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The organisms' chances of surviva) increase if the gastric acidity is reduced because of anłacids or if the food provides some protection against the gastric acid.3>4 Once in the intestine the bacteria possibly are taken up by M cells (membranous epithelial cells) and transported to the underlying lymphoid tissue, where they are destroyed by monocytes.65-66 The ability of an organism to be transported by M cells has been considered to be a positive virulence factor, as it allows easy entry into the body.67
Only a few people actually acquire listeriosis; in healthy people the infection is apparently con-trolled by activated macrophages, but occasionally illness develops.
Because of the lack of information on the ratę of contamination of foods and on the risk of invasive disease among susceptible people exposed to the organism, it is difficult to recommend the avoidance of partirular foods by high-risk groups. However, the often fatal consequences in these groups, the ability of L. monocytogenes to grow in refrigerated foods and the possible survival of organisms in some heat-treated products should be of serious concem to health professionals.
References
1. Listeriosis outbreak associated with Mexican-style cheese — Califomia. MMWR 1985; 34: 357-359
2. Fleming DW, Cochi SU Macdonakl KL et al: Pasteurized "milk as a vehicle of infection in an outbreak of listeriosis. N
EngIJMed 1985; 312: 404-407
3. Ho JL, Shands KN, Friedland C et al: An outbreak of type 4b Listeria monocytogenes infection involving patients from cight Boston hospitals. Arch,Intern Med 1986; 146: 520-524
4. Schlech WF, Lavigne PM, Borlolussi KA et al: Epidemie listeriosis — evidence for transmission by food. N Engl f Med 1983; 308: 203-206
5. Murray ECD, Webb RA, Swann MBR: A disease of rabbits characterized by a large mononudear leucocytosis, caused by a hitherto undescribed barillus: Bacterium monocytogenes. J Pathol Baderiol 1926; 29: 407-439
6. Davies )VV, Ewan EP, Varughese P: Usteria monocytogenes infections in Canada. Clin lnvest Med 1984; 7: 315-320
7. Soot DW: Report of a case of listeriosis in a human. Cwt J Med Technol 1954; 16: 142-146
8. Bowmcr E|, McKiel JA, Cockcroft WH et al: Listena monocytogenes infections in Canada. Can Med Assoc / 1973; 109: 125-135
9. Listeriosis |EJ. Lancet 1985; 2: 364-365
10. Seeliger HPR, fones D: Genus Listeria Pirie. In Sncath PHA. Mair NS, Sharpc E (eds): Bergey s Manuał of System-atic Baderiology, 7th ed, vol 2, Williams it Wilkins, Baltimore. Md. 1986: 1235-1245
11. Davis BD, Dulbecco R, Eisen HN et al (eds): Microhiology. 3rd ed, Har-Row. New York. 1980: 799-800
12. Borlolussi R, Schlech WF HI, Albntton WL: Listeria. In Lennetle EH. Balows A, Hauslcr WJ )r et al (eds): Manuał of Clinical Microbiology, 4th ed, Am Soc Microbiol. Washington, 1985: 205-208
13. Seeliger HPR: Modern taxonomy of the Listeria group relationship to its pathogenicity. Clin lnvest Med 1984; 7: 217-221
14. Cray ML. Killinger AH: IJstcria monocytogettes and listeric infections. Bacteriol Rev 1966; 30: 309-382
15. Rocourt J, Audurier A. Courlieu AL et al: A multi-centcr study on the phage typing of Listeria monocytogenes. Zentralbl Bakterioł Mikrobiol Hyg[A] 1985; 259: 489-497
16. Ralovkh B, Emddy U Mćró E: Biological properties of virulent and avirulent Listeria monocytogenes strains. Acta Microbiol Acad Sci Hong 1972; 19: 323-326
17. Ralovich B, Ewan EP, Emódy L: Altcration of phage- and biotypes of Listeria strains. Acta Microbiol Hung 1986; 33: 19-26
