netter132

GASTROINTESTINAL PHYSIOLOGY

Hearing (sounds of

food preparation,

cali to dinner, _    ,,

beli elc I    DecTeased k*vds

'    of COC CLP-1.

ł ^ .    and leptin

Celiac

Hunger contractions in stornach ganglion

Figurę 7.10 Appetite and Hunger_

The sensations of hunger and satiety are complex and include multi-ple neural pathways, as well as drculating hormones. Depicted here are pathways involvcd in the sensation of hunger. Although our understanding is incomplele, the hypothalamus is known to play a critical role in controlling appetite and food intake. When food is ingested, chołecystokinin and GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide) are released from neuroendocrine cells in the intesline. These hormones suppress appetite and give the sensation of satiety. In the absence o-food, the levels of these hormones are Iow. Long-term regulation of food intake may involve the hormone leptin, which is produced by fat cells. When lat Stores are high, leptin is released and thought to act on the hypothalamus to suppress appetite. When body nutrient Stores are depleted, leptin levels are Iow.

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