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MEASURES OF RELIGIOSITY

tance.” The second component. morę reflex-ive and oriented toward God image, can hc summarized by the question Is God the sort of Being who would want to love me?" This dimension was labeled Benevolence. Since these six dimensions are hypothesized to be fundamental questions about God image, self image, and the relationship be-tween the two throughout life, these are viewed as being relatively independent of developmentaI stages or theories. Lawrence (1991) points out that although this does not mean that these basie questions remain sta-tic throughout life, they are nonetheless measurable throughout life.

In addition to these six main scales, Lawrence (1991) added two shorter control scales for the convenience of the interpreter. The first one, Faith, attempts to measure the degree to which the subject believes in God as an existing being. The second, Salience, purports to measure the degree to which people find their relationships with God im-portant to their personal lives.

Practical Considerations: The test is self-administered and requires no special exam-iner skill to administer or score. The instruc-tions explain the meaning of each choice (i.e., strongly disagree, disagree, agree, strongly agree) and emphasize that there are no “right" or “wrong" answers. It is de-signed for research as well as pastorał and clinical use.

Norms/Standardization: Lawrence (1991) standardized the Gil on a national sample of 1,580 respondents. These standards were demonstrated to be adequate for the inter-pretation of scores of adult American Chris-tians across sex. age, education, and marital status. The means for the eight subscales ranged from 36.1 (Salience) to 73.3 (Benev-olence). Standard deviations ranged from 7.0 (Faith) to 12.5 (Presence).

Reliability: Lawrence (1991) found intemal consistency reliability coefficients ranging from .86 (Challenge) to .94 (Presence) for the main scales and the control scales. In a later phase of the study, Lawrence (1991) rechecked the intemal consistency of the eight scales on a new sample, sińce th ous reliability data was based _{on rec} ^C ^ tions from the original 490-item surv?^PUta' results indicated essentially identical ^ ^ consistency reliability coefficients '^n,errialfrom .85 (Challenge) to .94 (Presem?)"^¹"⁸Lawrence (1991) computed i_ntersc . correlations on two occasions and f_0Und ? average difference between the two set?f interscale correlations to be .03. The ' ° lations ranged from .84 (Presence with? fluence) to .44 (Providence with Bene\o lence). Thus Lawrence concluded that ? Gil scales demonstrate a stable pattern ₀f intercorrelations, which indicates good _tem. porał stability.

Validity: Contrary to the eight theoretical factors Lawrence hypothesized, a factor analysis with oblique rotation yielded 10 factors. Seven factors contained items from at least two different scales.

In order to establish convergent and dis-criminate validity, Lawrence (1991) corrc-lated the Gil scales with seven other mea-sures (Extrinsic, Intrinsic, Achievement. Self-Esteem, Altruism, Lotus of Control. and God Control) with which Gil scales were predicted to relate in particular ways. The extrinsic scalę, as predicted, was found to correlate negatively with all the Gil scales. However, not all the correlations were smali, as predicted. Lawrence predicted that overall intrinsic religiosity would correlate most highly with Salience. sińce it measures the relational importance of the God image to the subject. Lawrence further hypothesized that subjects with a greater sense of God’s availability for them (Presence) would report a morę satisfactory relationship with God, and thus would be mor*, religious overall. Lawrence also prediett that intrinsicness would correlate secon best with the Presence scalę. As hyp^he sized. the Presence scalę eorrelated the hiy est with the Salience scalę (.76) and ^stCt’ⁿ^ highest with the Presence scalę (.69). t ^usupporting the validity ot these two sca e The Achievement Scalę did not p^crt0^ .₍Lawrence had hypothesized. namely. ' “ ^ would correlate positively with the t 4

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