History of Industrial Robots
From the first installation until today
Milestones of
Technology
and Commercialization
obotics
mation
asse 18
m Main
ermany
Compiled by the International Federation of Robotics IFR
03-1697
3-2697
2012
@ifr.org
w.ifr.org
Important Contributors to the R0botics Industry
Unimation, the company that developed the Unimate
In 1956, George Devol and Joe Engelberger, established a
company called Unimation, a shortened form of the words
Universal Animation.
Engelberger, a physicist working on the design of control
systems for nuclear power plants and jet engines, met
inventor Devol by chance at a cocktail party. Devol had
recently received a patent called Programmed Article
Transfer. Inspired by the short stories and novels of Isaac
Asimov, Devol and Engelberger brainstormed to derive the
first industrial robot arm, based upon Devol s patent, called
the Unimate. Programmed Article Transfer became the seminal industrial robot patent which was ultimately
sub-licensed around the world.
1959 Unimate is the first robot
The first industrial robot in Europe, a
1967
Unimate, was installed at Metallverken,
Uppsland Väsby, Sweden
1959 1961 1962
Development of the first Unimation, USA, installed the The first cylindrical robot, the
industrial robot by George Devol first industrial robot at GM Versatran from AMF, USA
and Joseph Engelberger
The world s first industrial robot was 6 Versatran robots were installed
used on a production line at the GM by American Machine and Foundry
It weighed two tons and was
Ternstedt plant in Trenton, NJ, which (AMF) at the Ford factory in Canton,
controlled by a program on a
made door and window handles, USA. It was named the Versatran
magnetic drum. They used hydraulic
gearshift knobs, light fixtures and from the words versatile transfer.
actuators and were programmed in
other hardware for automotive
joint coordinates, i.e. the angles of
interiors. Obeying step-by-step
the various joints were stored during
commands stored on a magnetic
a teaching phase and replayed in
drum, the Unimate robot s 4,000
operation. The rate of accuracy was
pound arm sequenced and stacked
within 1/10,000 of an inch.
hot pieces of diecast metal. The
robot cost US$65,000 to make but
Unimation sold it for US$18,000.
Milestones in the History of Industrial Robots
The first National Symposium on Industrial Robots was held in 1970
in Chicago, USA
A year later it was upgraded to an international conference and was called
the International Symposium on Industrial Robots (ISIR). The purpose of
this symposium was to provide researchers and engineers worldwide an
opportunity to present their work and to share their ideas in the fields
of robotics. In 1997 the symposium changed its name to International
Symposium on Robotics (ISR) and included the technology of service robots.
Today the ISR still represents a meeting point for all scientific, technical and
industrial topics related to robotics. One main goal is to bring academia
and industry together. The symposium is organized annually by a national
robot association either in America, Europe or Asia in conjunction with an
international robot exhibition.
First National Symposium on Industrial Robots 1970
67
1969 1969 1969
bot, the GM installed the first Trallfa, Norway, offers the first Unimate robots enter
USA spot-welding robots at its commercial painting robot Japanese market
Lordstown assembly plant
installed The robots were developed for Unimation signs a licensing
nd Foundry in-house use in 1967 to spray paint agreement with Kawasaki Heavy
The Unimation robots boosted
y in Canton, wheelbarrows during a Norwegian Industries to manufacture and
productivity and allowed more
ersatran labor shortage. market Unimate robots for the
than 90 percent of body welding
e transfer. Asian market. Kawasaki regarded
operations to be automated vs.
the development and production
only 20 percent to 40 percent at
of labor-saving machines and
traditional plants, where welding
systems as an important mission,
was a manual, dirty and dangerous
and became Japan s pioneer in the
task dominated by large jigs and
industrial robot field. In 1969, the
fixtures.
company succeeded in developing
the Kawasaki-Unimate 2000, the
first industrial robot ever produced
in Japan.
The Japanese Robot Association (JIRA, later JARA) was established
This was the first national robot association. The Japan Robot Association was
formed in 1971 as the Industrial Robot Conversazione, a voluntary organization.
