netter10
NEUROPHYSIOLOGY
Synaptic Tr.insmission: Temporal and Spatial Summation
C. Icmporal exritatory summation: a senes <* impulsie in one otitatory rlber togpitu* ptoduc c ,» suprattifeshotd dcpolarizatiiin lh.n trigsefS Jn jctinn poCCfttiai
D. Spjlial <-xcita(ory summation; nipułscs in two oxut.i!mv fihł is ljusc twx> >ynaptic. drpotuitttioco tiul (ogcther reach foing l'uosłiu<<l triggertng ati .iction potcntial
CHART 2.1 SUMMARY OF SOME NEUROTRANSMITTERS AND WHERE WITHIN THE CFNTRAL AND PERIPHERA1 NERVOUS SYSTEM THEY ARE FOIJND
Biogenlc amines Norepinephrint* Dopamine Serotonm Amino acids yAmtnobulyric atid IGABA)
C.lutamate_
Puriites Adertosine Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Lor.it ion
Neuromuscular junclion. autonomie end-ings and gangłia. CNS_
Sympathetic endings, CNS CNS
CNS, r,l traci__
CNS
CNS
CNS
CNS
Trąnsmilter
Cas
Nitric oxide Peptkles
££ndorphtr»
Ettkcphalins
Antidiuretic
hormone
Piluttary-releasing
hormonem Somatostatiti Ncuropcptide Y Vasoactrve intcstinal peptide
location
CNS, Cl tract
CNS. Gl tract CNS
CNS (hypothaJamus/posterior pituitary)
CNS (hypothalamite/antc-rior pituitary)
CNS, Cl traci CNS
CNS, Gl tract
CNS, Central nervous system; Cl, gastrointestinal.
Figurę 2.9 Temporal and Spatial Summation
Neurons receive multiple ox< itatory and inhibitory inputs. Temporal summation occurs when a series ot subthreshold impulses in one excitatory fiber produces on action potential in tbe postsynaptic celi (panel Cl. Spatial summation occurs when subthreshold impulses from two or morę dirferent fibers trigp,er an action potential (panel
D). Both temporal and spatial summation can be modulated by simullaneous inhibitory input (panel E). Inhibitory and excitatory neurons use a wide variety of neurotransmitters. some ot which aro sum-marized here.
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