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ESSAYS IN SWEDISH HISTORY

and will destroy and abolish the authority of the rdd in order to free the king from that yoke’: Magalotti, p. 74.

⁵⁶ Sec above, pp. 116-17; and, for standstriden in generał, Birger Lóvgren, Stdndstridens uppkomst, Stockholm, 1915. For the threat to peasant liberty, H." Mimktell, ‘Till fragan om bondemas stallning vid 1600-talets mitt’ (His-torisk Tidskrifł, 1943), passim.

⁶¹ The non-noble Estates were embittered by an ordinance issued by the Regents in 1671, which gave the nobility special rights of jurisdiction over their servants. The three lower Estates demanded its withdrawal on the ground that it had not received the assent of the riksdag: here, for once, con-stitutional and class interests coincided. The ordinance was in fact not confirmed, and in 1675 its application was forbidden: Sven Grauers, Riksdagm under den karolińska tiden, Stockholm, 1932, pp. 22, 25.

⁵⁸ Grauers, p. 69; W. Carlgren, ‘Kungamakt, utskott och stand pi 1680- och 90-talens riksdagar’ (Historisk Tidskńft, 1921), pp. 32-3.

⁵⁹ [W. Benson] A Letter to Sir J— B—, p. 18.

⁶⁰ Nils Runeby, Monarchia mixta, Stockholm, 1962, pp. 425-67.

⁶¹K. Fabricius, Kongelooen, pp. 80—5, 314—17.

⁶² Magalotti thought that if Charles x had conąuered Denmark he would have madę himself absolute: Magalotti, pp. 25-6.

•* S.Bergh, ‘Rangstridema inom adeln*, p. 133.

⁶⁴ Grauers, p. 17.

⁶⁵ Sven Grauers, Till karmedomen om det karolińska enodldets uppkomst, Góteborg, 1906, passim.

“ ‘The Swedes breed their Clergy at a Place something nearer the Sun than their own Country, call’d Oxford, that is their Seminary; there they suck in all those wholesom Principles, and so ’tis no wonder if we find a Doctrine advanc’d in Sweden at the latter end of our King Charles the Second’s Reign, which in his Father’s days, and at that time, was so dili-gently taught in that University’: [W. Benson] A Letter to Sir J— B—, p. 17; Grauers, Riksdagm under den karolińska liden, p. 52; C.E.Normann, Prasterskapet och det karolińska erwaldet, Lund, 1948, p. 344 n. 55, is non-committal, but considers that English iheological influence was slight.

⁸⁷ See above, pp. 2 iff.

⁸⁸ For a generał discussion see Erland Hjame, Frań Yasatidm till Frihets-tiden, Uppsala, 1929; F.Lagerroth, Frihetstidens jdrfattning, Stockholm, 1915; and Nils Runeby, Monarchia mixta.

⁸⁹ Runeby, pp. 18-25: ęf. the rdle of the parlement of Paris and the House of Lords: Hjame, op. cii., p. 222; C. C. Weston, ‘The Theory of Mixed Monarchy under Charles 1 and After* (EHR, 1960), p. 420.

⁷⁰ Magalotti, p. 2.

⁷¹ Rystad, Johan Gyllenstiema, rddet och kungamakten. p. no; id., ‘Med r&ds rade eller konungens godtycke? Makten óver ambetstillsattningar som politisk stridsfriga under 1600-talet*, Scandia, 1963, pp. 232-6: cf. Ingers, Erik Lindschold, pp. 168, 173.

⁷² Jerker Rosen, ‘Johan Gyllenstiemas program for 1680 ars riksdag’, Scandia, 1944, pp. 125-31.

⁷³ Rystad, Johan Gyllenstiema, rddet och kungamakten, p. 237.

⁷⁴ Ibid., p. 292.

⁷⁵ Ibid., p. 294.

⁷⁶ Grauers, Riksdagm under den karolińska tiden, pp. 78-82; Lagerroth, Frihetstidens fórfattning, pp. 223—4.

⁷⁷ See above, p. 23. Allusions to the blood-bath of Linkóping were actually madę during the debates of 1680: Anders Schonbergs historiska bref, Stockholm, 1850-2, iii, 135.

⁷⁸ Fihraeus, Magnus Gabriel de la Gardie, pp. 290-1. Charles x had already omitted the prefix riks- from the title of the great officers of State; and Frederick iii of Denmark had similarly changed the title of his Council of State to that of Royal Council: Fridericia, op. cit., p. 464.

⁷⁸ ‘Konungen eger styra rike sino med och siledes icke utom, mindre emot, riksens rids ride’: Regeringsformen 1719, cl. 13: Emil Hildebrand,

Soeriges regeringsformer 1634—i8og, Stockholm, 1891, p. 67: and see F. Lagerroth, ‘ Svenska statsradets ansvarighet i rattshistorisk belysning’, Scandia, 1934, p. 44.

⁸⁰ There were plans in 1718—19 for a restoration of the rule of the rad (Arvid Horn was said to be thinking in terms of fifteenth-century arrange-ments); but, significantly, the riksdag refused to accept them: Erland Hjame, Frań Vasałiden till Frihetstidm, pp. 121, 127.

⁸¹ Lagerroth, Frihetstidens forfattning, pp. 166, 176-7, 180-3.

⁸² Ibid., pp. 176-7, 180-3; Nils Eden, Dm soenska riksdagm under femkundra dr, Stockholm, 1935, p. 107.

⁸³ Grauers, Riksdagen under den karolińska tidm, p. 27.

⁸⁴ Ibid., p. 41.

⁸⁶ Supra, p. 242.

⁸⁸ Grauers, Riksdagm under den karolińska tiden, p. 93.

⁸⁷ Grauers, pp. 89, 91: perhaps by a straining of the terms of the riks-dagsordning of 1617, which laid it down that in the event of discrepant resolutions of the Estates the king should select that which seemed best to him.

⁸⁸ Grauers, p. 94.

⁸³ Ibid., pp. 109-10.

⁸⁰ F.L.Carsten, The Origins of Prussia, Oxford, 1954, p. 166.

⁸¹ See above, p. 119.

⁸² The nobility, indeed, were anxious to maintain the old conscription, which gave them a convenient means of disciplining unruly spirits among their peasants; and in order to avoid the indelningsoerk they offered to surrender parliamentary sanction altogether — a remarkable instance of the sacrifice of constitutional guarantees for the sake of retaining a class privilege: Agren, Karl XI :s indelningsoerk, p. 120.

⁸³ W. Carlgren, ‘Kungamakt, utskott och stind pi 1680- och 90-talens riksdagar’, p. 43; Lagerroth, Frihetstidens Jorfattning, pp. 220-5.

⁸⁴ Among other things deemed objectionable was Axel Oxenstiema^,s letter to the Estates of December 1632, sending the draft Form of Govem-ment: Anders Schonbergs historiska bref, iii, 90. Louis xiv had done something like this in regard to the proceedings of the parlement of Paris during the Frondę.

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