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SYSTEMS SUPPORTING PRODUCTION ENGEINEERING

field, what is revealed by a change in their posturę and movements of the upper limbs. Laparoscopic surgeons tend to maintain a morę upright posturę with limited rangę of motion and fewer moves of back when compared to the surgeons performing open surgeries [6],

The characteristic factors that may simultaneously contribute to creating pain in musculoskeletal system is uncomfortable, repetitive movements of the upper limbs, as well as long-term static and awkward position of the head and back [7],

In most cases, surgeons performing laparoscopic procedures take the standing position, which carries the risk of loss of stability. Surgeons have in fact a limited ability to change their body weight, they have to perform manuał maneuvers in precisely way standing often on one leg and using the foot pedał to operate the laparoscopic eąuipment [5, 6, 8],

Based on laparoscopic procedures observations and interviews conducted with surgeons it can be concluded that the way of taking body position depends mainly on where the surgeon is located in relation to a patient. Surgeon postures will be different when the surgeon is on the left or right side of the patient or when the place of surgeon staying is between the patient's legs. In addition, an important aspect influencing the manner of operating of the upper limbs is the location of incisions for insertion the laparoscopic instruments inside abdominal. If the incisions are too close then laparoscopic tools are parallel to each other, and thus the movements of the surgeon's limbs have a smaller rangę causing morę static loads. Besides, performing the surgical procedurę is morę difficult. If, however, the both incisions are away, the result is morę easily maneuvering of the upper limbs, reducing static burden and facilitating work in the surgical field of abdomen cavity.

The second area

Another, very important and indicated by the surgeons, aspect influencing the overall body posturę is to organize the work conditions in the operating room, especially the layout of laparoscopic tools and auxiliary eąuipment, particularly a monitor.

The problem of the organization of work in the operating room by laparoscopic surgery is associated with previously unforeseen and totally different manner of work when compared to traditional open surgery, furthermore the need for visual interaction with the monitor (and not with the patient as previous), morę remote than reality the operation field, or other types of experiences like tactile feedback and force transmission described in [9],

Changing the manner of performing surgeries from the open to minimally invasive with use of specific tools have not led to changes in the organization of the work space in operating rooms. The advances in the field of laparoscopy, such as the development of optics video with higher resolution and improved operational instruments on the one hand allowed doctors to perform morę advanced laparoscopic surgeries. On the other hand, this progress has not been accompanied by changes in the design of operating rooms and setting up the monitor which would alleviate the fatigue musculoskeletal system of laparoscopic surgeons [5],

There is recommended the specific location of the monitor [10, 11]:

- In horizontal level the monitor should be positioned in a straight linę along the forarm-motor instrument for each person taking part in the operation. This location will avoid axial rotation of the spine.

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