Language Use in Advertising: An Analysis of Linguistic Features Across Readership
Domains
Kalev Hannes Leetaru
May 9th, 2001
Language Use in Advertising: An Analysis of Linguistic Features Across Readership
Domains
In the words of the renowned advertising pioneer, William Bernbach, The truth isn t the
truth until people believe you, and they can t believe you if they don t know what you re
saying, and they can t know what you re saying if they don t listen to you, and they
won t listen to you if you re not interesting unless you say things imaginatively,
originally, freshly , which is important because, It is insight into human nature that is
the key to the communicator s skill. For whereas the writer is concerned with what he
puts into his writings, the communicator is concerned with what the reader gets out of it.
He therefore becomes a student of how people read or listen. With these two famous
quotes, Bernbach emphasizes the importance of language in the modern world of
advertising. Commercial verbiage is designed to entice the reader to read on , to
explore the product or service being offered in greater detail. Linguistic components
such as H.P. Grice s Cooperative Principle, grammatical constructs, jargon, and semantic
length are all critical to this process, assisting the copywriter in his eternal wrestling
match for the reader s attention.
In his favor is the trend towards the scientific analysis of advertising techniques
championed by Claude Hopkins in the 1920 s, which has transformed the use of language
in modern advertisements into a sophisticated discipline. Every linguistic element of an
advertisement s text is now chosen based on intricate psycholinguistic models of human
language processing. This paper will examine the results of some of those models in
terms of language differences across two very different readership domains and discuss
any significant differences or similarities found.
For this type of comparative analysis, a corpus of advertising text is required
which contains a representative sample of the current language patterns of the selected
readership domains. The most likely candidate to provide this type of data sample is a
periodical, such as a magazine, which is targeted towards an extremely specific viewing
audience, and which makes use of the jargon, general domain knowledge, and other
linguistic elements present in that field, all within the context of the domain s current
events. It was determined that five advertisements would be selected from each of two
magazines, providing a sufficiently large text corpus. To provide the most dissimilar
corpus of advertising text to analyze, one which would demonstrate a marked difference
in language use, two magazines of vastly different readership demographics were
selected, Entertainment Weekly, and AAPG Explorer. The first, Entertainment Weekly
#592, is a magazine targeted at the public at large, covering Hollywood events, celebrity
gossip, movie and book reviews, and artist biographies. The second, AAPG Explorer
from April 2001, is a trade journal published by AAPG, the American Association of
Petroleum Geologists. It focuses on high-technology issues in the field of petroleum
geology, as well as general petroleum industry news. Thus, not only are two readership
domains represented in this study, but two distinct classes of periodical, with one
magazine designed for a very targeted group of specialty readers tied together by trade,
and the other for a much broader general viewing audience.
The language in any periodical must support the lowest common denominator in
the shared linguistic competence of its readers. This is especially important for a
magazine such as Entertainment Weekly, which chooses as its target audience the general
public. The tremendous range of shared knowledge and specific language
comprehension in such a domain necessitate the use of simplistic language to ensure
universal readability. Linguistic elements such as the Cooperative Principle suddenly
play a paramount role in the selection of vocabulary and grammatical constructions, as do
the attention spans and implicit and explicit knowledge expected of the readership. A
careful analysis of these elements thus becomes of great interest in discerning the
language characteristics unique to this readership domain.
The Cooperative Principle, first outlined by H.P. Grice in his famous Harvard
University lectures of 1967, defines four conversational maxims: The Maxim of Relation,
The Maxim of Quantity, The Maxim of Quality, and The Maxim of Manner. The first of
these, the Maxim of Relation, requires that all of the text presented be relevant to the task
of conveying the primary concept to the reader. This is certainly present in the
advertisements from Entertainment Weekly, with advertisement #2 asking the reader
how can you make two months salary last forever? and immediately answering it with
the paired response [with] the diamond engagement ring. Similarly, the Maxim of
Quantity, which discourages loquaciousness, is adhered to by the selected
advertisements, and is actually exceeded in advertisement #1, in which the three phrases
real clues , real investigations , and real trials are found. These three concept-
phrases are devoid of any container grammatical constructs, but avoid violating the
Maxim of Manner, which requires clarify in expression, due to their strong relation to the
overall primary idea of the advertisement. The Maxim of Quality, however, which
enforces veracity of expression, has always been treated as a grey area in advertising
philosophy, as the purpose of an advertisement is to convince the reader of the product s
usefulness to his or her, which occasionally requires overselling it. An example of
such persuasion may be found in advertisement #4 in which the claim is made that
everything tastes better with a splash of the unexpected and #5 in which the
manufacturer asserts, Blazer Xtreme won t go unnoticed. Both of these advertisements
make subjective claims which cannot be quantitatively supported.
