m145(

The armet was a development of the earlier bascinet, the face being protected by two cheek pieces and a visor; notę the reinforced brow on this example of c.1440 60, and the ridge with crest attachment hole. (Wallace Collection)

sheritfs. Sucli men may not have had any military skill.

Although the wars started with smali armies of experienced soldiers, as time went on the proportion ofvetcrans diminished and, generally speaking, the armies had insufficient cohesion for elaborate tactics: most battles bcgan with an archery duel, which tended to cancel out the value of the longbow, lollowed by a vast and conlused mćlee on foot. The commander of an army could do little once the melee commenced, though he might hołd back a smali mounted reserve under his personal command, or detach a formation prior to the battle to use in an outflanking manoeuvre.

Large numbers of the troops were mounted—not just the knights and esąuires, but many of the mcn-at-arms. Some of these ‘mounted infantry’ were used as mounted scouts, flank guards and the like, but apart from an occasional mounted reserve of only 100 men or so, the armies dismounted to do battle, all horses being sent to the rear with the baggage. Primarily this was because of the weapons used and the fact that few mounted men were sufficiently experienced to fight effectively on horseback. However, the fact that many men of all arms were mounted did tend to lead to the formation of special vanguards of all-mounted troops, who were used to spearhead movement prior to a battle.

Bccause of the fear of treachery, it was essentia that the major commanders fight on foot to indicau their willingness to stand and die with their men. I was for this reason that so many of the nobles wen so easily killcd or captured once their army wa: defeated. The mounted reserves therefore tended tc be composed of lesser knights or bodyguards, anc were led by minor commanders, such as Sir Johr Grcy of Codnor, an experienced soldier but a knigh óflow rank and position, who led the Lancastriar cavalry reserve at Second St. Albans.

Lroeries and Badm

By 1450 the shield, the jupon or tabard, and th helmet crest were no longer used except a tournaments, and the identifying ‘uniform’ of th Wars of the Roses was therefore restricted to th standards which identified bodies of troops, th banners which identified individual knights, am the liveries and badges which were worn by th common soldiers.

Liveries were tunics or ‘gowns’ worn over bod armour and were generally in the principal colou of a lord’s coat of arms, trimmed and sometimt lined in the colour ofhis principal charge. Howevei the choice of colour for liveries was not governed b any heraldic law, and some liveries borę no relatio to the colours on the lord’s coat of arms. Fo example, the retainers and followers of the grea Percy family w’ore a livery of russet, yellow ani orange, with the blue lion rampant of the Perć arrąs on their shoulders, whereas the tinctures ofth Percy arms were azure and or. Queen Margart had her men fitted out with a rudimentary uniforr prior to Second St. Albans, and they are describe by one who marched among them (Pseudc Gregory) as wearing their lords’ liveries but wit Prince Edward’s badge of ostrich feathers supei imposed on a bend of crimson and black.

The companies raised by towns freąuently had uniform livery. The ioo men raised by Coventry i 1455, for example, had a livery of green and re bends, while their captain wore a multi-coloure garment. The Chamberlain of Nottingham’s a< counts for 1463-4 list 56S. 3d. spent on jackets fc soldiers riding to the king at York. Red cloth w;

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