15750 P1190269

52 XłfnMaritovś

most likaly reciprocal exchange and gradual, in its basis chain-Iike character of iheir sprcndtng inside the Carpathian basin. The contact mediatcd cxchange started in the j Carpathian region latcr, apparcntly in the Lale and Finał Bronie Age in conncction with acuvities of specialized workshops, e.g. for production of bron/c vesscJs.

GONCLUSION

In Skwakia as well as in the Carpathian basin at terminale Early and incipicra Middlc Branże Age. from the end of IJnStice culture classic phase. the cxchange came to its new dimension including also the Carpathian basin. The mentioned phenomenon is cotmected not only with a regiona] exprcssion of big cultural cv-cles in the Carpathian basin. but it has deeper rcasons conditioned by cconomic oręaniziiion as well as by social struć turę in the Bronze Age. Development of the exchange was suppotted by uneven distribution of raw materiał sources and metalhirgy of bronze. in connection with prospecting. production technolog)-and structurc. Reccnl results in Slovakia give cvidcncc of a straufied society in the Earłv Bronze Age. and maybc also of movemcnts in power positions within ii (Furmanek. Veliaćik. Vladar 1991: 273-280). The model situation of the UnJtice culture region near the Alps assumes distinct classification with elites. members of wtuch were customers of prestigious artefacts that were also objects of a-change (Muller 2002: Beck. Molier 2002: BartęIhcim 2002). The exchange(rade had paracipaled remarkably in complex processcs that were presented in fimher deyelopmenŁ

Mutual rano of exchange vahies stays open. in spite of the attempts to find out exchange eąuiyalents (currency bars, cylindrical vessels overall. e.g. Lcrcnz de Wilde 1995: Kemenczei 2003). Direction and course of contacts and cxchangc is already traceable now.

The distance eachange in the Carpathian basin used water flows and accord-ing to the recent stale of the research it was of reciprocal cham kind. It is elear on the ezample of amber advance as a prestigious artefact.

Inside the Carpathian basin extensive mutual cultural contacts and movc-ments took place. Tbese were expressed by reciprocal imports and imitaiions of foretgn potlery. They led Grom the north-west to the south of the basin up to the I Iron Gale on the Danube (e.g. finds and elements of pottery of the Mad"arów culture m the milieu of north-Pannoman, Vatya and Vatina cultures).

Communicanon junctions or arcas near Esztergom and Nom Sad are percep-hbłe through extracted cultural attribute (pottery). maybc with central poinis of exchange. which could probably crystallized (under appropriate conditions). The movemcnt inside the Carpathians has. accordtng to the recent State of study. morę vague comoun of exchangc ways than it is in casc of distance spreading. It was based on exchange within shorter distances among smaller social groups with i possibility of making “copies". heterogcncous or degradcd shapes. In spreadmf I

of amber by the Danubian way the Matfaroyće culture participaied significantly, while in the spreading of amber in the river Tisza basin a contribution of this cuf-ture has not been assurncd recently.

The picture of interactions found by the abovc analysed selected typical finds with definable source of iheir origin obviously gives a partia) view at rnutual reto-tions and distance contacts of numerous cultures in the Carpathian basin in the period under study.

In the Carpathian basin at the beginning of Middlc Bronze Age multi la terał contacts and co-existence of cultures from the end of Early Bronze Age look place. Although the co-cxistcncc had yarious (ocal forms, it was commonły expręssed by contemporaneous occurrence of culturally different omatnental and shape ele-ments and phenomena in sets of finds of local production and so-called "degenera-tion" of original shapes, mingling of elements of funeral rite and gradual advance of aculltiration.

REFERHNCES

Bandi G„ Kovdcs T., 1969-1970. Adatok Mmagyarorszag hronzkoranak tSrtenelehez (Szerelme csoport), Jana Pannonius Muzeum Evk6nyvc 14-15.97-111.

Banncr J., Bóna L, Manon L„ 19S7, Die Ausgrabungen von L Marian in Tószeg, Acta Arcbaefe logica (Academiae Scicnliaram) Hungancac 10/1—2.1-140.

Banclheim M . 2002. Metallurgie md GcseUschąfi im der Fruhbmnźezdt Miru Icumpas. [m l Muller J. (cd.), Vom Endneotilhikum aa- FrOhbronzezctt Master sotialen Wandcls?. Bonn, 29-43.

Batora J„ 2001. Die Frage der óstlichen lirbmtungsgmce der tog. Aunjetzitzer Bromem, [in:] Neolit i początki epoki brązu w Kmpcaaeh polskich. Kromo. 251-272.

Beck C.W.. MarkoWi K.. 1996. Finds of Amber in the Carpathian Basin in the Bronze Age, [in:] Ada of the XIII International Congress International Union for Prehistorie and Protohólonc Sciences. Forii

Beck T.. Molier J_ 2002, Sazialihconen mdarchiokrgische ImerpreStuion. (m) Molier 1. (ed I, lóm Endneolithikum zur FnlhbromezeU: Master sozialen Wandcls?. Bono 5-19.

Bcnkovsky-Pivovarova Z.. 1998. Zum Zcitpunkt des Ibrstosscs der Otomani-Kuliur in the Sud- und Westslowakei. Vychodoslovcnsky pravek 5,33-38.

Bóna I.. 1975. Che miltlerr Bromezeit Ungams undIhre sudOstlichen Beztehungen. Budapełl.

Cabalska M . 1980. Związki między kulturą Otoman a kulturą moniecką. Archeologia Polski 24. 53-65.

Czcbreszuk i. 1988, Osada z potowy H tysiąclecia p ne u- Goszczenie, gne Aleksandrów Kujawski. u-oj. włocławskie, stan. 14. Folia Prachistorica Posnaniensia 2.199-238.

Dulek M . 1960. Patince. Dos Grabetfeld der nordparmouudten Kultur, [in:] Chropowky B.. Dulek M.. Poiła B. (cds.), Pohrebtska za starśej doby bromouef na Slowensku. Bralialava, 139-2%.

Dzieduszycka-Machnikowa A., 1966. II\miki badań osach kultury lembietskiej na stanowisku w Złotnikach, paw. Proszowice, u- roku 1964. Sprawozdania Archeologiczne 18.19-29.

Futmknek V., Markowi K . 1999. Die westliche Peripherie der Otomanikuitur in der Słowaka, [in:) Gancarski J. (ed.) Kultura Otomani/FOzesabony: rozwój, chronologia, gospodarka Materiały z konferencji archeologicznej. Dukla 27-28 XI1997, Krosno. 73-83.

Furmanek V., Yeliaćik L.. Vladśr J„ 1991, Słoweńsko v dobę bmńzowj. Brańslava.

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