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5.8 Cementing

The main purpose of cementing is to hołd the casing in place, to prevent the migration of fluid outside the casing, and to prevent corrosion of the casing. There are different methods used in cementing but here two case studies will be analysed, one from Kenya and one from Iceland.

Kenya: A calculation was done to establish the volume of the shoe joint and annulus to the loss zonę, and then excess was factored in. The total volume of cement that was calculated was pumped through the casing, and then the top pług was released. The cement was followed by water that displaced the cement until the top pług rested on the float collar and the cement in the annulus was at the loss zonę. The system was kept under pressure for 12 hours then backfill was done till the cement retumed to the surface.

Iceland: Inner string - the cement was pumped through the drill pipę, stab-in at the float collar, and float shoe cement flowed up the annulus till the cement was received on the surface.

When there are large losses in the well, as freąuently is the case, the method is modified. The inner string cement is then pumped through the drill pipę, stab-in at float collar and float shoe up the annulus to the loss zonę; the loss zonę is kept open by pumping water simultaneously from top through the annulus. Immediately backfill is done by pumping through the annulus until the cement is retumed to the surface. This is the most commonly used method.

Top down cementing - all cement was pumped through the annulus of the casing and allowed to displace water through the inner part of the casing until the cement reached the casing shoe. The water retumed to the surface up the inside of the casing or drill pipę, flowing through a throttle valve to prevent the free flow of the cement being pumped. The volume of backflow was measured to balance the cement being pumped into the well. This is called the reverse cementing procedurę, and is very rarely used.

5.9 Energy use in the rig

The energy needed in the drilling operation accounts for about 10-30% of the operational cost of the rig. Since most of the drilling sites are located off grid areas. the rigs must generate their own power by way of big diesel generators. Depending on the size of the rigs they must use three to four 1 MWe generators each. This power is used mainly by the drive system, circulation system, draw works and hoisting, and the auxiliary supply. The mud circulation system takes the largest percentage of the energy use in the rig operation, thus, improving the efficiency of the mud circulation system means power is saved. Hydraulic rigs consumc morę energy because of the conversion loss, for example AC to DC, DC to hydraulic.

5.10 Case study

5.10.1 OveralI drilling time for directional well OW-38A

Figurę 12 shows a planned drilling programme against the actual drilling operation. The green arrows marked 1, 2 and 3 show the cementing points. The arrow marked 4 shows the well completion test point. The neon purple arrows marked 'a' show the bit change points. As you can see there were a total of ten bit changes in the W hole section. Considering the high cost of bits on the market, research needs to be done to establish the exact cause of bit wear and failurc. One possible cause can be attributed to O-ring seal and diaphragm damage which leads to bearing failure. The bit cone rotation on its axis is affected, therefore the bit tends to drag on the drilling surface causing a faster wearing off of the tungsten Carbide insert.

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