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Logistics

The art of logistics had practically disappeared in western Europę after the fali of the western half of the Roman Empire, and the European armies of the Middle Ages lived mainly off the land. However, in the semi-arid lands of the Middle East, with long marches over dry and barren land, on campaigns lasting far longer than in the West, the Franks had to learn the art or die. In the ist and 2nd Crusades thousands of crusaders did die of star-vation and thirst in fact morę were lost this way than from any other single cause—but by the time of the 3rd Crusade the leaders, at least, had learnt their lesson. Frederick Barbarossa insisted that every German crusader should have sufficient money to keep himself and his family abroad for a year. Diplomats were sent ahead of the three armies to arrange safe passage and the purchasing of supplies, and Richard in particular showed a keen grasp of logistics by establishing a supply base at Cyprus.

The armies of Outrcmer itself soon learnt that their basie role of defending the Holy Land against attack meant that a series of well-supplied bases beside the main water sources were needed, at which the field army could camp for some time in order to deny the Saracens water. When necessary, supply columns were also organized, but they do not seem to have been as fully developed as those of the Moslems.

There was little in the way of medical care, and, judging by the examples of medical treatment quoted in contemporary sources, it would appear that a man was better off without medical atten-tion. Some barons employed skilled Mosiem doc-tors in their households but this does not mean that these doctors would have served their master’s soldiers in the field.

THE MILITARY ORDERS

After Jerusalem was captured in 1099, most of the crusaders returned to Europę and only some 300 knights remained to defend the newly won king-dom. There were smaller forces at Edessa and Antioch, but here the new princes were busy consolidating and expanding their new principal-ities. The problem was how to defend the kingdom with such a smali force.

A i2th-century sculpture of a Norman knight. He wears a short-sleeved hauberk with attached coif, and the simple conical helmet without nasal piece. The shield protects his left side, his right being defended by his weapon.

Early in the i2th century a partial answer was supplied by smali bands of crusaders who, out of religious devotion, voluntarily dedicated them-selves to protecting the pilgrims en route to the Holy Land. Before long the Church recognized the worth of these men and accepted them as part of its own establishment, soldier-monks of noble birth who took vows of poverty, chastity and obedience and wore monks’ habits in the chapel, but who also rode to battle in mail and the distinctive cloak or surcoat of their order; they were professional soldiers ruled by an iron discipline and they formed the famous military orders.

By the 1140S one such order, the Templars, were playing an important role in the military defence of the kingdom, and after mid-century contingents of the Templars and Hospitallers formed a large part of the royal army in the field. Recruits and money flowed into these two great orders and by the last quarter of the century they were the chief land owners in Outremer, their knights were entrusted with the safe keeping of the greatest and most important castlcs in the land, and the network of

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