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Map 3: Battle of Northampton, 10 July 1460

EdwarcTs ‘battle’, consisting entirely of men-at-arms, madę slow progress over the sodden ground. As they came withing bow rangę they were met by a fierce barrage of arrows and this, together with a ditch and stakes, prevented the Yorkists from getting to close ąuarters. At this critical moment Lord Grey suddenly displayed Warwick’s ragged staff badge and ordcred his men to lay down their weapons. Indeed, the men of Grey’s command actually assisted their enemies over the defences and, once established within the defences in suflicient numbers, Edward and Warwick led their men-at-arms behind the king’s archers in the centre to strike Buckingham in flank and rear. Unable to manoeuvre within the narrow confines of the defences, the Lancastrians soon broke and fled, many being drowned in the shallow but wide river at their backs. The Duke of Buckingham, Earl of Shrewbury, Thomas Percy, Lord Beaumont and Lord Egremont were among the Lancastrian dead. The king was captured again, taken to London, and compelled to sanction a Yorkist government.

York arrived from Ireland in mid-September and in October put forward a claim to the throne. The peers rejected his claim (while Henry lived) but madę him Protectorin view of the king’s periods of insanity.

The queen and her son, who had remained at Coventry, fled to north Wales, then to the North, where she began to gather a new army. With these forces she overran Yorkshire, and a large number of Lancastrian supporters from the West Country

began to march across the Midlands to join her. York sent his son Edward, Earl of March, to the Welsh borders to recruit an army and to handle the minor local troubles stirred up by the Earl of Pembroke. He left Warwick in London to ensure the capitaPs support and guard the king; and on 9 December he led the Yorkist army northwards to deal with the queen. He took with him his younger son Edmund and all the artillery then available at the Tower of London.

On the i6th York’s ‘vaward battle’ clashed with the West Countrymen, suffered heavy losses, and was unable to prevent the Lancastrians from moving on to join the queen. Learning that Margaret’s main force was at Pontefract Castle, York marched to his castle at Sandał, two miles south of Wakefield and only nine from Pontefract. He arrived at Sandał Castle on the 2ist and, learning that the queen’s army was now almost four times as numerous as his own, remained in the castle to await reinforcements under Edward. The Lancastrian forces closecł round the castle to prevent foraging.

On 30 December 1460 halfthe Lancastrian army advanced against Sandał Castle as if to make an assault, but under cover of this movement the ‘vaward battle’, commanded by the Earl of Wiltshirfe, and the cavalry under Lord Roos, unobtrusively took up positions in the woods flanking the open fields.

York, believing the entire Lancastrian army to be before him, and much smaller than he had been told, deployed for open battle, and led his troops straight down the slope from the castle to launch an attack on Somer'set’s linę. The Lancastrians fell back before the advance, drawing the Yorkists into the trap, finally halting to receive the charge at the position shown on Map 4.

The Yorkist charge almost shattered Somerset’s linę and the Lancastrian reserve under Clifford had to be committed to stem the advance. But then Wiltshire and Roos charged from the flanks, and the battle was over. York, his son Edmund, his two uncles Sir John and Sir Hugh Mortimer, Sir Thomas Neville (son of Salisbury), Harington, Bourchier and Hastings were among those killed. The Earl of Salisbury was captured, and sub-sequently beheaded by the Percies because of their feud with the Nevilles.

10

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