼¾ŽÅ¼².
ۨżł°´Ä‡ ߲ż ¸Å¼¾ŽÅ¼ ½®·Å¹Ä… (Ana had written); VąąŹ®Ä… ¸Å¼¾ŽÅ¼· hubieseis and hubiesen.
dicho mucho (You had said plenty). ۨżł°´Ä‡ ÒąąŹ®Ä… Å»«®ŽÅ¼Å‚Ä… Å»« ¸«¾·Å‚®Å¼· ½Å¼²Å¹Å¼ÅºÄ… (We wanted you to
4. Past anterior (which is rarely used, except in literature) uses the sing); Û´´Å¼ ¸Å¼¾®ŽÅ¼ °®º®·ÅºÄ… Å»« ´´Ä… ´Ä… ¸«¾·² ź½«¾·®Å¹Ä… ż²Å¹ (She
following conjugations of haber: hube, hubiste, hubo, would have preferred that they had discovered it beforehand).
9. Future perfect subjunctive (rarely used in modern Spanish) uses the
hubimos, hubisteis, and hubieron.
Examples: Yo te hube comprendido (I had understood you); Pablo following conjugations of haber: hubiere, hubieres, hubiere,
hubo estado en la casa (Pablo had been in the house). hubieremos, hubierreis and hubieren.
1. Describe some actions, such as hygiene, which one performs on oneself, and are 1. To express an indefinite subject, Spanish uses se
distinguished by the se at the end of the infinitive. with the third-person singular of a verb: Se dice que te
a. Cepillarse, for example, means to brush one s teeth. gusta helado (It is said that you like ice cream); Se
b. Ponerse means to put on, often in the sense of putting on clothing. Ź«Åº·Å¼ Å‚«½¸Ä… żŻ«Ž (One studies very much here, or
c. Acostarse means to lie down. people study very much here).
d. Other examples: casarse (to get married), lavarse (to wash oneself), levantarse 2. If the subject is a thing, and the activator of the verb is
(to get up), maquillarse (to put on makeup), sentarse (to sit down) and vestirse not specified, se can be used in either the third-
(to dress oneself). person singular or plural, depending on whether the
2. Some verbs assume a different meaning when they become reflexive. Among them are irse subject is singular or plural: Í ¸Å¼¾´Å¼ ·²Ä…´Å‚ ż´´Ž
(to go away) and dormirse(to fall asleep), as compared to ir (to go) and dormir (to sleep). (English is spoken there); Se presenta el grupo hoy
Examples: Me voy ahora (I m going away now); żTe duermes? (Are you falling asleep?). (The group is presented today).
Examples: Escribe todo (Write everything); Û½®·¾·Åº Å‚™ ´·¾®Ä… (Write
more books).
1. Command verbs are conjugated in five groups not the usual six,
6. Regular ar verbs for negative commands
because there is no logical reason to give oneself a command.
No estudi es No estudi Å‚·
2. The rules for forming positive commands are not always the same
No estudi e No estudi en
as those for forming negative commands. For example, in a
No estudi emos
second-person, singular, informal usage, Camina en la hierba
Examples: No estudie todo, por favor (Don t study everything, please); No
is correct for conveying to Walk on the grass. The phrasing for
Ź«Åº·Å‚Ä… żŻ«Ž (Let s not study here).
Don t walk on the grass, however, is No camines en la hierba.
7. Regular er verbs for negative commands
3. Regular ar verbs for positive commands
No com e No com ™·
estudi a estudi ad
No com as No com an
estudi e estudi en
No com amos
estudi emos
Examples: No comas mis galletas, por favor (Don t eat my cookies, please);
ۨżł°´Ä‡ ÛŹ«Åº· Å‚™ (Study more); Estudien con sus amigos
No coman los ingredientes (Don t eat the ingredients).
(Study with your friends).
8. Regular ir verbs for negative commands
4. Regular er verbs for positive commands
No escrib as No escrib ™·
com e com ed
No escrib a No escrib an
com a com an
No escrib amos
com amos
Examples: No me escribas (Don t write to me); No escribamos nada (Let s
Examples: Come el pan (Eat the bread); Comamos las
not write anything).
manzanas (Let s eat the apples).
9. Several prominent verbs are irregular in the tu form of positive
5. Regular ir verbs for positive commands
commands: decir (di), hacer (haz), ir (ve), poner (pon), salir (sal), tener
escrib e escrib id (ten) and venir (ven).
escrib a escrib an Examples: Dime todo, por favor (Tell me everything, please). Ve al
escrib amos mercado (Go to the market).
