1864814485

Łukasz Sułkowski

nagement processes are based on the principles of the interpretive approach, the examples of which are: K. Weick s theory of enactment, G. Morgan and L. Smircich’s management of meanings, the organisational identity as seen by S. Albert and D.A. Whetten or J. Pfeffer and G.R. Salancik s “networks of power” [Weick 1979, Smircich 1983, pp. 55-65, Peififer, Salancik 1978]. What serves as the basis of the interpretive theory is the assumption that the social and organisational reality has a constructivist and conventional charac-ter [Hatch 2002, p. 24, 56]. The organisational order does not exist objectively, but is still maintained, reconstructed and modified by individuals and groups functioning within and around the organisation. The organisation and the management processes are created by groups in the processes of institutionali-sation, legitimisation and internalisation, and they are a matter of convention - a collective consensus [Berger 1966]. Economical interests exert the same impact as political, social and psychological factors. The human being in the organisation is a person who is oriented towards values, who searches for the meaning and who involves themselves in a study situation.

4. The paradigm of radical structuralism, Critical Management Studies (CMS)

The paradigm of radical structuralism, also known as Critical Management Studies (CMS), is based on the principle of the existence of objective social reality which yet needs a fundamental restructuring. Social truths are hidden in the omnipresent micro- and macrostructures of power. The role of social Sciences is to uncover the concealed mechanisms of power, domination and social ineąuality as well as to change the social awareness and reality. The paradigm of radical structuralism adopts a critical attitude towards the social status quo and the achievements of social Sciences. The role of the scholar is to discover the social mechanisms and, morę importantly, to change the social reality. The character of change is morę oriented toward revolutionary or punctuated equ-ilibrium approach [Gersick 1991, pp. 10—36]. The methodology of research has a qualitative character and is based on the involved methods.

The critical tendency in management studies takes its source from the phi-losophical doctrines which adopt a radical vision of the development of organisation and management seen as the foundations of domination and power. This idea goes back to Bentham s idea of panopticon and Karl Marxs class struggle. In the 20th century, the critique of the oppressive dimensions of organisation was expressed by: the Frankfurt School, neomarxists, poststructuralists and postmodernists [Benhabib 1986]. What also serves as an important point of reference is Jurgen Habermass critical theory of communication [Habermas 1985]. Considered the precursor of postmodernism, Michael Foucault raised the problem of power and domination as the basie driving force of social ac-

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