The Conversazione was reorganized into the Japan Industrial Robot Association
(JIRA) in 1972, and the Association was formally incorporated in 1973.
1971 The Japanese Robot Association was established
3,000 industrial robots in operation
1970 1973
Björn Weichbrodt developed the first fully electric,
1974
microprocessor-controlled industrial robot for ASEA, Sweden.
1973 1973 1974
First robot to have six Hitachi, Japan, developed the The first minicomputer-controlled
electromechanically driven axes automatic bolting robot for industrial robot comes to market
concrete pile and pole industry
g KUKA moves from using Unimate The first commercially available
Heavy robots to developing their own minicomputer-controlled industrial
This robot was the first industrial
and robots. Their robot, the Famulus robot was developed by Richard
robot with dynamic vision sensors
r the was the first robot to have six Hohn for Cincinnati Milacron
for moving objects. It recognized
garded electromechanically driven axes. Corporation. The robot was called the
bolts on a mold while it is moving
duction T3, The Tomorrow Tool.
and fastened/loosened the bolts
and
in synchronization with the mold
mission,
motion.
er in the
69, the
veloping
00, the
produced
Ichiro Kato, Waseda University, developed the world s first
full-scale humanoid robot, Wabot-1
The robot consisted of a limb-control system, a vision system and
a conversation system. The robot was able to measure distances
and directions to the objects, and to communicate with a person
in Japanese. The robot walked with its lower limbs and was able
to grip and transport objects with hands that used tactile-sensors.
This research led to various humanoid researches in Japan and other
countries, including Kato s own robot musician . This robot, which
was exhibited at the science expo in 1984, could read a normal
musical score with its eyes and play tunes on an electronic piano.
1973 The world s first full-scale humanoid robot
n.
1974 1974 1975
controlled The first arc welding robots The first fully electric, The Olivetti SIGMA a
o market go to work in Japan microprocessor-controlled cartesian-coordinate robot, is
industrial robot, IRB 6 from ASEA, one of the first used in assembly
ilable Kawasaki, Japan, developed a version
ndustrial of the Unimate to be used for Sweden, was delivered to a small applications
chard spot-welding, fabricating Kawasaki
mechanical engineering company
The Olivetti SIGMA robot was used
on motorcycle frames. They also added
in southern Sweden in Italy for assembly operations with
s called the touch and force-sensing capabilities
two hands.
With anthropomorphic design, its
in their Hi-T-Hand robot, enabling the
arm movement mimicked that of a
robot to guide pins into holes at a
human arm, with a 6kg payload and
rate of one second per pin.
5 axis. The S1 controller was the first
to use a intel 8 bit microprocessor.
The memory capacity was 16KB. The
controller had 16 digital I/O and was
programmed through 16 keys and a
four digit LED display. The first model,
IRB 6, was acquired by Magnussons
in Genarp to wax and polish stainless
steel tubes bent at 90° angles.
The Engelberger Robotics Award is the world s most
prestigious robotics honor
The award is presented to individuals for excellence in technology
development, application, education, and leadership in the robotics
industry. Each winner receives an honorarium and commemorative
medallion with the inscription, Contributing to the advancement of
the science of robotics in the service of mankind.
The Engelberger Robotics Award is presented
annually by Robotic Industries Association
(RIA). The Award recognizes outstanding
individuals from all over the world. Since the
award s inception in 1977, it has been presented
to 114 robotics leaders from 17 different nations.