3
b. Serves as a helping verb for the perfect tenses.
c. In the hay conjugation, communicates the idea of there is and there are.
Examples: Hay mucho sol (It is very sunny, or literally, there is much sun);
Hay muchas nubes en el cielo (There are many clouds in the sky); No hay
1. abrir (to open): abierto
duda (There is no doubt).
2. caer łŹą ºÅ¼´´÷ć ½Å¼ŽÅºÄ…
d.Related uses: Øż¾ŽÅ¼ (There was/were); hubo (there was/were/used to be); ¸Å¼¾®™
3. cubrir (to cover): cubierto
4. decir (to say): dicho (there will be); ha habido (there has/have been); haya (may there be); puede haber
5. descubrir (to discover): descubierto
(there could be); debe haber (there must be); puede haber (there can be); °Ä…źŽÅ¼
6. deshacer (to undo): deshecho
haber or °Ä…ź®ŽÅ¼ ¸Å¼¾® (there could be); ¸Å¼¾ŽÅ¼ ¸Å¼¾·ÅºÄ… (there had been).
7. devolver (to return, give back):
ۨżł°´Ä‡ Øż¾ŽÅ¼ ´«²Å¼ ¾®·´´Å¼²Å¹ ż ²Ä…½¸ (The moon was shining brilliantly that
devuelto
night, or literally, there was brilliant moonlight that night); ÒÄ… ¸Å¼¾ŽÅ¼ °®Ä…¾´Å‚ż
8. envolver (to wrap up): envuelto
(There was no problem); Haya luz (Let there be light).
9. escribir (to write): escrito
e. Use the hay or ¸Å¼¾ŽÅ¼ forms with the infinitive of a verb to communicate a
10. imponer (to impose): impuesto
general requirement: Hay que esperar (One must wait); ÒÄ… ¸Å¼¾ŽÅ¼ Å»« ª²Åº®
11. imprimir (to print): impreso
nada (It wasn t necessary to sell anything); Øż¾®™ Å»« Ź²® ½«·ÅºÅ¼ÅºÄ… (It will
12. ir (to go): ido
be necessary to be careful).
13. leer łŹą ®Å¼Åº÷ć ´ŽÅºÄ…
f. Like the phrase De nada, no hay de que means you re welcome. It is
14. morir (to die): muerto
actually short for No hay de que dar gracias ( No thanks are necessary ).
15. Ä…Ž® łŹą ¸Å¼®÷ć Ä…ŽÅºÄ…
3. Hacer
16. poner (to put, place): puesto
a. Communicates the ideas of to make and to do.
17. rehacer (to redo, remake): rehecho
b. Used, in the third-person singular, to express various ideas about weather: Hace sol
18. rŽ® łŹą ´Å¼«Ä…¸÷ć ®ŽÅºÄ…
(It is sunny); Øż½ŽÅ¼ Å‚«½¸Ä… º®½Ä… (It was very cool);Øż®™ ¾«² Ź·Å‚°Ä… (It will be
19. resolver (to resolve, solve): resuelto
good weather); Øż½ŽÅ¼ Å‚«½¸··Å‚Ä… ª·²Å¹Ä… (It was extremely windy); Øż®™ Å‚«½¸Ä…
20. romper (to break): roto
calor (It will be very hot); `Ï«Å‚ Ź·Å‚°Ä… ¸Å¼½á (What kind of weather is it?)
21. traer łŹą ¾®·²Ä…÷ć Ź®Å¼ŽÅºÄ…
c. Used to indicate the idea of past time, in the sense of ago or since:
22. ver (to see) visto
Żął²Åš‰ ¸Å¼½ Å‚«½¸Ä… żŠÄ… (It began many years ago); Hace muchos meses
23. volver (to return): vuelto
°Å¼Å¼®Ä…² °Ä…® żŻ«Ž (They passed by here many months ago).
ۨżł°´Ä‡ Ôż °«®Å¹Å¼ Ź™ ż¾·®Å¹Å¼ (The door is open);
4. Ir
Ôż ź·º®²½·Å¼ Ź™² ª·Å¹Å¼ (The differences are seen).
a. To go
b. To communicate a sense of future intent: Yo voy a rezar (I m going to pray);
Nosotros vamos a triunfar (We are going to triumph).
1. caer: cayendo
5. Poder
2. creer: creyendo
a. Communicates the idea of ability.
3. decir: diciendo
b. It is a stem-changing verb, going from o to ue.
