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civilian tunics. A third alternative, and perhaps the least likely, is that it represents a reinforcement of mail over the chest or even a piąte beneath held by ties.

By the time of the Norman Conąuest a few senior knights wore mail hose or chausses. These may have been simple strips of mail applied to the front of the leg and laced up the rear. Alternatively they may have been fuli hose, both styles braced up to the waist girdle of the braies. Since shoes are worn by such figures on the Bayeux Tapestry we cannot be surę whether the foot was protected, though it seems unlikely. Interestingly, a few knights wear mail on the forearms. Though one or two figures may have sleeves extended to the wrist, and while at least one French manuscript shows that such sleeves were known by this time, those shown largely appear to be separate from the elbow-length sleeves of the hauberk. They may have been madę like the hose and slid up the arm. If so, it did not last as a fashion. Many knights on the Bayeux Tapestry have coloured bands up the forearm; this could be conceived as a cornen-tional way of rendering the puckered sleeve often seen at this time if it was also seen on civilian costume, which it is not. It may represent some sort of leather strapping wound round the forearm for extra protection, or even perhaps some padded undergarment. Such banded sleeves are also shown on illustrations of English warriors.

The helmet of the time was conical and almost invariably madę with a nasal or nose-guard. Some were almost certainly madę like the old-fashioned Spangenhelm, in which vertical iron bands, usually four in number, spring from a brow-band and meet at the apex, the spaces between the bands being filled with iron segments riveted in place. Many helmets, however, seem to have been madę from segments riveted directly to each other, whilst still others were beaten out of a single piece of metal. Though the nasal could be forged in one with the helmet, illustrations suggest that most were madę with an applied brow-band. Additionally rcinforcing bands might be added to these latter types. If the helmet was segmented the bands could cover the joints. Helmets might be painted, usually in the spaces between applied bands or else the segments themselves.

It is highly probable that all helmets were lined. As no lining and few helmets survive such ideas can only be hypotheses based on the presence of rivets and the examples of later helmets. It may be that a band of leather was riveted inside the brim, to which a coarse cloth lining was stitched, probably stuffed and ąuilted and possibly cut into segments which could be drawn together by a thong at the apex to adjust for height and comfort. The helmet would have been supplied with a tie at each side which fastened under the chin to secure it on the head. Contemporary

Unarmoured riders attack the castle ofDol. As this picture follows a scene of marching it may represent knights galloping straight into action, one man having donned his helmet. However, it may also represent retainers or even perhaps sąuires. (Bayeux Tapestry. With special permission of the town of Bayeux)

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