1

nas alrcady started to happen or (ii) because of what we know of the cii cumstances. In the second use (ii), but not in the first, going to can a I terna te with the futurę simple tense: i She's going to (not will) have a baby.

ii She's going to find/will find it difficuJt to carry on working.

To express the f uturę in the past, going to may be used with wasfwere:

He was going to take a few days off; I hope he managed it.

q futur i* pi-RFECi progressive is similar in principle to j and k above, but with rcfcrence to what will have been in progress until 'then' (when I get back) in the futurę (16).

r Will AGAINST skali in futurę tenses: The generał rule that either will or skali (7,8) may be used with first persons (/, we) but that only will (14) is used willi the other persons (he, she, it, you, they) means that there is little difliculty in deciding which to use. Apart from the fact that they are olten contracted and therefore indistinguishable (16), it is seldom incorrect to use will with all persons. The important exception occurs with questions (usually in the first persons) asking for instructions or advice and not just for information. Then skali, not will, is used: 'Shall I tell her?' Compare: 'Will/Shall I be able to have a word with her?' The answer may be 'Yes/No' to both questions, but the answer to the first instructs or advises, the answer to the second informs. (See 12Bb.)

s non-USE of progressive forms: When there is nothing in progress or happening, such as when we think ( believe) or have (= possess) somelhing, progressive forms are not used:

i I think Kcn has two cars. Am I right?

Compare:

ii I'mhaving( taking)a holiday next month. Tm thinkingof ( co ntem piat i ng) going hang-gliding. Am I being rash?

In generał, verbs such as think jbelieue or havejpossess which describe States of mind, ownership etc. (how things are) do not have progressive forms (i), while verbs (the majority) such as have/take or thinkjeontemplate which describe some sort of activity or process do have them (ii). The verb be commonly refers to States like that of belief and so is most often used in a simple form (i), but it may occur in the progressive to relate to something in progress like contemplating (ii). Verbs of perception like see and hear generally have no progressive forms either, but they too may have other meanings:

Sheila's seeing (= consulting) a doctor about her cough.

I’ve been hearing a lot (= getting a lot of news) about her lately.

brackets, choose one of the following tenses: the present, PRESENT PERFECT, PAST Or PAST PERFECT, in either the SIMPLE or PROGRESSIVE

i...... u, «is wrll as the vcrb, there is another word (an adverb) inside the

i.i i« kris, ils position in relation to the correct tense is shown either in ilu* i i ,i 111 pies or in the Explanation.

U,, ml,! pr.n I (I join) our firm ten years ago. She (2 work) for the prevłous 11 vi ye.n s wil h an advertising company and (3 acquire) much useful , | m lence, l or t be first eight years with us she (4 work) in the Sales

I h p.ii lmen!, and (5 work) there when I (6 become) Managing Director. Since i In n %hr |7 work) as my personal assistant, and (8 prove) herself to be iMilNlaiidlngly capable on many occasions. She (9 work) on the top floor, in an nlhi r nrmI to minę, but at the moment (10 work) in London on a special iinlgnmcnt.

W hm th<* North and South finally (11 lay) down their arms in 1863 at the end , .i | he American Ci vil War they (12 fight) for over four years and the South, ,vliirh(ll win) several battles but (14 lose) the war, (15 be) economically . h.iusied. It (16 be) a tragedy that Abraham Lincoln, who (17 lead) the Ni.i th lo victory and (18 be) now ready to be generous to the South,

II •» 11 o i |m u v i ve) lo make the peace. Five days after General Lee (20 surrender) ,il Appom.itlox, Lincoln (21 be) assassinated.

I.mls(22 always|ring) me up when I am in the shower or washing my hair.

Wli.it (U do|you) with yourself lately? I (32 not|see) you for over a month/ i ( i i bc) In Stockholm sińce I last (34 see) you/ l>, dly ‘ IIow long (35 be|you) there and what (36 do|you)?'

N. u |y t In cc wceks. I (37 do) some research at the Royal Library. I think I | m ilir.idy|(cli) you that I (39 work) on a book about Scandinavia/

• rs. I Iow (40 go|it)?'

Ni ,1 M, b.ul. I (41 hope) to have it in the hands of the publisher by the end of ilu yc.ii/

i . Im (42 livc) in Nodnol, the Capital of Mercia. At least, that's where he I i l 11 vc) when he last (44 write). In his letter he (45 invite) me to visit him, l ut r. I (46 have) no answer to my last two letters I (47 wonder) whether I nhinild go or not. I (48 also|have) no reply from the consulate about the ! Imm.iii visa I (49 apply) for two weeks ago. Although I (50 be) born in f i. i i*l.i, I no longer (51 have) a Mercian passport.

P >m i lic iclephone): Yes, Tm at Georgina's house this evening. What (52 do|I) lii u M (51 babysit). She and her husband (54 go) to a party. Four - four i 111 li I n u They (55 be) usually rather wild. I (56 babysit) here once wjien—. ^ < lic\ ill (57 start) screaming. But they (58 be) very good at the moip^t-' f /11 i lic youngest now in the room next door: she (59 eat) a huge

M. AC

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