7884079635

Table 1

Heat transfer coefficienls used for the different surfaces studied

Generating Air Economizer Superheater Bagasse

k (kW/(m² K)) 0.041    0.014 0.057    0.054    0.1014“

■ This entry has units of kW/(m³ K).

Table 2

Cost of the individual heat transfer surfaces obtained from the scaling behavior given by Eq. (24)

Generating Water- Air Economizer Superheater

P, ($/m²)    32    134    16    26    87

For the case of the bagasse dryer, a cost of 300 $/m³ is obtained. For all the calculations, a recovery coefficient of 0.26 yr^{_ 1} for the fumace, and 0.28 yr”¹ for the rest of heat transfer surfaces, has been considered.

A typical value for the stack temperaturę for boilers that bum common fuel oils and coal ranges between 150 and 300 °C to avoid acid corrosion. However, as stated in Section 2, sulfur contents in bagasse are negligible, yielding a Iow dew point temperatura for the exhaust gases, around 60 °C, based on experimental determinations. Therefore, keeping the extemal pipę temperatura in the last equipment over 70 °C (or the stack temperatura over 80 °C) the problem of acid deposition is avoided. Five heat recovery schemes, previously described in Section 4, were considered, to reduce the stack temperatura to its optimal value. The non-linear relations given by Eqs. (9), (12) and (24) were solved for the different waste heat recovery schemes using a Computer codę based on TKSOLVER software [10] through the coupled thermal and economical analysis. The behavior of the total cost curve against the stack temperatura is depicted in Fig. 7 for case III. As can be observed, the optimal stack temperatura was found to be 86 °C for this particular waste heat recovery scheme, with an optimum value of 88 °C for the hot air temperatura.

Results for all the heat recovery schemes studied are displayed in Table 3. It is observed that the optimal stack temperatura, T_eg, varies between 80 and 100 °C for all the cases analyzed, except when a bagasse dryer is taken into account (case V). For case V, the optimal stack temperatura is slightly higher than 60 °C; which is permissible when the last recuperative piece of equipment is the bagasse dryer, because acid deposition on the previous heat transfer surface (in this case the economizer) will never occur. The optimal value for bagasse moisture. W, is near 41% when a bagasse dryer is taken into account (case V). The optimal hot air temperatura, T_AH, reaches the highest value for case II, as expected. Finally, if the thermal results presented in Table 3 are coupled with the total cost displayed in the last column, the most efficient combination of heat surfaces can be

710000 708000 ^ 706000 | 704000 “ 702000 « 700000 § 698000 •§ 696000 694000 692000 690000

obtained. In this sense, the optimal heat recovery scheme is case III formed by an economizer followed by an air heater, in the exhaust gas flow direction.

Another important aspect is to ascertain the influence of both heat transfer area and conventional fuel costs on the optimized parameters (stack temperatura, hot air and bagasse moisture). To obtain the optimum value as a function of a certain individual cost, a similar procedura to that described above to optimize the stack gas temperatura, has to be followed. For example, to analyze the influence of the air heater cost on the optimum value for the stack gas temperatura in case III, the optimum value from the total cost chart is obtained for a first air heater cost, then for a second one and so on, until the rangę under study is completed. In this case, the optimal stack gas temperatura is obtained as a function of the air heater heat transfer area cost curve, as depicted in Fig. 8(a). The rest of the heat transfer areas and the conventional fuel costs, previously calculated, are kept constant at the values given in Table 2. In a similar way, an analysis was performed to determine the influence of the conventional fuel cost on the stack temperatura, and the results are shown in Fig. 8(b). As can be observed, if the conventional fuel cost is increased, the optimum va!ue for

Table 3

Optimizalion results for the different combinations studied (see notation in

Combination T_cs T_AH W Efliciency, ij Cost, Z (°C) CC) (%)    (%)    ($/yr)

709,436

716,418

700,206

701,385

816,553

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