4. dormir: durmiendo
Examples: Tu puedes nadar (You can swim); Û´´Å¼ °Ä…ź®™ ½Å¼Å‚·²Å¼® (She will be able
5. ir: yendo
6. leer: leyendo to walk); `Ðąź®ŽÅ¼² Ëźò ª²·®á (Might you be able to come?).
7. mentir: mintiendo
6. Ser/Estar
8. morir: muriendo
a. Uses of ser:
9. oir: oyendo
i. Describes permanent characteristics of a person, place, object, or animal:
10. pedir: pidiendo
Miguel es alto, y los otros muchachos son bajos (Miguel is tall, and the
11. poder: pudiendo
other boys are short); Û´ ¸·´Ä… º®ŽÄ… (Ice is cold).
12. preferir: prefiriendo
ii. Denotes origin, material, or ownership when followed by the preposition
13. reir: riendo
de : Somos de Wyoming (We are from Wyoming).
14. seguir: siguiendo
iii. Tells the time and the date: Es el tres de marzo, y son las cuatro de la
15. sentir: sintiendo
tarde (It s the third of March, and it s four in the afternoon).
16. ser: siendo
iv. Forms the passive voice: Ôż ºÄ…²Ä…Ä…®Å¼ºŽÅ¼ º« ·²ª²Å¹Å¼ÅºÅ¼ °Ä…® ̸ąłż
17. servir: sirviendo
Edison (The phonograph was invented by Thomas Edison).
18. traer: trayendo
b. Uses of estar:
19. venir: viniendo
i. Expresses location: ÛŹżłą ² ´ śż®ÅºŽ² (We are in the garden).
20. Verbs which are rarely used in the present
ii. Expresses a condition: Û´´Å¼ Ź™ Å‚«Å¼ ½Ä…²Å¹²Å¹Å¼ (She is very happy); ÛŹ™
progressive:
nublado (It is cloudy). ÛŹ™ ź°Å›Å¼ÅºÄ… (It is clear).
a. estar c. venir
iii. Forms the progressive tenses: Yo Źż¾Å¼ ½«½¸Å¼²ÅºÄ… ź«®Å¼²Å¹ ´ źŽÅ¼ (I was
b. ir d. ser
listening during the day); ß´º®ÅºÄ… Ź™ żż«ÅºÅ¼²ÅºÄ… (Alfredo is helping).
7. Tener
a. Expresses possession: Diana tiene una bicicleta roja (Diana has a red bicycle).
1. Gustar
b. Expresses a broad range of conditions, including the following:
a. Definition
i. Tener calor (to be or feel warm): Isabel tiene calor (Isabel is warm, or
i. To be pleasing to someone
Isabel feels very warm).
ii. Most used in the third-person singular and
ii. Tener cuidado (to be careful): Hay que tener cuidado (One must be careful).
plural; conveys the idea of liking something
iii. Tener deseos (to be eager, to wish very much): Los muchachos tienen
b. Sentence structure: indirect object pronoun, verb,
muchos deseos de participar (The children are eager to participate).
article and noun or infinitive.
iv. T²® Å‚¨·Å¹Ä… (to be successful): Ï« Ź²Ä…ż Å‚«½¸Ä… Å‚¨·Å¹Ä… (May you have
Examples: Me gusta este libro (I like this book). żTe
much success).
Ä…«Å¹Å¼ ´½¸ º®ŽÅ¼á (Do you like cold milk?); Nos gustaba
v. T²® º®ŽÄ… (to be or feel cold): J«Å¼² Ź·² Å‚«½¸Ä… º®ŽÄ… (Juan is very cold,
cantar (We liked to sing).
or Juan feels very cold); T²Ä…Ä… º®ŽÄ… (I am cold, or I feel cold).
2. Haber
vi. Tener ganas (to feel like, be in the mood for): Tengo ganas de bailar (I feel
a. Root for the phrases that communicate the ideas of
there is and there are. like dancing).
4
vii. Tener hambre (to be hungry): Tuve
m«½¸Ž·Å‚ż ¸Å¼Å‚¾® (I was extremely
1. Change their form in the present tense in all forms except the first-and second-person plural
hungry).
(nosotros, nosotras, vosotros and vosotras). To conjugate, drop the ending and change the
viii. Tener la culpa (to be at fault):
e of the last syllable to ie; the o of the last syllable to ue; or the e to i.
