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Cluster as an opportunity for medical tourism in Poiand 109
Various big companies, possessing large promotion funds have already taken some actions in this field, trying to, morę or less successfully, attract medical tourists. Smaller players used to face serious obstacles. Thus, it is crucial to consider the way Poiand may seize the opportunity.
2. Definitional problems
There is an idea to create a cluster engaging a few, maybe a dozen actors offering medical services. Before the concept of a cluster is defined, it is worth explaining what medical tourism is.
Medical tourism is a form of travel outside a place of residence in order to improve health or aesthetics of the body, rehabilitation, renewal of psychophysical strength under the care of a specialist doctor’s office, clinic or hospital, combined with a wide rangę of altemative offers of leisure activities within a given city or region. Such a joumey should provide at least one night stay, and last no longer than 12 months [Rab-Przybyłowicz 2014, p. 27],
Medical tourism is therefore a form of generał tourism, next to health tourism, spa and wellness. It is also a manifestation of broader national, intemational, and domestic tourism. Medical tourism in Poiand may be associated with the image of the foreigner arriving to Poiand for treatment. However, also the Poles travel in the country in search of specialists in the field of medicine. That is why medical tourism should not be considered so narrowly, even though the authors of the article mainly relate to incoming and outgoing tourism.
It should also be noted that some researchers [Lunt, Carrera 2010, p. 28] did not indicate any significant differences between health tourism and medical tourism. According to literaturę, medical tourism may be considered as:
• an integral component of the summer trip program (combined with the recereational tourism, VFR) [see also: Rab-Przybyłowicz 2010, pp. 695-696];
• a synonym for global healthcare; thus, medical tourism does not refer to care in case of health hazards during a patienfs stay abroad, but to the main reason of departure - medical purposes [Crooks, Turner, Snyder, Johnston, Kingsbur 2011, pp. 726-732],
It should be pointed out, however, that medical tourism may take different forms depending on the motives of participants. These are as follows: recovering from illnesses and injuries, desire to offset the negative effects of stress, rejuvenating and preserving beauty (including cosmetic surgery), fight against addictions,
decision to improve health through specialized treatment or operations under favorable non-hospital environment and conditions,
• fashion for the use of an increasingly diverse and unconventional offer of preventive healthcare,
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