1977 First Engelberger Award Presentation
1978 1978 1978
Programmable Universal Hiroshi Makino, University of First six-axis robot with own
ot, is Machine for Assembly (PUMA) Yamanashi, Japan, developed control system RE 15 by Reis,
sembly was developed by Unimation/ the SCARA-Robot (Selective Germany
Vicarm, USA, with support from Compliance Assembly Robot Arm)
Loading and unloading of diecasting
General Motors parts into trim presses. The robot was
as used By virtue of the SCARA s parallel-
presented at GIFA show, Duesseldorf.
ons with axis joint layout, the arm is slightly
GM had concluded
compliant in the X-Y direction but
that 90 percent of all
rigid in the Z direction, hence the
parts handled during
term: Selective Compliant. The second
assembly weighed five
attribute of the SCARA is the jointed
pounds or less. The
two-link arm layout similar to our
PUMA was adapted to
human arms, hence the often-used
GM specifications for a
term, Articulated. This feature allows
small parts handling line
the arm to extend into confined areas
robot that maintained the
and then retract or fold up out of
same space intrusion of a
the way. In 1981, SCARA robots were
human operator.
launched by Sankyo Seiki, Japan and
Hirata, Japan.
gy
otics
tive
nt of
1959-1978
1979 to present
wn
eis,
ecasting
robot was
esseldorf.
Important Contributors to the R0botics Industry
Takeo Kanade, Carnegie Mellon University, USA designed
the world s first Direct Drive Arm
He also founded the world s first doctoral program in Robotics,
which he chaired from 1989-1993 at Carnegie Mellon. Direct
Drive Robotic Arms are currently the best method of design
for mechanical arms, due to the removal of transmission
mechanisms between the motors and loads. rather than using
reducers and chain belts which produce uneven movements. The
result is an arm that can move freely and smoothly, allowing for
high speed precision robots. Design of the arm was completed in
1981, and successful patent was obtained a few years later.
1981 The world s first direct drive arm
66,000 Industrial robots in operation
1983
1979 1981 1984
Nachi, Japan, developed the first PaR Systems, USA, introduced its Adept, USA, introduced the
electromotor-driven robots first industrial gantry robot AdeptOne, first direct-drive
SCARA robot
The spot-welding robots ushered Gantry robots provided a much larger
in a new era of electric driven range of motion than pedestal robots
Electric-drive motors connected
robots, replacing the previous era of of the day, and could replace several
directly to the arms eliminating
hydraulic drive. robots. (PaR 50th Anniversary, 2010).
the need for intermediate gear or
chain system. The simplicity of the
mechanism made AdeptOne robots
very robust in continuous industrial
automation applications, while
maintaining high accuracy.
Milestones in the History of Industrial Robots
ed Establishing an International Federation
The International Federation of Robotics (IFR) was
established in 1987 in connection with the 17th
cs,
International Symposium on Industrial Robotics ISIR
as a non-profit organization by robotics organizations
from over 15 countries. The reason was to promote and
strengthen the robotics industry worldwide, to protect
ng
its business interests, to cause public awareness about
. The
robotics technologies and to deal with other matters of
g for
relevance to its members.
ed in
1987 Foundation of IFR and 1988 IFR/UNECE published the
first global statistics on
Publication of first Statistic Book
industrial robots
983
1989 Unimation Inc. was sold to Stäubli
1992 1998
1985
d the Demaurex, Switzerland, sold ABB, Sweden, developed the
KUKA, Germany, introduces a
drive its first Delta robot packaging FlexPicker, the world s fastest
new Z-shaped robot arm whose
application to Roland picking robot based on the delta
design ignores the traditional
robot developed by Reymond
nected The first application was a landmark
parallelogram
inating installation of 6 robots loading Clavel, Federal Institute of
It achieves total flexibility with three
e gear or pretzels into blister trays. It was
Technology of Lausanne (EPFL)
translational and three rotational
city of the based on the delta robot developed
movements for a total of six degrees It was able to pick 120 objects a
One robots by Reymond Clavel, Federal Institute
of freedom. The new configuration minute or pick and release at a speed
s industrial of Technology of Lausanne (EPFL).
saved floor space in manufacturing of 10 meters per second, using image
, while
settings. technology.
cy.
Invention and Entrepreneurship in Robotics and Automation Award
In 2005 the IEEE Robotics and Automation Society (IEEE/RAS) and the
International Federation of Robotics (IFR) agreed to jointly sponsor the
Invention and Entrepreneurship in Robotics and Automation (IERA) Award.