żCrees que yo tenga la culpa? (Do
2. Verbs which change from e to ie.
you think it might be my fault?).
a. Include the following:
ix. Tener miedo (to be afraid): Ellos tienen
pensar (to think); querer (to want, like, love); calentar (to heat); cerrar (to close);
mucho miedo (They are very afraid).
comenzar (to begin); despertar (to awaken); empezar (to begin); entender (to
x. Tener prisa (to be in a hurry): No
understand); mentir (to lie, not tell the truth); negar (to deny); perder (to lose);
tuvimos prisa (We were not in a hurry).
preferir (to prefer); sentar (to seat); sentir (to regret, feel).
xi. T²® ®Å¼Åš‰² (to be right): Û °Ä…Ž¾´
Examples: Yo pienso en la libertad (I think about freedom); Lo siento (I m sorry, or
Å»« Ëźò Ź²Ä…ż² ®Å¼Åš‰² (It s possible
literally, I regret it).
that you are right).
b.Conjugations in the present tense include pienso, piensas, piensa, pensamos, °²™·
xii. Tener sed (to be thirsty): żTienen ellos
and piensan.
mucha sed? (Are they very thirsty?).
3. Verbs which change from o to ue.
xiii. T²® «ŠÄ… (to be sleepy): Tendremos
a. Include the following:
m«½¸Ä… «ŠÄ… (We will be very sleepy).
acostar (to lay [something] down); contar (to count); poder (to be able); costar (to
xiv. Tener suerte (to be lucky, fortunate):
cost); dormir (to sleep); encontrar (to find, meet); jugar (to play); morir (to die);
Ï« ÖÄ…Å‚ Ź²Ä…ż «®Å¹ łÓżż ÖÄ…Å‚ ¾
mostrar (to show); volar (to fly); volver (to return).
lucky).
ۨżł°´Ä‡ Ì" ½«²Å¹Å¼ ´Å¼ Ä…ªÅ›Å¼ (You count the sheep).
xv. Tener vergüenza (to be ashamed):
b.Żą²Å›«Ä…żŹ·Ä…² ·² Ź¸ °®²Å¹ Ź² ·²½´«Åº ½«²Å¹Ä…ô ½«²Å¹Å¼ô ½«²Å¹Å¼ô ½Ä…²Å¹Å¼Å‚Ä…ô ½Ä…²Å¹™·ô
Ellos no tienen vergüenza (They
and cuentan.
have no shame).
4. Verbs which change from e to ie.
c. Expresses a person s age: Tengo diecinueve
a. Include the following:
żŠÄ… (I am 19 years old); Mi bisabuela tiene
conseguir (to obtain); corregir (to correct); elegir (to elect, choose); impedir (to
²Ä…ª²Å¹Å¼ żŠÄ… (My great-grandmother is 90
prevent); pedir (to request, ask for); repetir (to repeat); seguir (to follow); servir (to
years old); `Å»«™²Å¹Ä… żŠÄ… Ź·² Ëźòá (How
serve); vestir (to dress).
old are you?).
ۨżł°´Ä‡ Û´´Å¼ °·Åº żą«Å¼ º®ŽÅ¼ (She asks for cold water); Siguen corriendo (They continue
d.Expresses concern about a strange situation running).
or odd behavior: `Ï«Å‚ Ź·² Ëźòá (What s
b.In the case of pedir, conjugations in the present tense include pido, pides, pide,
wrong with you?); `Ï«Å‚ Ź·²² ´´Ä…á (What pedimos, °Å‚ź·, and piden.
is the matter with them?). 5. Jugar (to play) has rules of its own, as a stem-changing verb. Its u changes to ue,
e. Can be matched with que and the infinitive as follows: juego, juegas, juega, jugamos, jugais, and juegan.
of a verb in order to communicate the idea of Example: El juega al tenis (He plays tennis).
having to do something: Ella tiene que 6. Oler (to smell) also has an unusual change. Its o changes to hue, as follows: huelo,
ayudar (She has to help); No tendremos hueles, huele, olemos, Ä…´Å‚·, and huelen.
Example: No huele bien (It doesn t smell good).
que esperar (We won t have to wait).