The attention span of a magazine s readers also brings a large amount to bear on
the particular word choices used. In Entertainment Weekly, the five selected
advertisements total 246 words, which is an average of slightly more than 49 words per
advertisement. Of these 246 words, 44 were verb forms, which represent almost 18% of
the total word corpus. The overall brevity of the advertisements, coupled with high
densities of active words, tends to promote strong action-based connotations within the
reader. Commands such as You re on the case (Advertisement #1), Choose the
perfect diamond (Advertisement #2), and you better believe you can back up anything
you say (Advertisement #5) all serve as metaphorical vias through which the reader may
connect to the advertisement.
In stark contrast to the broad coverage of Entertainment Weekly s readership
demographics, AAPG Explorer is targeted towards a select group of professionals, all of
whom share the common bond of employment in the petroleum industry. It therefore has
greater freedom to use industry-specific jargon and technical terminology which its
readership is assumed to understand. Concepts such as tadpole plots (Advertisement
#2), log correlation (Advertisement #3), dip data (Advertisement #2), and
wellbores (Advertisement #2) are all unique to the field of petroleum geology. New
terminologies, in the form of acronyms, are also introduced, such as Statistical
Curvature Analysis Techniques (SCAT) in Advertisement #2 and Electronic Data
Rooms (EDR) in Advertisement #4.
The Cooperative Principle is followed closely by AAPG Explorer s
advertisements as pertains to the central theme of the advertisement, but, rather than
focus on a single linear path of reasoning, they often digress to provide additional
background material to help the user with his or her evaluation of the product. This
causes a fair amount of violations, albeit minor ones, to the four conversational maxims
by the additional information. The Maxim of Relation is present throughout the
advertisement corpus, except for a few minor violations, such as extra special delivery
in Advertisement #1, which was used as a lead-in to the advertisement s emphasis on the
speed of its product. The Maxim of Quantity is occasionally violated with
reinforcements like right to your screen & right now & this minute (Advertisement
#1), which are merely supporting statements. The Maxim of Manner is adhered to
overall, as the verbiage of each advertisement forms a synergistic whole. The Maxim of
Quality is followed quite meticulously, so that violations such as but what you really
want is a structural picture (Advertisement #2) become the exception to boasts like the
only package created and supported by geologists (Advertisement #3), which can be
proven quantitatively.
The total word count in the AAPG Explorer advertisements is 682 words, which is
an average of slightly more than 136 words per advertisement. A total of 120 verb forms
comprise almost 20% of the total word corpus, lending a strong action component to the
advertisements connotations.
Thus, careful analysis shows that both Entertainment Weekly and AAPG Explorer
tend to follow the four conversational maxims defined by the Cooperative Principle,
despite the distinction made regarding that principle in the AAPG Explorer
advertisements. The average length of each advertisement was longer in AAPG Explorer,
which was largely due to the additional background material provided in each
advertisement. Such background material was not present in the Entertainment Weekly
advertisements. Liberal use of domain-specific terminology and other devices such as
acronyms were found in the AAPG Explorer advertisements, while Entertainment Weekly
contained none. It is also interesting to note that one spelling error was discovered in the
shared advertising corpus, in AAPG Explorer advertisement #3, where the word
geologocal is used in placed of geological. This was the only misspelling detected
and therefore may be attributed to simple typographical error.
These discrepancies between the two advertisement corpuses definitely seem to
be representative of the dialect of each magazine s readership demographics. The shared
knowledge and expected language competence of each advertisement s audience
contributed heavily to its overall construction, lending a unique insight into human
perception.
APPENDIX
ENTERTAINMENT WEEKLY (#592 APRIL 20, 2001)
Advertisement #1 (Page 13)
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Get the goods to solve the crimes at discovery.com
Advertisement #2 (Page 41)
HOW CAN YOU MAKE TWO MONTHS SALARY LAST FOREVER? THE
DIAMOND ENGAGEMENT RING. HOW OFTEN WILL YOU GIVE HER
SOMETHING SHE LL CHERISH FOR THE REST OF HER LIFE? VISIT OUR WEB
SITE AND DESIGN AN ENGAGEMENT RING SHE LL LOVE. CHOOSE THE
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THE PERFECT DIAMOND RING. WWW.ADIAMONDISFOREVER.COM A
DIAMOND IS FOREVER
Advertisement #3 (Page 45)
A&E ORIGINAL SERIES If you commit a crime, watch out for the big, bad Wolfe.