18. Ralovich B: Listeriosis Research. Present Situation and Perspedive. Akademia! Kiado, Budapest, 1984: 30-55, 73
19. Stanley NF; Studies on listeria monocytogenes-. 1. Isolation of a monocytosis-produring agent — MPA. Aust J Exp Biol Med Sd 1949; 27: 123-131
20. Conklin AR Jr, Siddique IH: Certain Chemical and biological properties of phenol eictracts from Listeria monocytogenes. AmJ Vet Res 1976; 37: 1331-1335
21. Singh SP, Moore BU Siddique IH: Purification and further characterization of phenol extracl from Listeria monocy-logenes. AmJ Vet Res 1981; 42: 1266-1268
22. Wexler H, Oppenheim JD: Isolation, characterization, and biological properties of an endotoxin-like materiał from the gram-positive organism Listeria monocytogenes łnfed Immun 1979; 23: 845-8S7
23. Hofman J, Pospisil M, Mara M et al: Phenol-water extracts of gram-positive Listeria monocytogenes and gram-nega-live Salmonella typhimurium. Cornparison of biological activities. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 1985; 30; 231-236
24. Sword CP. Kingdon GC Listeria monocytogenes toxin. In Kadis S, Montie TC, Ajl SJ (eds): Microbial Toxins, Acad Pr, New York. 1971: 357-377
25. Parrisius J, Bhakdi S. Roth M et al: Production of listeri-olysin by beta-hemolytic strains of Listeria monocytogenes. Infect Immun 1986; 51:314-319
26. Caillard JU BeTche P. Sansonetti P: Transposon mutagene-sis as a tool to study the role of hemolysin in the virulence of Ustcria monocytogenes. infect immun 1986; 52: 50-55
27. Welch DF, Sword CP, Brehm S et al: Relationship between superowde dismutase and pathogenic mechanisms of Lis-teria monocytogenes. łnfed Immun 1979; 23: 863-872
28. Godfrey RW, Wilder MS: Generation of oxygen species and virulence of Listeria monocytogenes. infect immun 1985; 47: 837-839
29. Beams RE, Girard KF: The effect of pasteurization on Listeria monocytogenes. Can J Microbiol 1958; 4: 55-61
30. Doyle MP. Meske LM. Marth EH: Survival of Listeria . monocytogenes during the manufacture and storage of
nonfat dry milk. J Food Prot 1985; 48: 740-742
31. Ryser ET, Marth EH, Doyle MP: Survival of Listeria monocytogenes during manufacture and storage of cottagc cheese. Ibid: 746-750
32. Bradshaw JG, Pccler JT. Corwin jj et al: Thermal resistance of Listeria monocytogenes in milk. Ibid: 743-745
33. Report on Listeria resistance lo pasteurization draws FDA concem. Food Chem News 1986; 28 (14). 13-14
34. Seeliger HPR: listeriosis, Hafner, New York, 1961: 178
35. FDA finds Listeria in Brie from French-cerlified plant. Food Chem News 1986; 27 (50): 35
36. French firm agrees to stop shipments of Brie cheese. Food Chem News 1986; 27(51): 12-14
37. Industry. FDA technical consultation on Listeria urged. Food Chem News 1986; 28 (27); 16-18
38. Chocolate milk products undergoing market withdrawal. Food Chem News 1986; 28 (28): 34-35
39. Hayes PS, Feeley JC, Craves LM et al: Isolation of Listeria monocytogenes from raw milk Appl Fnviron Microbiol 1986:51:438 440
40. Nicolas JA: Contamination des wiondes ct des produits de chorcutcrie par Listeria monocytogenes en Haute-Vienne. Sci Aliment 1985; 5: 175-180
41. Nicmon RE, Lorber B: Listeriosis in adults: a changing paltem. Report of eight cases and review of the literaturę. 1968-1978 Rev łnfed Dis 1980; 2: 207-227
42. Albrilton WL, Cochi SU Feeley JC: Ovcrview of nconatal listeriosis. Clin lnvrsi Mcii 1984; 7: 311-314
CMAJ. VOU 138. MARCH I. 1988
417
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