corregir***: to correct
correr: to run
bailar: to dance
costar**: to cost
bajar: to descend, lower creer*: to believe
bastar: to be enough, suffice
cruzar: to cross
* = irregular verb
beber: to drink
cubrir*: to cover
** = stem-changing verb
besar: to kiss
cuidarse: to take care of oneself
*** = irregular, stem-changing
cumplir: to complete
caer*: to fall
abandonar: to abandon
calentar**: to heat
dar*: to give
abatir: to overthrow
cambiar: to change
abolir*: to abolish deber: to owe, have a moral obligation
caminar: to walk
abrazar*: to hug, embrace
decidir: to decide
cansar: to wear out, tire
abrir*: to open
decir*: to say, tell
casar: to marry
aceptar: to accept
dejar: to allow, permit, let, leave
cenar: to eat supper
acostar**: to put to bed
desayunar: to have breakfast
cerrar**: to close
acostumbrar: to accustom
desear: to want
cocinar: to cook
adaptar: to adapt, adjust, fit
describir*: to describe
comenzar***: to commence, begin
admitir: to admit
descubrir*: to discover
comer: to eat
adorar: to worship, adore
deshacer*: to undo, destroy
compartir: to share
alegrar: to make happy, cheer up
destruir: to destroy
comprar: to buy
almorzar***: to have lunch
devolver***: to refund, give back
comprender: to understand
amar: to love
disculpar: to forgive
comunicar*: to communicate
andar*: to walk
discutir: to discuss, argue
anticipar: to anticipate confiar*: to have trust, be trusting
divertir**: to amuse
conseguir**: to get, obtain
aplaudir: to applaud
divorciar: to divorce
aplicar: to apply construir*: to build
doblar: to bend, double, fold
aprender: to learn contar**: to count
asistir: to attend contestar: to answer dormir***: to sleep
ayudar: to help convertir**: to convert dudar: to doubt
5
elegir***: to elect, choose recibir: to receive
mandar: to send
empezar**: to begin reconocer*: to recognize, acknowledge
matar: to kill
encontrar**: to encounter, find recordar**: to remember, recollect
mentir**: to tell a lie
enojar: to anger regalar: to give [as a gift]
meter: to put [in]
entender**: to understand registrar: to register, record
mirar: to look
entrar: to enter regresar: to return
morir***: to die
envolver***: to wrap up rehacer*: to redo, remake
mostrar**: to show
esconder: to hide rŽ®*: to laugh
mudarse: to change one s place of residence,
escribir*: to write repetir**: to repeat
change one s clothes, move
escuchar: to listen resolver**: to resolve
esperar: to wait, hope rezar*: to pray
estar*: to be romper*: to break
nacer*: to be born
estudiar: to study
nadar: to swim
existir: to exist
necesitar: to need
explicar*: to explain saber*: to know
negar**: to deny
e¨Å¹®Å¼ŠÅ¼®Ä‡ to miss [someone] sacar*: to get, take out
salir*: to leave
saludar: to greet, say hello to
fumar: to smoke seguir**: to continue
ocurrir: to occur
funcionar: to function sentir**: to feel, regret
Ä…Ž®*: to hear
separar: to separate, detach
oler***: to smell, scent
ser*: to be
olvidar: to forget
gastar: to spend [money] servir**: to serve
oponer*: to oppose
golpear: to hit, strike Ä…²®Ž®*: to smile
orar: to pray
guiar*: to guide sorprender: to surprise
gustar: to be pleasing [to someone or something]) subir: to ascend, climb
sufrir: to suffer
pagar*: to pay
parar: to stop
haber*: to have, as a helping verb to form
parecer*: to appear, look, seem
compound tenses temer: to fear
pasar: to happen, pass [by]
hablar: to speak tener***: to have
pedir***: to request
hacer*: to do, make tocar*: to touch, to play [music or a musical
pensar**: to think
huir*: to flee instrument]
perder**: to lose
tomar: to take, drink
perdonar: to pardon
tostar**: to toast
impedir**: to prevent platicar*: to chat, converse trabajar: to work
imponer*: to impose traer*: to bring
poder***: to be able
imprimir*: to print tratar: to try
poner*: to put
interrumpir*: to interrupt
poseer*: to possess, own
invitar: to invite
predicar*: to preach
ir*: to go unir: to unite
preferir**: to prefer
usar: to use
preparar: to prepare
preguntar: to ask
jugar**: to play [a sport or game]
probar**: to prove, try
jurar: to swear, take an oath vender: to sell
prometer: to promise
venir***: to come
proveer*: to provide
ver*: to see
leer*: to read vestirse**: to clothe oneself, dress oneself
levantar: to raise viajar: to travel
quedar: to remain, stay
llamar: to call visitar: to visit
quejarse: to complain, grumble
llegar*: to arrive vivir: to live
llenar: to fill querer***: to want volar***: to fly
llevar: to carry, wear quitar: to take off [clothing] volver***: to return
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NOTE TO STUDENT: This uickStudy guide is an outline of
Spanish Verbs basics. Keep it handy as a quick reference source in the
classroom, while doing homework, and as a memory refresher when
reviewing prior to exams. Due to its condensed format, use it as a guide,
but not as a replacement for assigned class work.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form, or by any means,
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without written permission from the publisher. © 2004, 2005 BARCHARTS I NC. Boca Raton, FL.
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