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contrast to this androcratic and patriarchal order we find, in the oldest pre-Semitic and pre-Indo-European civilizations of the Me-difcerranean basin and Western Asia, traces of family organisation based on matriarchat order, wifch an entirely different conception of the rank and status of woman. Traces of a similar, not patriarchal, organisation are not lacking in India, and there is no doubt that they should be linked with the pre-Aryan substratum of Indian population. The inverse statement that, wherever patriarchal form are met with, we are in presence of Indo-Euro-pean elements, would be groundless as a generał rule. We know that the same or analogical patriarchal order characterises some civilizations which are not Indo-European, such as, for instance, Semitic civilizations. But in pre-Aryan India the intervention of Semitic elements is out of ąuestion, and there remains only the possibility of some earlier Indian patriarchal civilizations having existed in pre-matriarchal times. We cannot a priori exclude such possibility, but it possesses no practical significance as far as our problem is concerned. It is a fact that patriarchal organisation in Northern India, and conseąuently in the territory on which Buddhism arose, is historically related to Vedic tradition. Pre-Aryan patriarchal civilizations, which had been entirely buried under matriarchal institutions, might have co-operated with this tradition, but it is certain that tliey did not give rise to it. Conseąuently we can accept, as far as Indian civilization is concerned, a double correlation: 1) between the Indo-European element and the patriarchate, and 2) between the pre-Indo-European element and the matriarchate1. In this way a problem, which at first sight seemed fairly hopeless, can be brought down to relatively concrete and tangible data.
One of the most salient features of pre-Semitic and pre-Indo-European civilizations of the Ancient East is endogamy sanc-tionning even marriages between parents and children, brothers and sisters. This custom is found among noble families in Asia Minor, Egypt, Iran and especially in Elam 2. Through the medium
P. W. Koppera worka from 9imilar premiaea in this interesting atudy, Kulturkreislehre und Buddhiamu9, Anthropoa, vol. XVI—XVII, 1921—1922, p. 442.
1 In Elam the crown was inherited by the oldeat daughter born in *normal« wedlock between the prince-brother and the princeaa-aiater. When
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