NERO WOLFE. New Series Premieres Sun., April. 22 at 8pm/7c Escape the Ordinary
Advertisement #4 (Page 47)
Club Sandwich? The Captain was here Captain Morgan Original Spiced Rum
Everything tastes better with a splash of the unexpected. Join the Captain s crew at
run.com. Enjoy our quality responsibly.
Advertisement #5 (Page 77)
YOU WANT QUIET? BECOME A MIME XTREME If you ve got something to say,
say it loud. With rocker cladding, ground effects and available Bose sound system,
Blazer Xtreme won t go unnoticed. And since Blazer Xtreme is built on a foundation of
security and toughness, you better believe you can back up anything you say. BLAZER
LIKE A ROCK
AAPG EXPLORER (APRIL 2001)
Advertisement #1 (Page 19)
LiveQuest EXTRA SPECIAL DELIVERY. Introducing the LiveQuest Application
Service Provider (ASP) solution. Offering you the fastest possible way to put advanced
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way you access software and data forever. And transform the way you work. Read all
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Advertisement #2 (Page 20)
What you get. What you want. Now you can get what you want. What you get from
dipmeter surveys (and many other wellbore-imaging services) is a tadpole plot.
However, tadpole plots can be difficult or impossible to interpret, inaccurate, or
completely misleading. Our Geodes software implements several innovative techniques
in dip analysis, including Statistical Curvature Analysis Techniques (SCAT), enabling
you to analyze your dip data quickly, accurately, and completely. But what you really
want is a structural picture horizon maps and structure sections. Tadpole plots only
indicate the dip at the wellbore and wellbore images only show you the inside of the
wellbore, they don t show you what happens away from and outside the wellbore. Now
you can get what you really want. Our Geodes software will help you convert your
tadpole plots to horizon maps and structure sections (in any direction), allowing you to
see away from and outside your wellbore. Best of all, you get all of this additional,
structural control from data you already have! Let Geodes or our 3D Dip consulting
services help you improve your 3D geological models, your 3D seismic interpretations,
and your drilling results!
Advertisement #3 (Page 26)
SmartSECTION Computerizes Well Log Correlation smartSECTION replaces paper-
based log correlation and cross-section analysis workflows with unprecedented efficiency
up to 5-20 times faster than traditional methods. A2D Technologies leading
smartRASTER and vector (LAS) let users select tops and bases of sands or porosity
zones and sum intervals with the ease of a mouse click. With smartSECTION V4.6
geologists can generate scenarios and evaluate opportunities more effectively with
enhanced fault gapping and automated bed off-set capabilities. These features, along
with advanced data management, streamline the well-log workflow with easy data
sharing between applications using intuitive import/export features. Visit A2D.com to
experience an interactive demo to learn more about smartSECTION and how A2D
technologies can help you maximize your well-log data workflow. A2D Technologies
continues to lead the industry in PC-based geologocal interpretation, delivering the only
package created and supported by geologists.
Advertisement #4 (Page 33)
A leading Internet portal and marketplace bringing value and process efficiencies to each
stage of the oil and gas property transaction lifecycle streamlining the discovery,
evaluation, acquisition, divestiture, and managing of petroleum properties. Data Room
Explorer Review property listings and access detailed, supporting evaluation data online
for properties being offered at upcoming auctions. Electronic Data Rooms (EDR)
Review properties and prospects online in virtual data rooms complete with interactive
map displays and evaluation tools. DataMap Access an interactive, online map of North
America displaying the land grid, cultural data, well and property locations, and FREE
production data and graphics for all of the U.S. Discover Discover properties and
prospects available for sale or trade through the Petroleum Place digital marketplace
featuring one of the industry s most extensive inventories of properties and the broadest
exposure to prospective buyers. Evaluate Leverage the geotechnical data and software
applications on www.petroleumplace.com to efficiently and effectively evaluate
properties online. Transact Transact properties through Negotiated Sales, Hybrid Live
Floor/Internet and Exclusively Online auctions.
Advertisement #5 (Page 34)
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For evaluating data, from a regional perspective to reservoir detail, GeoProbe is the new
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