m1363

left Bombard cannon, probably Italian from the first half of the I4th century. The carriage is a modern reproduction based on a ‘pezza cavalca’—‘riding piece⁹ — shown in a Milanese book entitled Pratica Manuale de li’ Artiglieria. (Armoury of the Knights of St. John, Valetta). right Hand-cannon from a castle near Ancona, partially burst and lacking its wooden stock. It is probably Italian, of the i5th century. The breech unscrews, while the projecting hook may have been placed over a wali to absorb the recoil. (Private Collection)

enemy’s baggage, including that of the French king. But the enemy were still able to continue their march northwards while Gonzaga’s army also suffered heavier losses.

ThePlates

A: The First Condottieri Ai: Central Italian horseman, early iĄth century Italian heraldry, armour and its decoration were often different from those of northern Europę in the early 14th century. This probably reflected Italy’s close contacts with Byzantium and the eastern Mediterranean. Our horseman wears richly decorated cuir-bouilli (hardened leather) greaves, arm-defences and cuirie or cuirass. Notę also his early form of visored hełm. (Effigies, 1300-25, Salerno and Lucera Cathedrals; frescoes, c.1290-1300, San Gimignano; bas-relief, 1320-25, Bargello, Florence.)

A2: German knight, early i^th century German armour may have been cruder than Italian armour early in the i/jah century, but it was technologically just as advanced. This knight is eąuipped to fight on foot. He carries an old-fashioned barrel hełm, and wears a poncho-style coat-of-plates: here smali fiat pieces of iron were riveted inside a thick fabric garment which was buckled at the back. (Statuę of St. Maurice, c. 1300, Magdeburg Cathedral; helmet from Bożen, Castel S. Angelo, Romę.)

Aj: Catalan man-at-arms, early 1 Ąth century While Spanish tactics were often considered old-fashioned, northern Spain closely followed most European technological developments. This foot-soldier, however, still carries his sword on a baldric, reflecting Moorish influence. His shield, with its pattern of nails, is of a type popular throughout the western Mediterranean. (Carving of‘Vilardell and the Dragon’, c.1330, Barcelona Cathedral; ‘Great Conąuests beyond the Seas’, Castilian manuscript, early i4th century, Bib. Nac. Ms.195, Madrid; Sword ofSancho IV, late 13th century, Toledo Cathedral.)

The Fortezza di Sarzanello is a well preserved example of one of the first defences built to withstand gunpowder artillery. The keep was built around 1377 while the triangular ravelin, probably the earliest still standing, was added by the Genoese in 1497, ten years after they themselves had experimented with a gunpowder-filled minę while trying to drive the Florentines from this strategie strongpoint. (After Toy)

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