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From the presented data, it can be observed that the celi voltage and efficiency present higher values for Iow current densities and power densities. On the other hand, for higher values of power, the efficiency and the voltage present smaller values. Therefore, when the designer of the control system wants to find the best operation point for the celi, he/she must take into account efficiency and voltage levels suitable for the application. Operating the celi in a constant current (which means constant power and voltage) is a good start point.
It is also important to notę that one cannot work with a very high voltage (and, conseąuently, high efficiency) because the possible output power would be very reduced, meaning that the celi should be overestimated for this case. One cannot also operate the celi with a very high output current, because, in this case, the celi output voltage and efficiency would be very reduced, besides decreasing the useful life of the celi. A compromise should be established among the demand of the load and the power supplied by the celi. The control algorithm should decide when the FC assumes the demanded load, even when this is too high, or when it should just supply part of the load power, to not causing temporary or permanently damage to the celi.
Through the use of this model, the action of an FC can be analyzed for certain practical conditions of load and, therefore, for developing the generation control algorithm.
Several tests were run using the model discussed in this paper with both, total and partial load insertion and rejection situations. The most expressive of these tests were the partial load insertion and rejection, as discussed below.
4.2. Partial load insertion and rejection tests
Results from the model for one single celi are extrapolated for an association in series of FC's, resulting in an output voltage, Vs, that is the sum of the individual celi voltages. In the same way, it is possible to obtain the total stack output characteristic variables against the load current.
For the following results, the tests correspond to the use of a PEMFC stack Ballard Mark V, consisting of an association of 35 cells, with an active area for each celi of 232 cm2, with a power of 5 kW @ 960 mA/cm. The capacitor used to evaluate the dynamie response is of 3 Farads [9]. The other parameters are the same ones as described in the Table I. In agreement with the model, described in Section III, the partial pressures of hydrogen and oxygen influence the resulting stack voltage. In the simulations that proceed, air was used as the oxidizer and, then, the partial pressure of oxygen becomes 0.2095 atm [9].
Fig. 6 depicts the load current for test of a partial load insertion followed by load rejection. Initially, the stack supplies 50 A to the load; after 3 seconds of simulation, the current is inereased to 150 A,
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