Creating and Installing Packages (Mac OS X for Unix Geeks)
Chapter 6. Creating and Installing Packages
Contents:
Fink
Creating Fink Packages
GNU-Darwin
Packaging ToolsJust because you can build all your applications from source
doesn't mean that you should. Linux users are
spoiled by the wealth of applications that they can download as
Red Hat or
Debian packages.
FreeBSD users have
the best of both worlds (packaged software and building from source)
through the vast number of applications in
/usr/ports. Mac OS X users can tap into this
wealth of applications through the Fink and GNU-Darwin projects.
However, if you go through the trouble of building applications from
source, you might want to package the resulting binaries for
distribution so others can install the package, you can reinstall it
at a later time without needing to rebuild it from source, or you can
install it on multiple machines. Mac OS X is quite rich in the number
of options available for packaging.
This chapter covers the Fink and GNU-Darwin distributions, as well as
the packaging tools that come with Mac OS X's
Developer Tools, and shows you how to package your application for
distribution.
6.1. Fink
Christoph
Pfisterer[7] started the Fink project in
December 2000. A number of other people continued the project after
Pfisterer left it in 2002.
[7]Pfisterer
named the project Fink, the German word for finch, while thinking
about Charles Darwin's study of finches on the
Galapagos Islands.
Fink is essentially a port of the Debian Advanced Package Tool
(APT), with some frontends and its own centralized collection site,
which stores packaged binaries, source code, and patches needed to
build software on Mac OS X. The Fink package manager allows you to
install a package, choosing whether to install it from source or a
binary package. Consistent with Debian, binary package files are in
the dpkg format with a
.deb extension and are managed with the
ported Debian tools dpkg and
apt-get.
Fink also provides new tools that create a .deb
package from source. A database of installed software is maintained
that identifies packages by the combination of name, version, and
revision. Moreover, Fink understands dependencies, uses CVS to
propagate software updates, supports uninstallation, and makes it
easy to see available packages and installed packages. Fink can be
used to install XFree86, as well as several hundred other popular
Unix packages. If you already have a copy of XFree86 installed, Fink
recognizes and supports it.
TIP:
Although Fink does not manage Mac OS X packages, it does require Mac
OS X Developer Tools.
Fink installs itself and all of its packages, with the exception of
XFree86, in a directory named
/sw, thus completely separating it from
the main system directory /usr. A more
traditional Unix practice is to place locally installed software in
/usr/local. Installing software in
/sw takes the usual practice one step further
and is regarded as a safer policy. If problems occur with
Fink-installed packages, you can then delete the entire
/sw directory tree without affecting your
system.
You can install Fink from binary or source. Both methods of
installation are simple. The binary installation involves the
following steps:
Download the binary installer disk image (a .dmg
file) from http://fink.sourceforge.net/download.
In the Finder, double-click the .dmg file to
mount the disk image.
Open the mounted disk image and double-click the Fink Installer
.pkg package inside.
Follow the instructions on the screen.
To install Fink from source, perform the following steps.
Download the source tarball from http://fink.sourceforge.net/download/srcdist.php
to a temporary directory using the command line. For example:
cd /tmp
curl -O http://prdownloads.sourceforge.net/fink/fink-0.4.0a-full.tar.gz
WARNING:
Do not use StuffIt to unpack the tarball, as it will corrupt some
files; you should unpack the tarball from the command line. Also,
check the Fink site for the latest release.
Issue the command gnutar -xzf
fink-0.4.0a-full.tar.gz. This creates a directory with the
same name as the archive, e.g.,
fink-0.4.0a-full/.
Change into that directory and run the bootstrap
script:
cd fink-0.4.0a-full
./bootstrap.sh
Follow the instructions on the screen.
To begin using Fink, you need to set up your PATH
and some environment variables. Fink provides shell scripts to help
with this. If you are using tcsh or
csh, you can execute this command before using
Fink applications (or add it to your .cshrc or
.tcshrc file, depending on which one you have):
source /sw/bin/init.csh
If you are using sh, zsh,
ksh, or bash, you can run
this command (or add it to your .profile or
.bash_profile file):
. /sw/bin/init.sh
Use the following command to perform additional post-install
configuration (you will be prompted for your password):
fink scanpackages
Fink can later be updated by entering the commands:
fink selfupdate
fink update-all
The first command updates Fink itself, including the list and
descriptions of available packages, while the second command updates
any installed packages. Once Fink has been installed, you can see what
packages are available by entering the command fink
list.
You can download and install binaries via dselect
(shown in Figure 6-1), a console-based
frontend to dpkg. To use
dselect, you need to have superuser (or
administrator) privileges, so you'll need to run
sudo dselect in the Terminal. Once
dselect has started, you can use the following
options to maintain, install, and uninstall packages:
Figure 6-1. The dselect program's main menu
[A]ccess
Chooses the access method to use. Configures the network access
method to use.
[U]pdate
Downloads the list of available packages from the Fink site. This
option is equivalent to running apt-get update.
Table 6-1 lists the
apt-get and
dpkg command-line options.
Table 6-1. Some apt-get and dpkg commands
Command
Description
apt-get update
Updates list of available packages. Do this first.
apt-get install foo
Downloads and installs package foo.
apt-get remove foo
Deletes package foo.
dpkg --list
Lists all installed packages.
dpkg --listfiles foo
Lists all the files from package foo.
dpkg --install foo
Installs package foo.
dpkg --remove foo
Deletes package foo. Leaves configuration
files.
dpkg --purge foo
Deletes foo and configuration files.
dpkg -S /path/to/file
Tells you which package owns a file.
TIP:
You must run [U]pdate at least once after
installing Fink.
[S]elect
Requests the packages you want on your system. Displays the actual
package listing, which is used to select and deselect the packages
you want on your system.
[I]nstall
Installs, upgrades, and configures selected packages. Also removes
deselected packages.
[C]onfig
Configures any packages that are unconfigured. Not actually needed,
since [I]nstall does this after you've installed a
package.
[R]emove
Removes unwanted software. Not actually needed, since [I]nstall will
do this.
[Q]uit
Quits deselect.
The fink command is used from the command line
to maintain, install, and uninstall packages. Table 6-2 lists some examples of its usage.
Table 6-2. Various fink commands
Command
Description
fink selfupdate
Updates Fink along with package list. Do this first.
fink update-all
Updates all installed packages.
fink install foo
Downloads source, then builds and installs Debian package
foo.
fink reinstall foo
Reinstalls foo using
dpkg.
fink describe
foo
Describes package foo.
fink list
Lists available packages. "i" is
placed next to installed packages.
fink build
foo
Downloads and builds Debian package foo.
No installation is performed.
fink rebuild
foo
Downloads and rebuilds Debian package foo.
Installation is performed.
fink --remove
foo
Deletes package foo, ignoring
dependencies. Use apt-get remove instead.
Using Fink, you can mix binary and source installations. That is, you
can install some packages from their precompiled
.deb files and others from source. If you do
this, you will need to first use apt-get to
update the available binaries and subsequently use fink
selfupdate, followed by fink
update-all, to update packages installed from source.
5.7. Interesting and Important Libraries6.2. Creating Fink Packages
Copyright © 2003 O'Reilly & Associates. All rights reserved.
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