Stahl67@ bmp

204 WALTER R. STAHL

with the leaming of imitative behavior (Rosenbaum and Tucker, 1961) and a report on the responses of a bobwhite quail to a living hawk and various artificial physical models of hawks.

This section has dealt with simulation of circumscribed thought algorithms and simple leaming processes in humans and animals. In addition, one may simulate sełf-organization and complex adaptation, which is the subject of Section X and clearly in the domain of algorithmic modeling. Several reports are available on brain models with these higher capabilities, such as those by Uhr and Vossler (1961), in which modę of learning behavior may be varied, and Kapłan and Sklansky (1965) on complex stochastic models of behavior, in which prior experi-ence alters the futurę probabilities of subseąuent reactions in a complex manner.

As was madę elear in the pioneering work of Turing, there need be no metaphysical problem in simulating human thought or intelligence. The problem is rather one of recognizing and clearly stating what particular kinds of brain function are of interest and how similarity of the model and prototype are to be determined in an objective manner, i.e., which specific performance criteria (test algorithm) govern the related systems.

X. Self-Organizing Systems and Bionics

These two terms are often lumped together, but in reality usually deal with rather different kinds of modeling attempts. Bionics may be defined as the technology of creating operational models of portions of living systems, usually to serve some practical need, freąuently military in naturę. Bionics models may be physical, electrical, or molecular analogs, but are not usually expected to consist simply of eąuations or Computer algorithms. Self-organizing systems, on the other hand, are with few exceptions simulated as Computer algorithms, and moreover are very abstract ones. Most commonly the term has been used in con-nection with models of memory or brain orgainzation, but it also applies to social phenomena, cellular self-reproduction and tissue differentiation.

A. Self-Organizing System Models

The similarity invariants most applicable to self-organizing systems are again probably of the performance-score type, although various specific numerical measures of organization, particularly those based on information theory may be applicable. A very generał approach was suggested by Ashby (1956), who defined a completely nonspecific “black box” that switches among possible “states” as the result of particular

Wyszukiwarka

Podobne podstrony:
CCI2014050733 -60- The purposes of our Computer registration were these: 1.    to wr
Stahl67 bmp 178 WALTER R. STAHL a dimensionless criterion associated with the Poiseuille flow law.
Stahl67 bmp 166 WALTER R. STAHL 193 194 195 196 197 197 198 198 199 200 201 202 203 204
Stahl67 bmp 168 WALTER R. STAHL entire field of cybernetics. Westcott (1960) emphasizes the proble
Stahl67 bmp 174 WALTER R. STAHL C. Mathematical Naturę of Modeling Invariants The different variet
Stahl67 bmp 180 WALTER R. STAHL of the entire cardiovascular system based on dozens of eąuations f
Stahl67 bmp 182 WALTER R. STAHL titative greenhouse studies on the effects of water, light intensi
Stahl67 bmp 184 WALTER R. STAHL B. Artificial Kidney The artificial kidney is very dissimilar in a
Stahl672 bmp 196 WALTER R. STAHL Function and regulation in the myocardium are the subject of sever
Stahl676 bmp 200 WALTER R. STAHL tempted to explain data in human coordinationdisturbances (Parkins
Stahl678 bmp 202 WALTER R. STAHL A. Turing’s Test and Artificial Intelligence The concept of algori
Stahl67D bmp 208 WALTER R. STAHL are intrinsically partial models, as defined by certain particular
Stahl67 bmp 170 WALTER R. STAHL Consider a small-scale test model of a new type of turbinę, which
Stahl67 bmp THE ROLE OF MODELS IN THEORETICAL BIOLOGY 171 that performance measurements on the mod
Stahl67 bmp 172 WALTER R. STAHL TABLE I Mathematical Similaeitt Criteria for Variotjs Types of Mod
Stahl67 bmp 186 WALTER R. STAHL a very restricted modeling situation. Mannikins are also in use fo
Stahl67$ bmp 188 WALTER R. STAHL Reeve and Bailey (1962) developed a rather complex differential eq
Stahl67& bmp 190 WALTER R. STAHL sition of an allele in a genome. No physical constants other than
Stahl67( bmp 192 WALTER R. STAHL A rather different approach to ecological modeling has been chosen

więcej podobnych podstron