skanowanie0029 (18)

Even if the teacher hopes to do morę to sharpen students' own response to the literary work, there is often little guidance on how to do so. The techniąue of question-and-answer can provide some help. But, unless ąuestions are genuinely open-ended, there is often a feeling on the part of the students that the teacher is slowly but surely leading them to particular answers that he or she has in mind. There is little room for either their responses or their involvement during such sessions. In short, personal investment is minimal.

Ali these teacher-centred approaches may foster detailed eomprehension but students will probably not have madę the text of their own. Nor will the classroom process have encouraged them to share their own views with each other, and they may not have used the target language very much.

5.4. Diyersification of procedures

In generał terms, the aim is to complement morę conventional approaches and so diversify the repertoire of classroom procedures. It is hoped in this way to put fresh momentum into the teaching of literaturę, to stimulate students' desire to read, and to encourage their response.

5.5. Maintaining interest and involvement

In establishing a number of ways in which a text could be explored, we bear in mind that any approach used exclusively can tum to tedium in the classroom. It has been found out that role-play, improvisation, creative writing, discussions, ąuestionnaires, visuals and many other activities which we use successfully can serve a similar purpose when we teach literaturę. Enjoyable student-centred activities are particularly important when working with students who are not literaturę specialists and who have not yet developed a wish to read literaturę in the target language on their own initiative. Moreover, the availability of a variety of activities enables the teacher to concentrate on meeting students" weaknesses in particular skill areas - in speaking or listening, for example.

5.6. Supplementing the printed materiał

In devising activities for integrating language and literaturę we should be aware of the fact that leaming is promoted by involving as many of the students" faculties as possible. By itself, the printed page can be fairly good medium appealing to a restricted part of the reader"s visual sense and to the intellect. As teachers we try to exploit as fully as possible the emotional dimension that is a very integral part of literaturę.

5.7. Actiyating the resources of knowledge and experience

Pair and group work are now well established as a means both of increasing leamers"s confidence within the foreign language and also of personalising their contact with it.

On a practical level, working with a group can lessen the difficulties presented by the number of unknowns on a page of literary text. Very often someone else in a group will be able to supply the missing link or fili in an appropriate meaning of a crucial word in the sentence. Shifting attention away from the text itself to such shared activity supports the creation of a risk-taking atmosphere. With the group "s support and control, the individual has greater freedom to explore his or her own reactions and interpretatipns.

5.8. Helping students to acquire confidence

Chosen activities should try to help students acąuire the confidence to develop, express and value their own responses. Through this process they will become less dependent on received opinion and therefore morę interested in.

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