The purpose of this award is to highlight and honor the achievements of
the inventors with value creating ideas and entrepreneurs who propel those
ideas into world-class products. At the same time the joint disposition of
the award underlines the determination of both organizations to promote
f stronger collaboration between robotics science and robotics industry.
shed the IEEE and IFR jointly present the first IERA award 2005
tics on
800,000 Industrial robots in operation
2003
s sold to Stäubli
1998 1999 2004
d the Güdel, Switzerland, launched Reis, Germany, introduces Motoman, Japan, introduced the
astest the roboLoop system, the only integrated laser beam guiding improved robot control system
the delta curved-track gantry and transfer within the robot arm (NX100) which provided the
mond system synchronized control of four
Reis Robotics receives patent on
of the integrated laser beam guiding robots, up to 38 axis
The roboLoop concept enables one
through the robot arm and launches
e (EPFL) or more robo-carriers to track curves
The NX100 programming pendant
the RV6L-CO2 laser robot model. This
and to circulate in a closed system,
has a touch screen display and is
ects a
technology replaces the need of an
thereby creating new possibilities for
based on WindowsCE operative
e at a speed
external beam guiding device thus
factory automation.
system.
sing image
allowing to use laser in combination
with a robot at high dynamics and
no collision contours.
n Award
IFR Round Table on the The Future of Robotics
he
CEO s of major robot companies from Europe, Japan and
the
North America discussed on The Future of Robotics .
) Award.
The main results of the discussion were:
ents of
" The automotive industry will continue to be the main driver of
opel those
the robotics industry
tion of
promote
" New materials, sustainability, more automation of assembly
stry.
pose new challenges to the robotics industry
" The interaction of humans and robots
" Easier programming
2005 First IFR CEO Round Table 2010 2011 1.1 million Industrial robots in operation
Start of the Campaign
2006 2006 2010
duced the Comau, Italy, introduced the first KUKA, Germany, presents the Fanuc, Japan, launched the first
system Wireless Teach Pendant (WiTP) first Light Weight Robot Learning Control Robot
d the
All the traditional data Developed in cooperation with FANUC s Learning Vibration Control
four communication/robot programming DLR, Institute of Robotics and (LVC) allows the robot to learn its
activities can be carried out without Mechatronics, Germany, the outer vibration characteristics for higher
the restrictions caused by the cable structure of the KUKA lightweight accelerations and speeds. Learning
pendant
connected to the Control Unit, but robot is made of aluminum. It has a control reduces the cycle time of the
y and is
at the same time absolute safety is payload capacity of 7 kg and, thanks robot motion by suppressing the
rative
ensured. to its integrated sensors, is highly vibration of the robot arm.
sensitive. This makes it ideally suited
to handling and assembly tasks.
Due to its low weight of just 16 kg
the first robot weighted two tons!,
the robot is energy-efficient and
portable and can perform a wide
range of different tasks.
The word robot (from the Czech word robota
for forced labor or serf) was used for the first
time in a play called R.U.R (Rossum s Universal
Robots) by the Czech dramatist Karel Capek. In
the 1920 science fiction play, which portrayed
robots as intelligent machines serving their
human makers, the plot ended dramatically.
Robots took over the world and destroyed humanity.
of
This scenario is far from reality!
Today industrial robots and robotic systems are key
components of automation. More than 1.1 million
industrial robots are operating in the factories all
over the world:
" Improving quality of work for employees
" Increasing production output rates
operation
" Improving product quality and consistency
" Increasing flexibility in product manufacturing
" Reducing operating costs
More information on the
distribution of industrial robots
by countries, by industries and
applications:
www.worldrobotics.org
While only main information on
the History of Industrial Robots
is described in this brochure, more
details are provided on
e first
www.ifr/history
Control
rn its
higher
arning
e of the
g the
IFR International Federation of Robotics
c/o VDMA Robotics + Automation
Lyoner Strasse 18
60528 Frankfurt am Main
Germany
Phone +49 69 6603-1697
Fax +49 69 6603-2697
E-Mail secretariat@ifr.org
Internet www.ifr.org
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